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55-730: FSC may refer to: Education [ edit ] Farmingdale State College , a college in New York, United States Fitchburg State College , now Fitchburg State University, in Massachusetts, United States Florida Southern College , in Lakeland, Florida, United States Florida State College at Jacksonville , a college in Florida, United States Florida Sun Conference , an American college athletic conference Forest School Camps ,

110-664: A Brazilian cycling team Future Surface Combatant of the Royal Navy forward-scattered light, a parameter of Flow cytometry Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FSC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FSC&oldid=1178903462 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Latin-language text Short description

165-588: A British camping organisation Framingham State College , a college in Massachusetts, United States Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (Latin: Fratres Scholarum Christianorum ), a Roman Catholic religious teaching order Finance [ edit ] Financial Services Commission (disambiguation) Financial Supervision Commission , Isle of Man Financial Supervisory Commission (Taiwan) Foreign Sales Corporation ,

220-1205: A British environmental education charity Filipino Society of Cinematographers First Satanic Church , an organization dedicated to Satanism and the occult Forest Stewardship Council , an international environmental organization Free Speech Coalition , a trade association for the adult film and pornography industry Fountain Street Church , in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States Forest Stewardship Council , for protection of trees from cutting and increasing its number by growing more. Other uses [ edit ] Figari Sud-Corse Airport , in Corsica, France Fine-structure constant Fire safe cigarette Firearm Safety Certificate Foo Swee Chin (born 1977), Singaporean comic book artist Food supply chain Football South Coast , in New South Wales, Australia Fourier shell correlation Funvic Soul Cycles–Carrefour ,

275-508: A Polish automotive company Fiji Sugar Corporation , a Fiji government-owned sugar milling company Fujitsu Siemens Computers , a Japanese and German IT supply chain Future Supply Chains , an Indian logistics and supply chain company Other organisations [ edit ] Les Scouts - Fédération des Scouts Baden-Powell de Belgique (FSC, Catholic Baden-Powell-Scout Federation of Belgium) Field Studies Council ,

330-404: A calculation via the theory of QED that involved 12 672 tenth-order Feynman diagrams : This measurement of α has a relative standard uncertainty of 1.1 × 10 . This value and uncertainty are about the same as the latest experimental results. Further refinement of the experimental value was published by the end of 2020, giving the value with a relative accuracy of 8.1 × 10 , which has

385-586: A charging station, and a Smart Energy House. The Campus Center also has an energy-efficient roofing structure. Farmingdale State College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division III and is a member of the Skyline Conference . The Intercollegiate Athletic Program supports and expands the total educational experience offered by the college. The program serves as

440-432: A laboratory for the education of the student-athlete and is conducted in keeping with the general educational mission of the college. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, tennis, and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field, and volleyball. Fine-structure constant In physics ,

495-500: A numerological explanation would only be acceptable if it could be based on a good theory that is not yet known but "exists" in the sense of a Platonic Ideal . Attempts to find a mathematical basis for this dimensionless constant have continued up to the present time. However, no numerological explanation has ever been accepted by the physics community. In the early 21st century, multiple physicists, including Stephen Hawking in his book A Brief History of Time , began exploring

550-569: A part of the Works Progress Administration. The murals depict agricultural scenes, including wheat threshing, rice harvesting, and cotton picking. Ward Hall, also constructed in 1914, was the original dormitory and now houses College offices, including Alumni Relations and Business Outreach. When the college first admitted students in March 1916, Ward Hall was not yet completed. Students slept instead in temporary quarters on

605-403: A relationship between the dimensionless magnetic moment of the electron and the fine-structure constant α (the magnetic moment of the electron is also referred to as the electron g -factor g e ). One of the most precise values of α obtained experimentally (as of 2023) is based on a measurement of g e using a one-electron so-called "quantum cyclotron" apparatus, together with

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660-850: A repealed tax device of the United States Internal Revenue Code Governmental and politics [ edit ] Catalan Federation of the PSOE , a defunct political party in Catalonia, Spain Federal Salary Council , an advisory body of the United States federal government Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan Fire Safety Commission Texas Forensic Science Commission , a state agency of Texas, United States Industry [ edit ] Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych ,

