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108-594: Along the way, in East Africa, the 4th Armada established a Portuguese factory in present-day Mozambique , made contact and opened trade with the gold entrepot of Sofala and extorted tribute from Kilwa . Once in India, the armada set about attacking Calicut shipping and disrupting trade along much of the Malabar Coast . But the ruling Zamorin of Calicut refused to accede to Portuguese demands, arguing that

216-516: A show of force to intimidate the Zamorin into compliance. The Armada would then demand that the Zamorin replace the damaged factory of the 2nd Armada, that he expel all Arabs from the Calicut region as punishment for their involvement in the aforementioned massacre, and that he sign a trade treaty regarding the supply of spice to Portugal. Additionally, 4th Armada was instructed to open trade with

324-522: A Sofalese ambassador to meet Vasco da Gama back in Mozambique. In other accounts, (principally Osório (p. 192), mildly corroborated by other chroniclers and the anonymous Portuguese eyewitness and Matteo da Bergamo) it is Vasco da Gama himself, and not Aguiar, who goes to Sofala. According to this alternative account, Gama did not go to Mozambique immediately after the Cape crossing; rather, most of

432-467: A brief watering stop at Cape St. Augustine (Brazil), before heading across the south Atlantic towards the Cape of Good Hope . April 1, 1502, The third squadron of the 4th Armada – five ships under Estêvão da Gama – finally sets out from Lisbon. Charting its own course, the third squadron will only catch up with the main body of the 4th Armada in India. April–May, 1502 Violent storms at the Cape separates

540-563: A brother by that name). Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos was a soon-to-be brother-in-law (betrothed to Teresa da Gama, Vasco's sister). Among the remaining captains, the most significant was probably Dom Luís Coutinho, son of the Count of Marialva , a high nobleman of considerable rank in the Portuguese court. Diogo Fernandes Correia (archaically, Corrêa) was pre-designated by the Casa da India as

648-412: A building or set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines elsewhere: ... the utilization of machines presupposes social cooperation and the division of labour The first machine is stated by one source to have been traps used to assist with the capturing of animals, corresponding to the machine as a mechanism operating independently or with very little force by interaction from

756-502: A critical part of modern economic production , with the majority of the world's goods being created or processed within factories. Factories arose with the introduction of machinery during the Industrial Revolution , when the capital and space requirements became too great for cottage industry or workshops. Early factories that contained small amounts of machinery, such as one or two spinning mules , and fewer than

864-481: A date for cooperation and factors of demand, by an increased community size and population to make something like factory level production a conceivable necessity. Archaeologist Bonnet, unearthed the foundations of numerous workshops in the city of Kerma proving that as early as 2000 BC Kerma was a large urban capital. The watermill was first made in the Persian Empire some time before 350 BC. In

972-413: A dozen workers have been called "glorified workshops". Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production. Large factories tend to be located with access to multiple modes of transportation, some having rail , highway and water loading and unloading facilities. In some countries like Australia, it is common to call

1080-835: A factory building a " Shed ". Factories may either make discrete products or some type of continuously produced material, such as chemicals , pulp and paper , or refined oil products . Factories manufacturing chemicals are often called plants and may have most of their equipment – tanks , pressure vessels , chemical reactors , pumps and piping – outdoors and operated from control rooms . Oil refineries have most of their equipment outdoors. Discrete products may be final goods , or parts and sub-assemblies which are made into final products elsewhere. Factories may be supplied parts from elsewhere or make them from raw materials . Continuous production industries typically use heat or electricity to transform streams of raw materials into finished products. The term mill originally referred to

1188-493: A few months earlier, reporting the latest Indian news. They do not stay long, but immediately set sail after Gama's fleet. The last missing ship – António do Campo's caravel from the first squadron – will not make it across to India this year. As already alluded to earlier, the caravel of António do Campo ('Antão Vaz' in Correia ) is said to have been caught up and battered by bad winds at Cape Correntes and forced to drift with

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1296-475: A gentleman of the royal chamber, he might be a mere figurehead of an underlying foreign investment group) Lopo Dias is identified by Barros as an employee of D. Álvaro of Braganza , who had privately outfitted ships in earlier armadas in conjunction with the Marchionni consortium, so there is reason to presume Dias's ship was outfitted the same way. The Leitoa Nova is said to have been privately outfitted by

1404-540: A hostage, the emir returns to shore to make the arrangements. mid-July, 1502 – After a few days of lingering in Kilwa harbor and no sign of the emir's promised tribute, Gama dispatches a messenger to see what the delay is. Emir Ibrahim sends a message back declining to dispatch the tribute, and telling the Portuguese captain-major that he can do whatever he will with the hostage Muhammad Arcone, given that his poor counsel had proven him unworthy. The angry Gama throws Arcone into

1512-425: A human, with a capacity for use repeatedly with operation exactly the same on every occasion of functioning. The wheel was invented c.  3000 BC , the spoked wheel c.  2000 BC . The Iron Age began approximately 1200–1000 BC. However, other sources define machinery as a means of production. Archaeology provides a date for the earliest city as 5000 BC as Tell Brak (Ur et al. 2006), therefore

