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83-641: The 16 countries participating at the head of state and head of government level were: The 2007–2008 financial crisis was to have been on the agenda of the summit, but by the time of the summit, the immediate crisis had passed. The summit in October 2009 was scheduled to receive a report on the proposed Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia to potentially establish the world's largest trading bloc . Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of Australia and retired Australian diplomat Richard Woolcott were to address

166-496: A " saving glut ". Cha-am Cha-am ( Thai : ชะอำ , pronounced [tɕʰáʔām] or [tɕʰāʔām] ) is a district ( amphoe ) in the southern part of Phetchaburi province , western Thailand . The district was established in 1897 with the name Na Yang . In 1914 the centre of the district was moved to Ban Nong Chok (now in Tha Yang district and its name was changed to Nong Chok. After World War II ,

249-662: A country (such as the US) running a current account deficit also have a capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount. Hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds (capital) flowed into the U.S. to finance its imports. All of this created demand for various types of financial assets, raising the prices of those assets while lowering interest rates. Foreign investors had these funds to lend either because they had very high personal savings rates (as high as 40% in China) or because of high oil prices. Ben Bernanke referred to this as

332-450: A further collapse, encourage lending, restore faith in the integral commercial paper markets, avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , and provide banks with enough funds to allow customers to make withdrawals. In effect, the central banks went from being the " lender of last resort " to the "lender of only resort" for a significant portion of the economy. In some cases the Fed was considered

415-495: A global economic shock, resulting in several bank failures . Economies worldwide slowed during this period since credit tightened and international trade declined. Housing markets suffered and unemployment soared, resulting in evictions and foreclosures . Several businesses failed. From its peak in the second quarter of 2007 at $ 61.4 trillion, household wealth in the United States fell $ 11 trillion, to $ 50.4 trillion by

498-483: A housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble". Moreover, empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis. Additional downward pressure on interest rates was created by rising U.S. current account deficit, which peaked along with the housing bubble in 2006. Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke explained how trade deficits required

581-545: A really bad economy. In other words, the borrowers did not cause the loans to go bad-it was the economy. Between 1998 and 2006, the price of the typical American house increased by 124%. During the 1980s and 1990s, the national median home price ranged from 2.9 to 3.1 times median household income. By contrast, this ratio increased to 4.0 in 2004, and 4.6 in 2006. This housing bubble resulted in many homeowners refinancing their homes at lower interest rates, or financing consumer spending by taking out second mortgages secured by

664-404: A significant increase in subprime lending . Subprime had not become less risky; Wall Street just accepted this higher risk. Due to competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts,

747-489: A single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority. Those securities first in line received investment-grade ratings from rating agencies. Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested. By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid

830-457: A vast web of derivatives linked to those MBS, collapsed in value . Financial institutions worldwide suffered severe damage, reaching a climax with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, and a subsequent international banking crisis . The prerequisites for the crisis were complex. During the 1990s, the U.S. Congress had passed legislation intended to expand affordable housing through looser financing. In 1999, parts of

913-706: Is likely to remain weak for a time, the Committee continues to anticipate that policy actions to stabilize financial markets and institutions, fiscal and monetary stimulus, and market forces will contribute to a gradual resumption of sustainable economic growth in a context of price stability. In the table, the names of emerging and developing economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type. The twenty largest economies contributing to global GDP (PPP) growth (2007–2017) The expansion of central bank lending in response to

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996-582: The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was passed, overhauling financial regulations. It was opposed by many Republicans , and it was weakened by the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act in 2018. The Basel III capital and liquidity standards were also adopted by countries around the world. The recession was a significant factor in the 2010s European debt crisis . The crisis sparked

1079-538: The Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 11 attacks , as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation . As early as 2002, it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed "needs to create

1162-604: The Glass–Steagall legislation (passed in 1933) were repealed , permitting institutions to mix low-risk operations, such as commercial banking and insurance , with higher-risk operations such as investment banking and proprietary trading . As the Federal Reserve ("Fed") lowered the federal funds rate from 2000 to 2003, institutions increasingly targeted low-income homebuyers, largely belonging to racial minorities , with high-risk loans; this development went unattended by regulators. As interest rates rose from 2004 to 2006,

1245-672: The Great Depression . This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007 ... While many banks are obviously at

1328-753: The Great Recession , which, at the time, was the most severe global recession since the Great Depression. It was also followed by the European debt crisis, which began with a deficit in Greece in late 2009, and the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis , which involved the bank failure of all three of the major banks in Iceland and, relative to the size of its economy, was the largest economic collapse suffered by any country in history. It