715-410: A significant discrepancy from the previous experimental value. The fine-structure constant, α , has several physical interpretations. α is: When perturbation theory is applied to quantum electrodynamics , the resulting perturbative expansions for physical results are expressed as sets of power series in α . Because α is much less than one, higher powers of α are soon unimportant, making

770-888: A slight increase in α over the last 10–12 billion years. Specifically, they found that   Δ α   α     =   d e f         α p r e v − α n o w   α n o w     =     ( − 5.7 ± 1.0 ) × 10 − 6   . {\displaystyle {\frac {\ \Delta \alpha \ }{\alpha }}~~{\overset {\underset {\mathsf {~def~}}{}}{=}}~~{\frac {\ \alpha _{\mathrm {prev} }-\alpha _{\mathrm {now} }\ }{\alpha _{\mathrm {now} }}}~~=~~\left(-5.7\pm 1.0\right)\times 10^{-6}~.} In other words, they measured

825-572: A term for the fine-structure constant in 1916. The first physical interpretation of the fine-structure constant α was as the ratio of the velocity of the electron in the first circular orbit of the relativistic Bohr atom to the speed of light in the vacuum. Equivalently, it was the quotient between the minimum angular momentum allowed by relativity for a closed orbit, and the minimum angular momentum allowed for it by quantum mechanics. It appears naturally in Sommerfeld's analysis, and determines

880-455: A way to measure α directly using the quantum Hall effect or the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron . Other methods include the A.C. Josephson effect and photon recoil in atom interferometry. There is general agreement for the value of α , as measured by these different methods. The preferred methods in 2019 are measurements of electron anomalous magnetic moments and of photon recoil in atom interferometry. The theory of QED predicts

935-496: Is consistent with α being constant. The first experimenters to test whether the fine-structure constant might actually vary examined the spectral lines of distant astronomical objects and the products of radioactive decay in the Oklo natural nuclear fission reactor . Their findings were consistent with no variation in the fine-structure constant between these two vastly separated locations and times. Improved technology at

990-489: Is dependent on estimates of impurities and temperature in the natural reactor. These conclusions have to be verified. In 2007, Khatri and Wandelt of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign realized that the 21 cm hyperfine transition in neutral hydrogen of the early universe leaves a unique absorption line imprint in the cosmic microwave background radiation. They proposed using this effect to measure

1045-499: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Farmingdale State College The State University of New York at Farmingdale, established in 1912, originally began as the New York State School of Agriculture on Long Island . The proposal for the college's founding was put forth by State Assemblyman John Lupton in 1909. Currently, Lupton Hall, which accommodates

1100-437: Is that, if modern grand unified theories are correct, then α needs to be between around 1/180 and 1/85 to have proton decay to be slow enough for life to be possible. As a dimensionless constant which does not seem to be directly related to any mathematical constant , the fine-structure constant has long fascinated physicists. Arthur Eddington argued that the value could be "obtained by pure deduction" and he related it to

1155-532: Is the asymptotic value of the fine-structure constant at zero energy. At higher energies, such as the scale of the Z boson , about 90  GeV , one instead measures an effective α ≈ 1/127. As the energy scale increases, the strength of the electromagnetic interaction in the Standard Model approaches that of the other two fundamental interactions , a feature important for grand unification theories. If quantum electrodynamics were an exact theory,

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1210-677: The 2019 revision of the SI , the only quantity in this list that does not have an exact value in SI units is the electric constant (vacuum permittivity). The electrostatic CGS system implicitly sets 4 πε 0 = 1 , as commonly found in older physics literature, where the expression of the fine-structure constant becomes α = e 2 ℏ c . {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {e^{2}}{\hbar c}}.} A nondimensionalised system commonly used in high energy physics sets ε 0 = c = ħ = 1 , where

1265-512: The Eddington number , his estimate of the number of protons in the universe. This led him in 1929 to conjecture that the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant was not approximately but precisely the integer 137 . By the 1940s experimental values for ⁠ 1 / α   ⁠ deviated sufficiently from 137 to refute Eddington's arguments. Physicist Wolfgang Pauli commented on the appearance of certain numbers in physics , including