1620-416: A letter to Trimumpara Raja, prince of Cochin relating the useful role he might serve Cochin by remaining behind in the Portuguese court.) There were two Italian passengers on the armada – both military engineers, and probably secret Venetian agents – that would play a sinister role in India. They were known by their Portuguese names as João Maria (Gianmaria) and Pêro António (Pierantonio). The 4th Armada

1728-516: A long-boat, without water or shade, to die of heat and exposure. Nonetheless, Muhammad Arcone is a wealthy man in his own right, and servants from his household offer Gama a substantial ransom to release him. Knowing the hostage is otherwise worthless to him, Gama consents. July 20, 1502 – His vengeance on Muhammad Arcone's bad counsel satisfied, the Emir Ibrahim of Kilwa finally decides to send some tribute – some 1500 gold meticals – to satisfy

1836-535: A more contemporary approach to handle design applicable to manufacturing facilities can be found in Socio-Technical Systems (STS) . In Britain, a shadow factory is one of a number of manufacturing sites built in dispersed locations in times of war to reduce the risk of disruption due to enemy air-raids and often with the dual purpose of increasing manufacturing capacity. Before World War II Britain had built many shadow factories . Production of

1944-825: A new caravel upon arrival in East Africa. The most famous ship in the 4th Armada was arguably the one commanded by Estevão da Gama , the Flor de la Mar (sometimes spelled as Frol de la Mar ), a 400 tonne carrack ( nau ), the largest ship of that kind yet built. The exact sizes of the other large carracks – the flagship São Jerónimo , Lionarda and the Leitoa / Esmeralda are unknown, but also presumed to be quite sizeable (that is, 250t or greater). These large ships were designated to return with spice cargo back to Lisbon. The smaller naus( navetas , 80–120t) and caravels (40–80t), went out as armed fighting ships, to remain as naval patrol vessels in India if necessary. The Gama clan dominated

2052-659: A promise to Cabral and could not break it. On this hint, Gama produced a royal letter (issued by Manuel back in 1500, and reiterated in October 1501), promising Gama a determining role in any future India expedition, and demanded command of the expedition for himself. The king was caught between two commitments – honoring the letter to Gama, or his appointment to Cabral. Hearing of the king's quandary, Cabral voluntarily withdrew his name to graciously allow Manuel I to honor his letter. The 16th-century chroniclers seem to agree that King Manuel I wanted to deprive Cabral of command, and that

2160-641: A rate sufficient to meet the needs of 80,000 persons, in the Roman Empire. The large population increase in medieval Islamic cities, such as Baghdad 's 1.5 million population, led to the development of large-scale factory milling installations with higher productivity to feed and support the large growing population. A tenth-century grain-processing factory in the Egyptian town of Bilbays , for example, milled an estimated 300 tons of grain and flour per day. Both watermills and windmills were widely used in

2268-522: A result, Aguiar was forced to leave the Sofalese ambassador in Mozambique (letting him find his own way back home) and set sail for Malindi, hoping to catch Gama there. Gama had gone first to Kilwa ( Quiloa ). The dominant city-state on the East African coast, Kilwa Sultanate was the formal overlord of Mozambique and Sofala. If the fledgling Portuguese trade presence in those East African towns

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2376-559: A side note, this was the first India armada for which the vintena de Belém was introduced - that is, the 5% tax on profits of private trading by captains and officers of Portuguese India Armadas , earmarked for the construction and maintenance of the Jerónimos Monastery in the Belém district of Lisbon . The vintena would continue until 1522. The 4th Armada was composed of 20 ships and between 800 and 1800 men. The Armada

2484-524: A tentative list compiled from various conflicting accounts. This list of captains is principally based on João de Barros 's Décadas , Damião de Gois 's Chronica , Castanheda 's História , the Relação das Náos , Couto 's list, Faria e Sousa 's Asia and Quintella's Annaes da Marinha . The list of ship names is from Gaspar Correia 's Lendas da Índia . and should be suspected as unreliable. As usual, Correia's list of captains differs significantly from

2592-514: A treaty with Portugal has to be paid for with a hefty cash tribute to the King of Portugal. The emir is dismayed. Declaring tribute to be a dishonor, he refuses. Gama threatens to level the city and lay it to fire and waste. Emir Ibrahim, effectively captive on board, reluctantly agrees, and signs a treaty making Kilwa tributary to Portugal. Leaving the Kilwan nobleman and advisor Muhammad Arcone aboard as

2700-572: Is reported in one chronicle that Fernan d'Atouguia, captain of the Leitoa Nova falls ill and dies here. Gama transfers the experienced captain Pedro Afonso de Aguiar from the small nau Santa Elena to the large nau Leitoa Nova , and elevates one of his own companions, Pêro de Mendonça, to captain Aguiar's old ship. Early March, 1502 – The 4th Armada sails southwest from Africa and may make

2808-560: Is unusually blessed with multiple eyewitness accounts to supplement the standard chronicles: (1) an account by an anonymous Flemish sailor aboard the Leitoa Nova in the second squadron, (2) an account by anonymous Portuguese sailor; (3) a brief account by an anonymous German sailor; (4) a detailed account by Thomé Lopes , clerk of the ship of Giovanni Buonagrazia in the third squadron; (5) two letters dispatched from Mozambique in April 1503 by an Italian agent Matteo da Bergamo, who, by deduction,