1411-580: The Treasury Department to purchase troubled assets and bank stocks. The Fed began a program of quantitative easing by buying treasury bonds and other assets, such as MBS, and the February 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act , signed by newly elected President Barack Obama , included a range of measures intended to preserve existing jobs and create new ones. Combined, the initiatives, coupled with actions taken in other countries, ended

1494-561: The United States House Committee on Financial Services held a hearing, at the urging of the administration, to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of

1577-501: The mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies . In effect, Wall Street connected this pool of money to the mortgage market in the US, with enormous fees accruing to those throughout the mortgage supply chain , from the mortgage broker selling the loans to small banks that funded the brokers and the large investment banks behind them. By approximately 2003,

1660-403: The "buyer of last resort". During the fourth quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$ 2.5 (~$ 3.47 trillion in 2023) trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action in world history. Following a model initiated by the 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package ,

1743-764: The 2008 financial crisis, consumer regulators in America have more closely supervised sellers of credit cards and home mortgages in order to deter anticompetitive practices that led to the crisis. At least two major reports on the causes of the crisis were produced by the U.S. Congress: the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report, released January 2011, and a report by the United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations entitled Wall Street and

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1826-538: The ASEAN Plus Three meeting noted that it was "a main vehicle" in building the East Asian Community . 2007%E2%80%932008 financial crisis The 2007–2008 financial crisis , or the global financial crisis ( GFC ), was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the 1929 Wall Street crash that began the Great Depression . Causes of the crisis included predatory lending in

1909-651: The ASEAN delegates and that the East Asia Summit and the ASEAN Plus Three meetings would be held later. The rescheduling of the heads of government/state of the 16 nations caused the EAS to be tentatively rescheduled for April, coinciding with Easter . The revised date meant that a change of venue from Phuket to Pattaya was contemplated. The revised date and venue were subsequently confirmed. The venue

1992-529: The CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $ 4.5 trillion in

2075-491: The Financial Crisis: Anatomy of a Financial Collapse , released April 2011. In total, 47 bankers served jail time as a result of the crisis, over half of which were from Iceland , where the crisis was the most severe and led to the collapse of all three major Icelandic banks. In April 2012, Geir Haarde of Iceland became the only politician to be convicted as a result of the crisis. Only one banker in

2158-486: The LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005–2006 leading up to the crisis, nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending. To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes in 1995 and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate

2241-600: The SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against six former executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion. In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigations into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003,

2324-616: The Thai government was looking to reschedule the summit to June 2009 in Phuket . There had been earlier reports that Indonesia might seek to host the summit if Thailand could not. Australian press reports suggested it could be held in Vietnam. In early-May Thailand proposed, at a senior officials meeting, the dates of 13–14 June in Phuket, with a promise of a five kilometre "no rally zone" around

2407-474: The U.S. housing market, were on the verge of collapse; the Housing and Economic Recovery Act enabled the government to take over and cover their combined $ 1.6 trillion debt on September 7. In response to the growing crisis, governments around the world deployed massive bail-outs of financial institutions and other monetary and fiscal policies to prevent a collapse of the global financial system . After

2490-549: The U.S. to borrow money from abroad, in the process bidding up bond prices and lowering interest rates. Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $ 650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations. The balance of payments identity requires that

2573-409: The United States did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis because they generally did not own financial investments whose value can fluctuate. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63% of all Americans declined in that period and 77% of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50% of those on the bottom of

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2656-487: The United States served jail time as a result of the crisis, Kareem Serageldin , a banker at Credit Suisse who was sentenced to 30 months in jail and returned $ 24.6 million in compensation for manipulating bond prices to hide $ 1 billion of losses. No individuals in the United Kingdom were convicted as a result of the crisis. Goldman Sachs paid $ 550 million to settle fraud charges after allegedly anticipating

2739-559: The bailout to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac exceeds $ 300 billion (c. $ 401 billion in 2023 ) (calculated by adding the fair value deficits of the entities to the direct bailout funds at the time). Economist Paul Krugman argued in January 2010 that the simultaneous growth of the residential and commercial real estate pricing bubbles and the global nature of the crisis undermines the case made by those who argue that Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, CRA, or predatory lending were primary causes of

2822-535: The bailouts, such as in the case of the AIG bonus payments controversy , leading to the development of a variety of "decision making frameworks", to help balance competing policy interests during times of financial crisis. Alistair Darling , the U.K.'s Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the crisis, stated in 2018 that Britain came within hours of "a breakdown of law and order" the day that Royal Bank of Scotland