1320-449: The electromagnetic field , by the formula 4 πε 0 ħcα = e . Its numerical value is approximately 0.007 297 352 5643 ≈ ⁠ 1 / 137.035 999 177 ⁠ , with a relative uncertainty of 1.6 × 10 . The constant was named by Arnold Sommerfeld , who introduced it in 1916 when extending the Bohr model of the atom. α quantified the gap in the fine structure of

1375-539: The fine-structure constant , also known as the Sommerfeld constant , commonly denoted by α (the Greek letter alpha ), is a fundamental physical constant which quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles. It is a dimensionless quantity , independent of the system of units used, which is related to the strength of the coupling of an elementary charge e with

1430-632: The spectral lines of the hydrogen atom, which had been measured precisely by Michelson and Morley in 1887. Why the constant should have this value is not understood, but there are a number of ways to measure its value . In terms of other physical constants , α may be defined as: α = e 2 2 ε 0 h c = e 2 4 π ε 0 ℏ c , {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {e^{2}}{2\varepsilon _{0}hc}}={\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\hbar c}},} where Since

1485-1056: The Georgian Colonial style. A Memorial Oak was planted on June 4, 1921, to honor American soldiers killed in World War I. The Oak was planted in soil collected from all 48 states as well as from the allied nations from the war. A plaque gifted by the Class of 1927 reads: This Oak, Planted June 4, 1921, Commemorates The Efforts, Sacrifices And Achievements Of All Americans Who Gave Their Lives In The World War. Its Roots Rest in Soil From All The Allied Nations, From Every State And Dependency Of Our Country, From The Bloody Angle Of Gettysburg And From The Arc De Triomphe Of France. On Fames Eternal Camping-Ground Their Silent Tents Are Spread, And Glory Guards With Solemn Round The Bivouac Of The Dead. The school's name would change seven more times before its current name

1540-555: The analysis method of Chand et al. , discrediting those results. King et al. have used Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to investigate the algorithm used by the UNSW group to determine ⁠ Δ α / α ⁠ from the quasar spectra, and have found that the algorithm appears to produce correct uncertainties and maximum likelihood estimates for ⁠ Δ α / α ⁠ for particular models. This suggests that

1595-462: The authority of one of four schools: The campus spans over 380 acres and more than 30 buildings. Farmingdale State College is primarily a commuter school but does offer residence halls. Its Solar Energy Center is the first center to be accredited in the Northeast and the fourth in the nation, and Farmingdale has a federally funded Green Building Institute, an electric-fuel-powered campus fleet,

1650-440: The current level of quasar constraints is on the order of 100 square kilometers, which is economically impracticable at present. In 2008, Rosenband et al. used the frequency ratio of Al and Hg in single-ion optical atomic clocks to place a very stringent constraint on the present-time temporal variation of α , namely ⁠ Δ α / α ⁠ = (−1.6 ± 2.3) × 10 per year. A present day null constraint on

1705-524: The dawn of the 21st century made it possible to probe the value of α at much larger distances and to a much greater accuracy. In 1999, a team led by John K. Webb of the University of New South Wales claimed the first detection of a variation in α . Using the Keck telescopes and a data set of 128 quasars at redshifts 0.5 < z < 3 , Webb et al. found that their spectra were consistent with

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1760-532: The departments of Chemistry and Physics, as well as the School of Engineering Technology, is named in his honor. Two of the oldest buildings on campus are Hicks Hall and Cutler Hall, which were constructed in 1914 and were originally called the Horticulture and Agronomy Buildings, respectively. The buildings house four oil on canvas murals, painted in 1936 by local artists Frederick Marshall and C. E. Lessing as