2916-484: The East African city-state of Sofala . Sofala had been secretly visited by the explorer Pêro da Covilhã during his overland expedition back in 1487, and he identified it as the end-point of the Monomatapa gold trade. The Portuguese crown had been eager to tap that gold source, but all prior armadas had failed to find it until Sancho de Tovar , commanding a ship of the 2nd India Armada , had finally located Sofala

3024-542: The Malabar coast of India . By the time this news was received, the 3rd India Armada under João da Nova had already departed, a commercial expedition unequipped to deal with the hostile turn of events in the Indian Ocean. As a result, King Manuel I of Portugal ordered a new fleet to be assembled, the 4th India Armada, armed to the teeth, with the explicit objective of bringing Calicut to heel. The command of

3132-568: The Memorias das Armadas and Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu give their own variations. Doubtless, the captain lists are complicated by the fact that there were some rearrangements of the fleet in Africa and India, and captains were shuffled around – at some point, both Vicente and Brás Sodré was definitely given command of a ship of his own. The chronicles report that the fleet also carried pre-fabricated lumber and fittings with instructions to assemble

3240-664: The Penedo de São Pedro (islets off the Brazilian coast) or even as far as the islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz (further south), but does not stop to investigate. (By coincidence, that very same month, the returning Third Armada of João da Nova discovers the island of Saint Helena ; despite the timing, the returning fleet will not encounter any of the ships of the outward armada. But they will pick up letters Nova left behind in Malindi , probably describing his outgoing journey and

3348-534: The Second Crusade (see Siege of Lisbon ). An English crusader named Gilbert of Hastings was installed as bishop, and a new cathedral was built on the site of the main mosque of Lisbon. This first building, in Late Romanesque style, was completed between 1147 and the first decades of the 13th century. At that time, the relics of St Vincent of Saragossa , patron saint of Lisbon, were brought to

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3456-642: The Sofala banks. The two squads do not reconnect with each other. Estêvão da Gama's trio, following the itinerary left in Mozambique by his cousin, heads off to Kilwa Alone idling before Sofala, Vasconcellos and Buonagrazia proceed north to the mouth of the Rio de Bons Sinaes ( Zambezi River ), where they put in for repairs and recuperation. On July 23, 1502, part of the third squad (Estêvão da Gama, Lopo Dias and Thomas de Carmona) arrived in Kilwa , just in time to reconnect

3564-496: The Supermarine Spitfire at its parent company's base at Woolston, Southampton was vulnerable to enemy attack as a high-profile target and was well within range of Luftwaffe bombers. Indeed, on 26 September 1940 this facility was completely destroyed by an enemy bombing raid. Supermarine had already established a plant at Castle Bromwich ; this action prompted them to further disperse Spitfire production around

3672-593: The Sé ( Sé de Lisboa ), is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Lisbon , Portugal . It is the oldest church in the city, built in 1147. The cathedral has survived many earthquakes and has been modified, renovated and restored several times, resulting in a mix of different architectural styles. It is the seat of the Patriarchate of Lisbon , and has been classified as a National Monument since 1910. Lisbon has been

3780-548: The factor , with some ten assistants, to capitalize on the results of the Sofala trade mission. The new caravel finished, Gama christens it Pomposa and places it, together with some 30 crew, under the command of João Serrão (of future Magellan fame), with instructions to take any goods from the Sofalese trade. According to Correia, Gama was unwilling to wait around for the results of Aguiar's mission to Sofala, and set sail out of Mozambique before Aguiar's returned from Sofala. As

3888-444: The factory system ) developed in the cotton and wool textiles industry. Later generations of factories included mechanized shoe production and manufacturing of machinery, including machine tools. After this came factories that supplied the railroad industry included rolling mills, foundries and locomotive works, along with agricultural-equipment factories that produced cast-steel plows and reapers. Bicycles were mass-produced beginning in

3996-484: The milling of grain , which usually used natural resources such as water or wind power until those were displaced by steam power in the 19th century. Because many processes like spinning and weaving, iron rolling , and paper manufacturing were originally powered by water, the term survives as in steel mill , paper mill , etc. Max Weber considered production during ancient and medieval times as never warranting classification as factories, with methods of production and

4104-471: The 1755 earthquake. Near the entrance of the cathedral, a rich merchant, Bartolomeu Joanes, built a funerary chapel for himself in the beginning of the 14th century. His tomb with his laying figure is still inside. Somewhat later, King Afonso IV of Portugal had the Romanesque apse replaced by a Gothic main chapel surrounded by an ambulatory with radiating chapels. The king and his family were buried in

4212-523: The 17th century a fine sacristy was built in Baroque architectural style and, after 1755, the main chapel was rebuilt in neoclassical and Rococo styles (including the tombs of King Afonso IV and his family). Machado de Castro , Portugal's foremost sculptor in the late 18th century, is the author of a magnificent crib in the Gothic chapel of Bartomoleu Joanes. In the beginning of the 20th century, much of

4320-451: The 1880s. The Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company's Bridgewater Foundry , which began operation in 1836, was one of the earliest factories to use modern materials handling such as cranes and rail tracks through the buildings for handling heavy items. Large scale electrification of factories began around 1900 after the development of the AC motor which was able to run at constant speed depending on