2905-486: The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers , the fourth largest U.S. investment bank, on September 15, the next day the Fed bailed out the American International Group (the largest U.S. insurance company), and on September 25 the government seized Washington Mutual (the largest savings and loan firm ). On October 3, Congress passed the $ 800 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act , which authorized

2988-726: The brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $ 6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth. ... the pace of economic contraction is slowing. Conditions in financial markets have generally improved in recent months. Household spending has shown further signs of stabilizing but remains constrained by ongoing job losses, lower housing wealth, and tight credit. Businesses are cutting back on fixed investment and staffing but appear to be making progress in bringing inventory stocks into better alignment with sales. Although economic activity

3071-696: The bubble burst, Australian economist John Quiggin wrote, "And, unlike the Great Depression, this crisis was entirely the product of financial markets. There was nothing like the postwar turmoil of the 1920s, the struggles over gold convertibility and reparations, or the Smoot-Hawley tariff , all of which have shared the blame for the Great Depression." Instead, Quiggin lays the blame for the 2008 near-meltdown on financial markets, on political decisions to lightly regulate them, and on rating agencies which had self-interested incentives to give good ratings. Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003,

3154-501: The committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some, such as Wallison, believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the U.S. financial system that went unheeded. A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending

3237-589: The cost of mortgages rose and the demand for housing fell, causing property values to decline. In early 2007, as more U.S. mortgage holders began defaulting on their repayments, subprime lenders went bankrupt, culminating in April with the bankruptcy of New Century Financial . As demand and prices continued to fall, the contagion spread to worldwide credit markets by August, and central banks began injecting liquidity . By July 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac , companies which together owned or guaranteed half of

3320-403: The crisis and selling toxic investments to its clients. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications was flat, compared to exponential increases in patent application in prior years. Typical American families did not fare well, nor did the "wealthy-but-not-wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. However, half of the poorest families in

3403-446: The crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reported: "The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects." Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote: ... most of the commercial real estate loans were good loans destroyed by

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3486-437: The crisis was not only confined to the Federal Reserve 's provision of aid to individual financial institutions. The Federal Reserve has also conducted a number of innovative lending programs with the goal of improving liquidity and strengthening different financial institutions and markets, such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae . In this case, the major problem among the market is the lack of free cash reserves and flows to secure

3569-591: The crisis. As part of national fiscal policy response to the Great Recession , governments and central banks, including the Federal Reserve , the European Central Bank and the Bank of England , provided then-unprecedented trillions of dollars in bailouts and stimulus , including expansive fiscal policy and monetary policy to offset the decline in consumption and lending capacity, avoid

3652-509: The crisis. In other words, bubbles in both markets developed even though only the residential market was affected by these potential causes. Countering Krugman, Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than

3735-414: The end of the first quarter of 2009, resulting in a decline in consumption, then a decline in business investment. In the fourth quarter of 2008, the quarter-over-quarter decline in real GDP in the U.S. was 8.4%. The U.S. unemployment rate peaked at 11.0% in October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since

3818-608: The end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs . By March 2011, the FDIC had paid out $ 9 billion (c. $ 12 billion in 2023 ) to cover losses on bad loans at 165 failed financial institutions. The Congressional Budget Office estimated, in June 2011, that

3901-473: The federal funds rate to drop below where it was supposed to be. However, in October 2008, the Federal Reserve was granted the power to provide banks with interest payments on their surplus reserves. This created a motivation for banks to retain their reserves instead of disbursing them, so reducing the need for the Federal Reserve to hedge its increased lending by decreases in alternative assets. Money market funds also went through runs when people lost faith in

3984-426: The financial system and got banks to start lending again, both to each other and to people. Many homeowners who were trying to keep their homes from going into default got housing credits. A package of policies was passed that let borrowers refinance their loans even though the value of their homes was less than what they still owed on their mortgages . While the causes of the bubble and subsequent crash are disputed,

4067-422: The form of subprime mortgages to low-income homebuyers and a resulting housing bubble , excessive risk-taking by global financial institutions , and lack of regulatory oversight, which culminated in a " perfect storm " that triggered the Great Recession , which lasted from late 2007 to mid-2009. The financial crisis began in early 2007, as mortgage-backed securities (MBS) tied to U.S. real estate , as well as

4150-457: The government began collecting the data in 1964. The economic crisis started in the U.S. but spread to the rest of the world. U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of demand. Toxic securities were owned by corporate and institutional investors globally. Derivatives such as credit default swaps also increased