1815-998: The experiments below, Δ α represents the change in α over time, which can be computed by α prev − α now  . If the fine-structure constant really is a constant, then any experiment should show that   Δ α   α     =   d e f         α p r e v − α n o w   α n o w     =     0   , {\displaystyle {\frac {\ \Delta \alpha \ }{\alpha }}~~{\overset {\underset {\mathsf {~def~}}{}}{=}}~~{\frac {\ \alpha _{\mathrm {prev} }-\alpha _{\mathrm {now} }\ }{\alpha _{\mathrm {now} }}}~~=~~0~,} or as close to zero as experiment can measure. Any value far away from zero would indicate that α does change over time. So far, most experimental data

1870-401: The expressions for the fine-structure constant becomes α = e 2 4 π . {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi }}.} As such, the fine-structure constant is just a quantity determining (or determined by) the elementary charge : e = √ 4 πα ≈ 0.302 822 12 in terms of such a natural unit of charge. In

1925-460: The fact that different techniques are needed to confirm or contradict the results, a conclusion Webb, et al ., previously stated in their study. Other research finds no meaningful variation in the fine structure constant. The anthropic principle is an argument about the reason the fine-structure constant has the value it does: stable matter, and therefore life and intelligent beings, could not exist if its value were very different. One example

1980-410: The fine-structure constant across the observable universe. These results have not been replicated by other researchers. In September and October 2010, after released research by Webb et al. , physicists C. Orzel and S.M. Carroll separately suggested various approaches of how Webb's observations may be wrong. Orzel argues that the study may contain wrong data due to subtle differences in

2035-411: The fine-structure constant is in fact constant, or whether its value differs by location and over time. A varying α has been proposed as a way of solving problems in cosmology and astrophysics . String theory and other proposals for going beyond the Standard Model of particle physics have led to theoretical interest in whether the accepted physical constants (not just α ) actually vary. In

2090-484: The fine-structure constant would actually diverge at an energy known as the Landau pole – this fact undermines the consistency of quantum electrodynamics beyond perturbative expansions. Based on the precise measurement of the hydrogen atom spectrum by Michelson and Morley in 1887, Arnold Sommerfeld extended the Bohr model to include elliptical orbits and relativistic dependence of mass on velocity. He introduced

2145-411: The fine-structure constant, which he also noted approximates the prime number 137 . This constant so intrigued him that he collaborated with psychoanalyst Carl Jung in a quest to understand its significance. Similarly, Max Born believed that if the value of α differed, the universe would degenerate, and thus that α = ⁠ 1 / 137 ⁠ is a law of nature. Richard Feynman , one of

2200-464: The greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by humans. You might say the "hand of God" wrote that number, and "we don't know how He pushed His pencil." We know what kind of a dance to do experimentally to measure this number very accurately, but we don't know what kind of dance to do on the computer to make this number come out – without putting it in secretly! Conversely, statistician I. J. Good argued that

2255-443: The inverse of its square: about 137.03597 with an uncertainty of about 2 in the last decimal place. It has been a mystery ever since it was discovered more than fifty years ago, and all good theoretical physicists put this number up on their wall and worry about it.) Immediately you would like to know where this number for a coupling comes from: is it related to pi or perhaps to the base of natural logarithms? Nobody knows. It's one of

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2310-491: The originators and early developers of the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), referred to the fine-structure constant in these terms: There is a most profound and beautiful question associated with the observed coupling constant, e – the amplitude for a real electron to emit or absorb a real photon. It is a simple number that has been experimentally determined to be close to 0.08542455. (My physicist friends won't recognize this number, because they like to remember it as

2365-444: The perturbation theory practical in this case. On the other hand, the large value of the corresponding factors in quantum chromodynamics makes calculations involving the strong nuclear force extremely difficult. In quantum electrodynamics , the more thorough quantum field theory underlying the electromagnetic coupling, the renormalization group dictates how the strength of the electromagnetic interaction grows logarithmically as

2420-416: The relevant energy scale increases. The value of the fine-structure constant α is linked to the observed value of this coupling associated with the energy scale of the electron mass : the electron's mass gives a lower bound for this energy scale, because it (and the positron ) is the lightest charged object whose quantum loops can contribute to the running. Therefore, ⁠ 1 / 137.03600  ⁠