4428-422: The 4th Armada on time for the Indian Ocean crossing, and thus remain stuck in Africa until next year. See below. According to Correia, while repairing on Mozambique Island, Vasco da Gama dispatches Pedro Afonso de Aguiar (captain of the Leitoa ) and two caravels south to the city of Sofala , the entrepot of the Monomatapa gold trade. Sofala had been missed by all prior armadas, but not this time. Following up on

4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502) - Misplaced Pages Continue

4536-488: The 4th Armada was offered to Pedro Álvares Cabral . But various factions in the Portuguese court and the Casa da India , opposed Cabral's appointment, on the grounds that it was Cabral's 'incompetence' that had created this unhappy situation to begin with. However, Cabral had his own political supporters that could not be ignored. The king tried to compromise by offering Cabral the position of captain-major ( capitão-mor ), but letting it be clearly understood that his command of

4644-504: The Calicut factory . As they did not have enough manpower to conquer Calicut outright, the armada planned to use their first squadron to set up a naval blockade in Calicut harbor, while the second squadron under Vicente Sodré would patrol the Gulf of Aden and cut off all further Arab shipping in the Red Sea . This would severely disrupt Calicut's trade and therefore its economic lifeline –

4752-450: The Egyptian pharaoh, with slave employment and no differentiation of skills within the slave group comparable to modern definitions as division of labour . According to translations of Demosthenes and Herodotus, Naucratis was a, or the only, factory in the entirety of ancient Egypt . A source of 1983 (Hopkins), states the largest factory production in ancient times was of 120 slaves within fourth century BC Athens. An article within

4860-549: The Islamic world at the time. The Venice Arsenal also provides one of the first examples of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice , Republic of Venice , several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution , it mass-produced ships on assembly lines using manufactured parts . The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day and, at its height, employed 16,000 people. One of

4968-472: The New York Times article dated 13 October 2011 states: "In African Cave, Signs of an Ancient Paint Factory" – (John Noble Wilford) ... discovered at Blombos Cave , a cave on the south coast of South Africa where 100,000-year-old tools and ingredients were found with which early modern humans mixed an ochre -based paint . Although The Cambridge Online Dictionary definition of factory states:

5076-458: The Portuguese captain-major. Vasco da Gama, anxious not to miss the monsoon winds to India, takes what he can get. [The extorted gold coins of Kilwa were used by the goldsmith Gil Vicente in 1506 to make the famous gold pyx or monstrance known as the Custódia de Belém , for the Jerónimos Monastery in Belém . It is considered by many to be one of the most magnificent treasure pieces of

5184-412: The Portuguese crown.] [Correia (p. 282) reports a little knot before departing: several dozen Kilwan women 'picked up' (read: abducted) and taken aboard the ships by bored Portuguese sailors for fun and amusement refuse to return ashore. Although Emir Ibrahim promises that they will be unharmed, he cannot guarantee that those who allowed themselves to be baptized Christian by enthusiastic chaplains on

5292-663: The Sodré appointment and/or the Gama letter was just a ploy by the king to wiggle out of appointing Cabral. But some later authors have interpreted the accounts differently, that King Manuel I was wholly behind Cabral, but was forced to yield to the unsavory machinations of the Gama-Sodré family. Just before his departure, in a solemn ceremony at the Lisbon Cathedral on January 30, 1502, King Manuel I bestowed upon Vasco da Gama

5400-516: The West façade with a rose window (rebuilt from fragments in the 20th century), the main portal, the North lateral portal and the nave of the cathedral. The portals have interesting sculptured capitals with Romanesque motifs. The nave is covered by barrel vaulting and has an upper, arched gallery ( triforium ). Light gets in through the rose windows of the West façade and transept, the narrow windows of

5508-399: The area. The factory system was a new way of organizing workforce made necessary by the development of machines which were too large to house in a worker's cottage. Working hours were as long as they had been for the farmer, that is, from dawn to dusk, six days per week. Overall, this practice essentially reduced skilled and unskilled workers to replaceable commodities. Arkwright's factory was

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5616-546: The cathedral from Southern Portugal. In the late 13th century, King Dinis of Portugal built a Gothic cloister and his successor, Afonso IV of Portugal , had the main chapel converted into a royal pantheon in Gothic style for him and his family. In 1498, Queen Eleanor of Viseu founded the Irmandade de Invocação a Nossa Senhora da Misericórdia de Lisboa ( Brotherhood of Invocation to Our Lady of Mercy of Lisbon ) in one of

5724-491: The cathedral looks like a fortress, with two towers flanking the entrance and crenellations over the walls. This menacing appearance, also seen in other Portuguese cathedrals of the time, is a relic from the Reconquista period, when the cathedral may have been used as a base to attack the enemy during a siege. From its first building period (1147 until the first decades of the 13th century), Lisbon cathedral has preserved

5832-647: The chapels of the cathedral cloister. This brotherhood evolved into the Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa , a Catholic charitable institution that later spread to other cities and had a very important role in Portugal and its colonies. During the Portuguese interregnum of 1383–85, the populace suspected that Bishop Dom Martinho Annes was plotting with the Castilians and an angry crowd threw him out of