4233-515: The government moved the office to tambon Cha-am and also changed the district name to Cha-am. Mrigadayavan Palace (Thai: พระราชนิเวศน์มฤคทายวัน, RTGS: Phra Ratchaniwet Maruekkhathayawan ) in Cha-am district is a former residence of King Vajiravudh or Rama VI who ruled Siam from 1910 to 1925. Its name "Cha-am" is said to have originated from the word "Cha-an" (ชะอาน, pronounced [tɕʰáʔān] or [tɕāʔāːn] ) meaning "to wash

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4316-506: The governments of European nations and the United States guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $ 1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in major banks. The Federal Reserve created then-significant amounts of new currency as a method to combat the liquidity trap . Bailouts came in the form of trillions of dollars of loans, asset purchases, guarantees, and direct spending. Significant controversy accompanied

4399-421: The higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, approximately 9% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%. After

4482-646: The importance of regional discussions to examine ways to advance the stability and prosperity of the Asia Pacific region. In this connection, we noted with appreciation the following: (a) the Philippines’s proposal to invite the heads of other regional fora and organizations in Asia-Pacific to future EAS meetings to discuss measures that will protect the region from future economic and financial crisis and strengthen Asia economic cooperation, including through

4565-578: The linkage between large financial institutions. The de-leveraging of financial institutions, as assets were sold to pay back obligations that could not be refinanced in frozen credit markets, further accelerated the solvency crisis and caused a decrease in international trade. Reductions in the growth rates of developing countries were due to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers (example: Armenia ). States with fragile political systems feared that investors from Western states would withdraw their money because of

4648-505: The loans. The Federal Reserve took a number of steps to deal with worries about liquidity in the financial markets. One of these steps was a credit line for major traders, who act as the Fed's partners in open market activities. Also, loan programs were set up to make the money market mutual funds and commercial paper market more flexible. Also, the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF)

4731-428: The losses suffered in the United States when the 1997–2007 [bubble] deflated." According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans—generally with low or no downpayments. Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy

4814-650: The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, conservative American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Based upon information in

4897-599: The market. To keep it from getting worse, the Fed said it would give money to mutual fund companies. Also, Department of Treasury said that it would briefly cover the assets of the fund. Both of these things helped get the fund market back to normal, which helped the commercial paper market, which most businesses use to run. The FDIC also did a number of things, like raise the insurance cap from $ 100,000 to $ 250,000, to boost customer trust. They engaged in Quantitative Easing , which added more than $ 4 trillion to

4980-539: The possible establishment of an economic community of Asia. (b) Japan's new proposal to reinvigorate the discussion towards building, in the long run, an East Asian community based on the principle of openness, transparency and inclusiveness and functional cooperation. (c) Australia's proposal on the Asia Pacific community in which ASEAN will be at its core, will be further discussed at a 1.5 track conference to be organized by Australia in December 2009. The statement of

5063-588: The precipitating factor for the Financial Crisis of 2007–2008 was the bursting of the United States housing bubble and the subsequent subprime mortgage crisis , which occurred due to a high default rate and resulting foreclosures of mortgage loans , particularly adjustable-rate mortgages . Some or all of the following factors contributed to the crisis: The relaxing of credit lending standards by investment banks and commercial banks allowed for

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5146-501: The price appreciation. In a Peabody Award -winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $ 70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with products such as

5229-451: The promotion of thousands of small mortgage brokers, and by their close relationship to subprime loan aggregators such as Countrywide . Depending on how "subprime" mortgages are defined, they remained below 10% of all mortgage originations until 2004, when they rose to nearly 20% and remained there through the 2005–2006 peak of the United States housing bubble . The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , written by

5312-400: The pyramid suffered a decrease. The following is a timeline of the major events of the financial crisis, including government responses, and the subsequent economic recovery. There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since

5395-416: The relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003. However, as market power shifted from securitizers to originators, and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated. The riskiest loans were originated in 2004–2007,

5478-614: The saddle". In the Ayutthaya period , Viceroy Ekathotsarot (later King Ekathotsarot) raised an army to fight against the Burmese in this area, and washed his saddle here. Hence the name "Cha-an" and was distorted into "Cha-am" like today Cha-am lies 173 km (107 mi) south of Bangkok on Phet Kasem Road . Just a few trains stop at the town's railway station. Frequent bus and minibus services link Cha-am with neighbouring towns, such as Hua Hin , and with Bangkok . The district to

5561-610: The six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by three of the four Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios. In his dissent to

5644-456: The summit on regional architecture and the idea of an Asia Pacific community. The members were to consider India 's plans for the revival of Nalanda University . The summit was originally to be held in Bangkok on 17 December 2008. It was announced in late-October 2008 that the summit would be shifted from Bangkok to Chiang Mai due to concerns about political unrest in the capital city. It