2475-436: The size of the splitting or fine-structure of the hydrogenic spectral lines . This constant was not seen as significant until Paul Dirac's linear relativistic wave equation in 1928, which gave the exact fine structure formula. With the development of quantum electrodynamics (QED) the significance of α has broadened from a spectroscopic phenomenon to a general coupling constant for the electromagnetic field, determining

2530-436: The standard uncertainty away from its old defined value, with the mean differing from the old value by only 0.13  parts per billion . Historically the value of the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant is often given. The CODATA recommended value is While the value of α can be determined from estimates of the constants that appear in any of its definitions, the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) provides

2585-418: The statistical uncertainties and best estimate for ⁠ Δ α / α ⁠ stated by Webb et al. and Murphy et al. are robust. Lamoreaux and Torgerson analyzed data from the Oklo natural nuclear fission reactor in 2004, and concluded that α has changed in the past 2 billion years by 45 parts per billion. They claimed that this finding was "probably accurate to within 20%". Accuracy

2640-416: The strength of the interaction between electrons and photons. The term ⁠ α / 2 π ⁠ is engraved on the tombstone of one of the pioneers of QED, Julian Schwinger , referring to his calculation of the anomalous magnetic dipole moment . The CODATA values in the above table are computed by averaging other measurements; they are not independent experiments. Physicists have pondered whether

2695-453: The system of atomic units , which sets e = m e = ħ = 4 πε 0 = 1 , the expression for the fine-structure constant becomes α = 1 c . {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {1}{c}}.} The CODATA recommended value of α is This has a relative standard uncertainty of 1.6 × 10 . This value for α gives µ 0 = 4 π × 0.999 999 999 87 (16) × 10  H⋅m , 0.8 times

2750-402: The time variation of alpha does not necessarily rule out time variation in the past. Indeed, some theories that predict a variable fine-structure constant also predict that the value of the fine-structure constant should become practically fixed in its value once the universe enters its current dark energy -dominated epoch. Researchers from Australia have said they had identified a variation of

2805-411: The two telescopes a totally different approach; he looks at the fine-structure constant as a scalar field and claims that if the telescopes are correct and the fine-structure constant varies smoothly over the universe, then the scalar field must have a very small mass. However, previous research has shown that the mass is not likely to be extremely small. Both of these scientists' early criticisms point to

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2860-606: The upper level of Conklin Hall, which was then the physical plant. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. delivered the address at the college's second commencement exercises on May 26, 1920. That same year, the school changed its name for the first time, becoming the New York State School Of Applied Agriculture on Long Island . Later historical buildings include Knapp Hall, completed in 1937, and Thompson Hall, completed in 1938, which were each built in

2915-598: The value of α during the epoch before the formation of the first stars. In principle, this technique provides enough information to measure a variation of 1 part in 10 (4 orders of magnitude better than the current quasar constraints). However, the constraint which can be placed on α is strongly dependent upon effective integration time, going as 1 ⁄ √ t . The European LOFAR radio telescope would only be able to constrain ⁠ Δ α / α ⁠ to about 0.3%. The collecting area required to constrain ⁠ Δ α / α ⁠ to

2970-866: The value to be somewhere between −0.000 0047 and −0.000 0067 . This is a very small value, but the error bars do not actually include zero. This result either indicates that α is not constant or that there is experimental error unaccounted for. In 2004, a smaller study of 23 absorption systems by Chand et al. , using the Very Large Telescope , found no measurable variation: Δ α α e m   =   ( − 0.6 ± 0.6 ) × 10 − 6   . {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta \alpha }{\alpha _{\mathrm {em} }}}\ =\ \left(-0.6\pm 0.6\right)\times 10^{-6}~.} However, in 2007 simple flaws were identified in

3025-545: Was adopted in 1993; these changes included the State Institute Of Applied Agriculture (1924), State Institute Of Agriculture (1939), Long Island Agricultural and Technical Institute (1946), SUNY Long Island Agricultural and Technical Institute at Farmingdale (1953), Agricultural and Technical College at Farmingdale (1966), and SUNY College of Technology at Farmingdale (1987). Farmingdale offers more than 45 academic programs under

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