5940-463: The consequences of interfering or turning back on any agreement. On July 12, 1502, Gama's large, menacing armada arrived at the island-city of Kilwa . Gama sent for the Kilwa ruler , Emir Ibrahim, inviting him aboard the São Jeronimo , to negotiate a treaty of peace and trade. Sensing a trap, Emir Ibrahim first asks for a safe-conduct (which da Gama promptly gives him), but fearing treachery,

6048-408: The contemporary economic situation incomparable to modern or even pre-modern developments of industry. In ancient times, the earliest production limited to the household, developed into a separate endeavor independent to the place of inhabitation with production at that time only beginning to be characteristic of industry, termed as "unfree shop industry", a situation caused especially under the reign of

6156-904: The country with many premises being requisitioned by the British Government. Connected to the Spitfire was production of its equally important Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, Rolls-Royce 's main aero engine facility was located at Derby , the need for increased output was met by building new factories in Crewe and Glasgow and using a purpose-built factory of Ford of Britain in Trafford Park Manchester . Lisbon Cathedral The Cathedral of Saint Mary Major ( Portuguese : Santa Maria Maior de Lisboa or Sé-Catedral Metropolitana Patriarcal de Santa Maria Maior de Lisboa ), often called Lisbon Cathedral or simply

6264-705: The current of the Mozambique Channel aimlessly southwest. Campo's caravel is said to have alighted at Delagoa Bay (now Maputo Bay ). The hitherto unknown capacious bay is watered by three rivers: the Maputo river to the south, the Espirito Santo 'river' to the west (actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi , Matola and Tembe rivers) and the Maniça (now Incomati ) river to the north. Being told by

6372-407: The disposal of the tempest-tossed Portuguese. Vasco da Gama remains in Mozambique for a while, waiting for the rest of the battered fleet to trickle in, one by one. The only known loss is the small nau Santa Elena , captained by the novice Pêro de Mendonça, which captured by bad currents around Cape Correntes , ends up running aground near the banks of Sofala . However the crew is safely rescued by

6480-534: The earliest factories was John Lombe 's water-powered silk mill at Derby , operational by 1721. By 1746, an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol . Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. Josiah Wedgwood in Staffordshire and Matthew Boulton at his Soho Manufactory were other prominent early industrialists, who employed

6588-489: The early 20th century gave it its current appearance. In recent years, the central courtyard of the cloister has been excavated and remains from the Roman, Visigothic and mediaeval periods have been found. Excavations started in the cloister in 1990 and revealed a Roman road with shops on either side, part of a Roman kitchen and a "cloaca" (sewage system), as well as traces of later Visigoth buildings. A section of red walls

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6696-450: The emir changes his mind, and refuses to go aboard. However, after much discussion, one of his advisors, a certain wealthy nobleman Muhammad ibn Rukn ad Din (called Muhammad Arcone or Ancone or Enconij by the chroniclers ) finally persuades the emir to take up the Portuguese offer. Emir Ibrahim is ferried to the flagship and climbs aboard. After minimal opening cordialities, and ostentatious proclamations of friendship, Gama lays down his price:

6804-454: The factor for Cochin (replacing the factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa that Cabral had left there). There was significant private participation in the fleet. Two ships went out under Italian captains – Tomásio da Cremona ('Thomas de Carmona') and Giovanni Buonagrazia ('João da Bonagracia') of Florence . Both were likely privately outfitted by Italian consortiums (although Buonagrazia's ship is identified as formally belonging to Ruy Mendes de Brito,

6912-566: The factory concept in the early 20th century, with the innovation of the mass production . Highly specialized laborers situated alongside a series of rolling ramps would build up a product such as (in Ford's case) an automobile . This concept dramatically decreased production costs for virtually all manufactured goods and brought about the age of consumerism . In the mid - to late 20th century, industrialized countries introduced next-generation factories with two improvements: Some speculation as to

7020-467: The factory system. The factory system began widespread use somewhat later when cotton spinning was mechanized. Richard Arkwright is the person credited with inventing the prototype of the modern factory. After he patented his water frame in 1769, he established Cromford Mill , in Derbyshire , England, significantly expanding the village of Cromford to accommodate the migrant workers new to

7128-460: The fifteen ships of Vasco da Gama's fleet. Each captain is forced to figure out his own passage around the Cape, and make his own way towards the pre-arranged rendez-vous point on the other side. May, 1502 After making watering stops in Madeira and Cape Verde , Estevão da Gama's third squadron reportedly spots an island in the south Atlantic. Uncertain which one – could be a Cape Verde island or

7236-426: The first contact with the Sofalese ruler. That would mean Gama was the last to arrive in Mozambique. In this alternative account, the lost ship of Mendonça (or Fernandes) was one of the four that went with Gama to Sofala, and capsized while exiting the Sofala banks. Late June, 1502 – Vasco da Gama makes arrangements to leave Mozambique. A Portuguese factory is established on Mozambique Island , with Gonçalo Baixo as

7344-472: The first squadrons double the Cape. Following the account of Gaspar Correia (p. 272), Vasco da Gama was among the first ships to arrive in Mozambique Island , the pre-arranged meeting point. Gama is immediately recognized by the local sheikh (with whom Gama had a tussle on his first journey back in 1498). The Mozambique ruler immediately offers his pardon for that affair and puts supplies at