5727-443: The summit would resume. Following the cancellation, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed regret over the incident. Abhisit Vejjajiva later vowed legal action against anti-government protesters "who reduced a showcase Asian summit to a shambles and exposed the nation to international embarrassment". During the lead up to the summit, there were also several border clashes between Thailand and Cambodia. The summit

5810-464: The supply of mortgages originated at traditional lending standards had been exhausted, and continued strong demand began to drive down lending standards. The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into

5893-481: The venue. This revised date was said to be inconvenient for the leaders of Indonesia, India, and New Zealand. The summit was subsequently confirmed as having been rescheduled for 25 October 2009 in Phuket, but then was moved again to Cha-am and Hua Hin . The summit adopted two documents. The first was a statement on disaster management. The second related to the re-establishment of Nalanda University by India . The chairman's statement noted: 21. We acknowledged

5976-545: The worst of the Great Recession by mid-2009. Assessments of the crisis's impact in the U.S. vary, but suggest that some 8.7 million jobs were lost, causing unemployment to rise from 5 percent in 2007 to a high of 10 percent in October 2009. The percentage of citizens living in poverty rose from 12.5 percent in 2007 to 15.1 percent in 2010. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 53 percent between October 2007 and March 2009, and some estimates suggest that one in four households lost 75 percent or more of their net worth . In 2010,

6059-622: The years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve's classification of CRA loans as "prime" is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal "subprime" loans. Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren't enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for

6142-464: The years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs. The GSEs eventually relaxed their standards to try to catch up with the private banks. A contrarian view is that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac led the way to relaxed underwriting standards, starting in 1995, by advocating the use of easy-to-qualify automated underwriting and appraisal systems, by designing no-down-payment products issued by lenders, by

6225-524: Was among the five worst financial crises the world had experienced and led to a loss of more than $ 2 trillion from the global economy. U.S. home mortgage debt relative to GDP increased from an average of 46% during the 1990s to 73% during 2008, reaching $ 10.5 (~$ 14.6 trillion in 2023) trillion. The increase in cash out refinancings , as home values rose, fueled an increase in consumption that could no longer be sustained when home prices declined. Many financial institutions owned investments whose value

6308-450: Was bailed-out. Instead of financing more domestic loans, some banks instead spent some of the stimulus money in more profitable areas such as investing in emerging markets and foreign currencies. In July 2010, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was enacted in the United States to "promote the financial stability of the United States". The Basel III capital and liquidity standards were adopted worldwide. Since

6391-542: Was based on home mortgages such as mortgage-backed securities , or credit derivatives used to insure them against failure, which declined in value significantly. The International Monetary Fund estimated that large U.S. and European banks lost more than $ 1 trillion on toxic assets and from bad loans from January 2007 to September 2009. Lack of investor confidence in bank solvency and declines in credit availability led to plummeting stock and commodity prices in late 2008 and early 2009. The crisis rapidly spread into

6474-550: Was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid-level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all subprime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of subprime loans had some connection with CRA. However, most sub-prime loans were not made to

6557-461: Was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): "We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS [commercial mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis." Other analysts support the contention that

6640-522: Was put in place thanks to a joint effort with the US Department of the Treasury. This plan was meant to make it easier for consumers and businesses to get credit by giving Americans who owned high-quality asset-backed securities more credit. Before the crisis, the Federal Reserve's stocks of Treasury securities were sold to pay for the increase in credit. This method was meant to keep banks from trying to give out their extra savings, which could cause

6723-565: Was said to be used as an opportunity for discussions on the sidelines between the respective nations' leaders. Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd was en route to the summit from Australia when he was contacted by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and advised to return to Australia. The leaders of China, Japan, and South Korea were airlifted out by their Thai hosts, whilst New Zealand Prime Minister John Key did not make it out of Bangkok airport. By late-April

6806-529: Was then announced on 2 December 2008 that due to the 2008 Thai political crisis the summit would be postponed from 17 December 2008 to March 2009. On 12 December 2008 Abhisit Vejjajiva indicated that if he became the next prime minister of Thailand he would seek to hold the summit in February 2009. In January 2009 it was announced that, although the ASEAN Summit had been scheduled for 27 February 2009 to 1 March 2009, those dates were not convenient for

6889-659: Was to be the Pattaya Exhibition and Conference Hall (PEACH). It was also announced that India would be represented at the summit by Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath , not its prime minister. On 11 April 2009, anti-Thai government protesters smashed their way into the East Asian summit, forcing the Prime Minister of Thailand , Abhisit Vejjajiva , to cancel the meeting and evacuate foreign leaders by helicopter. Officials did not say whether or when

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