7452-427: The first successful cotton spinning factory in the world; it showed unequivocally the way ahead for industry and was widely copied. Between 1770 and 1850 mechanized factories supplanted traditional artisan shops as the predominant form of manufacturing institution, because the larger-scale factories enjoyed a significant technological and supervision advantage over the small artisan shops. The earliest factories (using

7560-444: The five remaining ships to go out a little while later as a third squadron under Gama's cousin, Estêvão da Gama , with instructions to catch up to the main fleet along the way. (Whatever the mechanics behind the appointment, the 4th Armada certainly turned out to be a Gama family affair!) The exact composition of the three squadrons differs in the various accounts. The following list of ships should not be regarded as authoritative, but

7668-445: The fleet met at some unnamed bay just a few leagues north of Sofala (possibly the 'Rio dos Boms Sinaes'); Gama ordered Vicente Sodré with the main fleet ahead to Mozambique Island, while he remained behind The construction of the new caravel was thus overseen by Sodré, not Gama. After accounting for all the ships and sending them on to Mozambique, Vasco da Gama himself sailed south with four ships to Sofala, conducted some trade and opened

7776-422: The fleet would not be absolute, that at least one squadron would be placed under the separate command of Vicente Sodré (an uncle of Vasco da Gama , and leading opponent of Cabral). Finding this condition an unacceptable affront, Cabral withdrew his name in a huff. Manuel I immediately appointed Vasco da Gama himself as captain-major. The intrigues behind the appointment have been variously told. By some accounts,

7884-593: The fleet – Vasco da Gama , his cousin Estêvão da Gama and his uncles Vicente Sodré and Brás Sodré took the leadership positions. We have assumed Pêro de Ataíde , to be the same person nicknamed 'o Inferno' ('Hell'), a notable veteran captain of Cabral's Second Armada . But in some accounts, his name is given as 'Álvaro de Ataíde' a native of the Algarve, thus possibly Vasco da Gama's new brother-in-law (Gama had recently married Catarina de Ataíde in 1500 or 1501; she had

7992-458: The focus of labour, in general, shifted to central-city office towers or to semi-rural campus-style establishments, and many factories stood deserted in local rust belts . The next blow to the traditional factories came from globalization . Manufacturing processes (or their logical successors, assembly plants) in the late 20th century re-focussed in many instances on Special Economic Zones in developing countries or on maquiladoras just across

8100-429: The form of a kind of "laboratory factories", with management models that allow "producing with quality while experimenting to do it better tomorrow". Before the advent of mass transportation , factories' needs for ever-greater concentrations of labourers meant that they typically grew up in an urban setting or fostered their own urbanization . Industrial slums developed, and reinforced their own development through

8208-458: The future of the factory includes scenarios with rapid prototyping , nanotechnology , and orbital zero- gravity facilities. There is some scepticism about the development of the factories of the future if the robotic industry is not matched by a higher technological level of the people who operate it. According to some authors, the four basic pillars of the factories of the future are strategy, technology, people and habitability, which would take

8316-399: The initial offer to Cabral was a pro forma gesture to palliate his faction rather than an earnest offer. In other words, the king never had any intention of letting Cabral lead the expedition, that the onerous conditions were introduced knowing Cabral would find them unacceptable. That these conditions were only revealed at the last minute, just before the fleet's departure, lends credence to

8424-510: The interactions between factories, as when one factory's output or waste-product became the raw materials of another factory (preferably nearby). Canals and railways grew as factories spread, each clustering around sources of cheap energy, available materials and/or mass markets. The exception proved the rule: even greenfield factory sites such as Bournville , founded in a rural setting, developed their own housing and profited from convenient communications systems. Regulation curbed some of

8532-497: The interior with abundant light. The ambulatory contains three outstanding Gothic tombs from the mid-14th century. One tomb belongs to Lopo Fernandes Pacheco , 7th Lord of Ferreira de Aves , a nobleman at the service of King Afonso IV. His laying figure appears holding his sword and is guarded by a dog. His wife, Maria de Vilalobos , appears over her tomb reading a Book of Hours . The third tomb belongs to an unidentified royal princess. All tombs are decorated with coats-of-arms. In

8640-602: The last quarter of the 15th century it is believed that the famous Saint Vincent Panels , painted by Nuno Gonçalves , were placed in the St Vincent chapel of the ambulatory. They remained there at least until 1690 and were set aside in the cathedral until 1742. They were then transferred to the palace of Mitra. The panels are now in the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (National Museum of Ancient Art) in Lisbon. During

8748-509: The lateral aisles of the nave as well as the windows of the lantern tower of the transept. The general plan of the cathedral is very similar to that of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra , which dates from the same period. One of the chapels of the ambulatory has an interesting Romanesque iron gate. At the end of the 13th century King Dinis of Portugal ordered the construction of a cloister in Gothic style , which became severely damaged by

8856-467: The latest news from India) June 7, 1502 – The third squadron of Estevão da Gama is caught in a terrible storm around the Cape and splits into two groups – Estevão da Gama ( Flor ) and the ships of Lopo Dias and Thomaz de Carmona (with Bergamo on board) hold together as a trio, while Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos ( Julia ) and the ship of Buonagrazia (with Lopes on board) form a separate pair. c. June 10, 1502 – Chronicles differ on what exactly happens after

8964-592: The local inhabitants that the Espírito Santo 'river' was sourced from a great lake deep in the interior, Campo names it Rio da Lagoa (River of the Lagoon), from which we get the name by which Maputo Bay was long known: 'Delagoa Bay'. Having been forced to linger at Delagoa for repairs, António do Campo hurries north to try to make junction with the rest of the 4th Armada at Malindi , but arrives too late (mid-September). The fleet having already left for India, and

9072-540: The main armada of Vasco da Gama, preparing to depart from Kilwa harbor. At that moment (July 22 actually), the remaining two ships of the third squad (Vasconcellos, Buonagrazia) finally arrive in Mozambique Island. Taking note of the notes and itinerary left behind, they set sail for Malindi, hoping to catch the main fleet there. Late July, 1502 – Vasco da Gama arrives in Malindi , just in time to be met by Pedro Afonso de Aguiar (from Sofala), who reports to him

9180-410: The main chapel, but their tombs and the chapel itself were destroyed in the 1755 earthquake. The ambulatory has survived and is an important work in the history of Portuguese Gothic. It consists of a circular aisle – not connected to the main chapel – with a series of radiating chapels. The second storey of the ambulatory is covered by ribbed vaulting and has a series of windows ( clerestory ) that bathe

9288-485: The monsoon winds preventing Campo's own crossing to India. António do Campo will remain behind on the East African coast until next April. Factory A factory , manufacturing plant or production plant is an industrial facility, often a complex consisting of several buildings filled with machinery , where workers manufacture items or operate machines which process each item into another. They are

9396-465: The national boundaries of industrialized states. Further re-location to the least industrialized nations appears possible as the benefits of out-sourcing and the lessons of flexible location apply in the future. Much of management theory developed in response to the need to control factory processes. Assumptions on the hierarchies of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled laborers and their supervisors and managers still linger on; however an example of

9504-512: The newly created title of Almirante dos mares de Arabia, Persia, India e de todo o Oriente ("Admiral of the Seas of Arabia, Persia, India and all the Orient") - an overwrought title reminiscent of the ornate Castilian title borne by Christopher Columbus . (Evidently, Manuel must have reckoned that if Castile had an 'Admiral of the Seas' running around, then surely Portugal should have one too.) On

9612-429: The number of poles and the current electrical frequency. At first larger motors were added to line shafts , but as soon as small horsepower motors became widely available, factories switched to unit drive. Eliminating line shafts freed factories of layout constraints and allowed factory layout to be more efficient. Electrification enabled sequential automation using relay logic . Henry Ford further revolutionized

9720-514: The others. In Correia, neither of the Sodré brothers command their own ships – indeed Correia asserts Vicente Sodré was carried as a passenger aboard Vasco da Gama's flagship, with the result that the lead ship of the second squadron was captained by a certain Fernão d'Atouguia (of the Ataíde family ?) and the fifth ship by Pêro Rafael (a name that appears on several other lists). The anonymous lists of

9828-530: The passing ships of Francisco da Cunha Mareco ( Bretoa ) and Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças ( Santa Marta ). With surfeit of crew from the capsized Santa Elena , Gama orders the construction of a whole new caravel from scratch on Mozambique Island. Although not mentioned in all sources, the caravel of António do Campo ('Antão Vaz' in Correia), is said to have been badly battered at Cape Correntes , and drifted backwards into Delagoa Bay (Maputo). Campo will not rejoin

9936-766: The powerful nobleman Tristão da Cunha in conjunction with the mysterious Lisbon merchant-woman Catarina Dias de Aguiar Eyewitness accounts suggest three more ships were also privately outfitted. Aboard the ships, as passengers, were Gaspar da Gama (the Goese Jew brought by Gama's first journey, who had also served as translator in the Cabral armada), an ambassador from the Kolathiri Raja of Cannanore and one of two noble Cochinese hostages taken inadvertently by Cabral's Second India Armada back to Lisbon (the other Cochinese hostage elected to stay in Lisbon, dispatching

10044-548: The previous year, but he only saw it from afar and did not go ashore. It seems that every ship in this armada was issued explicit royal instructions to try to trade for gold in Sofala. February 10, 1502, Two squadrons of the 4th Armada – 10 ships under admiral Vasco da Gama and 5 ships under vice-admiral Vicente Sodré – set out from Lisbon. Late February, 1502 – Fleet anchors in Senegal (either at Porto de Ale ( Sali Portudal ) or Bezeguiche (Bay of Dakar )) to take water. It

10152-467: The results of the Sofala treaty. Gama's fleet does not actually dock in Malindi – they intended to, but miss it, landing a few leagues ahead, unable to turn back because of the weather (although they manage to get some supplies and exchange messages with Malindi emissaries that row out to them). On July 29, 1502, Vasco da Gama's fleet departed its anchorage near Malindi for its Indian Ocean crossing. He

10260-584: The scout report of Sancho de Tovar from the previous year (see 2nd India Armada ), Aguiar leads the first Portuguese ships into Sofala harbor. Aguiar goes ashore, initiates some trade in the local markets while seeking out the local ruler, the sultan or shiekh Isuf of Sofala ( Yçuf in Barros ; Çufe in Goes ). An audience is arranged and Aguiar draws up a commercial and alliance treaty between Portugal and Sofala. Matters settled and gifts exchanged, Aguiar takes aboard

10368-507: The seat of a bishopric since the 4th century (see Patriarch of Lisbon ). After the period of Visigothic domination, the city was conquered by the Moors and stayed under Arab control from the 8th to the 12th century, although Christians were allowed to live in Lisbon and its surroundings. In the year 1147, the city was reconquered by an army composed of Portuguese soldiers led by King Afonso Henriques and North European crusaders taking part in

10476-400: The ships will be taken back by their families. Much to the delight of the crew, Gama reluctantly allows these to come with them.] c. July 15, 1502, In the meantime, part of the third squadron, the trio that held with Estêvão da Gama (Gama, Dias, Carmona) arrive at Mozambique Island , half-famished and heavily damaged. At that same time, the remaining pair (Vasconcellos, Buonagrazia) alight at

10584-521: The summer of 1501 in a terrible shape. Ship and human losses were tremendous, its mission objectives failed. They had failed to establish a factory in Sofala , the outlet of the Monomatapa gold trade in East Africa , and, more worrisomely, opened hostilities with the city-state of Calicut ( Calecute , Kozhikode), the principal commercial entrepôt of the Kerala spice trade and dominant city-state on

10692-462: The theory, i.e. the monarch did not want to give Cabral time to reconsider or allow opposition to mount against Gama's rapid appointment. Chronicler Gaspar Correia tells a slightly different story – he does not mention Sodré's command, but rather relates how King Manuel I summoned Vasco da Gama a mere three days before the scheduled departure date and expressed his "disappointment and mistrust" of Cabral's "dubious fortune" at sea., but that he had made

10800-466: The third century BC, Philo of Byzantium describes a water-driven wheel in his technical treatises. Factories producing garum were common in the Roman Empire . The Barbegal aqueduct and mills are an industrial complex from the second century AD found in southern France. By the time of the fourth century AD, there was a water-milling installation with a capacity to grind 28 tons of grain per day,

10908-575: The violent exactions of the armada exceeded any claims they might have for compensation. The 4th Armada left without bringing the Zamorin to terms and leaving matters unresolved. Before departing, the armada established a crown factory in Cannanore and left behind a small patrol under Vicente Sodré , the first permanent Portuguese fleet in the Indian Ocean . The Second India Armada , commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral , had arrived in Portugal in

11016-436: The window of the northern tower Earthquakes have always been a problem for Lisbon and its cathedral. There were several in the 14th and 16th centuries, but the worst of all was the 1755 Lisbon earthquake , which destroyed the Gothic main chapel along with the royal pantheon. The cloisters and many chapels were also ruined by the quake and the fire that followed. The cathedral was partially rebuilt and an extensive renovation in

11124-523: The worst excesses of industrialization 's factory-based society, labourers of Factory Acts leading the way in Britain. Trams , automobiles and town planning encouraged the separate development of industrial suburbs and residential suburbs, with labourers commuting between them. Though factories dominated the Industrial Era, the growth in the service sector eventually began to dethrone them:

11232-547: Was also excavated, showing remains of a mosque which had once stood on this site. In 2020, Graça Fonseca , the Portuguese Minister of Culture , determined that the Muslim remains should be preserved. The cathedral is in the shape of a Latin cross with three aisles , a transept and a main chapel surrounded by an ambulatory . The church is connected with a cloister on the eastern side. The main façade of

11340-463: Was missing three ships: Campo , Vasconcelos and Buonagrazia . August 2, 1502 – The remaining two ships of the third squadron (Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos and Giovanni Buonagrazia) arrive in Malindi, just a few days after Gama's departure. They are well received by the Sultan of Malindi. They pick up a few letters left with degredado Luiz da Moura in Malindi by the returning fleet of João da Nova

11448-411: Was originally envisaged as two squadrons – 15 ships under the admiral to head to India , 5 under the vice-admiral designated to patrol the mouth of the Red Sea . As it turns out, not all ships were ready by the launch date, so the armada was re-arranged into three squadrons, the first two squadrons (10 under admiral Vasco da Gama , 5 under his uncle, vice-admiral Vicente Sodré ) to head out at once, and

11556-404: Was to remain unmolested, then the Portuguese must secure Kilwa's consent. Cabral and the 2nd Armada had tried, and failed, to secure a treaty with Kilwa back in 1500. Gama decided to try again – and was determined not to take no for answer. But, mindful of the lesson at Calicut, Gama also wanted to add a touch of intimidation, to show off his heavily armed fleet and impress upon the Sultan of Kilwa

11664-515: Was travelling on T. Carmona's ship (6) letters dispatched from Lisbon by Italian agents Francesco Corbinelli and Giovanni Francesco Affaitati drawn from interviews with the newly returning crews in August 1503. The principal mission of the 4th Armada was to settle scores with the Zamorin of Calicut ; The armada was to avenge the Zamorin's mistreatment of Cabral and the massacre of the Portuguese in

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