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21-544: The FEA was organized and run by Leo Crowley who was described by his biographer Stuart L. Weiss as "The Nation's #1 Pinch-hitter". Weiss summed up Crowley's management style this way: "Based on his own success in Washington, he had concluded that sound administration meant clearly demarcating lines of authority between agencies and, within each, finding the right staff and giving it only the most basic guidance and coordination". Weiss' evidence for Crowley's hand in creating

42-1037: A problem with the Soviets when Germany was defeated. The episode was recounted by daughter Margaret Truman in 1973. She adds: SSM Health Care#Wisconsin SSM Health (an initialism of Sisters of Saint Mary ) is a Catholic , non-profit United States health care system . It has 11,000 providers and nearly 39,000 employees in four states: Missouri , Illinois , Oklahoma , and Wisconsin . Based in St. Louis, Missouri , SSM Health owns hospitals , pediatric medical centers, outpatient centers, clinics, surgery centers, nursing homes , assisted living facilities, physician offices, emergency centers, rehabilitation facilities, urgent care centers, home care, and hospice. SSM Health traces its roots to 1872, when Mother Mary Odilia Berger and four other sisters came to St. Louis from Germany , after caring for sick and wounded soldiers during

63-455: A book that investigated one of FEA's public programs. Naturally the author sketches the career of administrator Leo Crowley (p. 22,25,26) and his organization of the FEA: In 1955 Harry Truman recounted in detail in his Memoirs an early incident in the breakdown in the alliance with Russia after the war: Leo Crowley Leo Thomas Crowley (August 15, 1889 – April 15, 1972)

84-489: A designation that stood for “Our Dear Lord’s.” During this time, the sisters relied on God to provide for their needs as they cared for the poor. Most of the health care facilities that today belong to SSM Health were previously part of a group of hospitals owned by the Sisters of St. Mary and centrally governed, but not centrally managed. In the mid-1980s, the sponsoring congregation decided to reorganize its hospitals into

105-586: A parent might his children, and as he managed his family and most of the nurses at Saint Mary's Hospital ." Crowley served as a delegate for Al Smith at the Democratic National Convention . He thus came in contact with Jouett Shouse and John J. Raskob , operatives for Al Smith. Progressivism was strong in Wisconsin, as expressed by Senator John J. Blaine and the newspaper Capital Times edited by William T. Evjue . Crowley

126-640: A profit until the mid-1960s. He continued contact with the White House: President Dwight Eisenhower appointed Crowley to the United States Commission on Civil Rights in his second term, and he was known to have dined with Lyndon Johnson . Leo Crowley died on April 15, 1972, in a hospital in Madison, Wisconsin . Very negatively for Crowley in 1955, Harry Truman wrote about how Crowley had caused

147-435: A system of centrally managed health care providers, and SSM Health was created in 1986. Today the system is managed by a team of professionals—both lay and religious—and governed by members of the sponsoring congregation as well as by laypersons from the communities served by its facilities. In 2012, SSM Health stated that it was 'disappointed with the contraceptive mandate' regarding being legally forced to cover such items by

168-568: The Affordable Care Act , against Catholic freedom of conscience . In 2013, Dean Health System, a large multi-specialty physician group and health plan, finalized a deal to merge Dean and its subsidiaries, including Dean Health Plan, into SSM Health. The merger became effective on September 1, 2013, after all necessary regulatory approvals were received. In 2018, SSM rebranded its Oklahoma hospitals from "St. Anthony" to "SSM Health St. Anthony". The health system's physician's group in

189-898: The Foreign Economic Administration in September 1943, with responsibility for Lend-Lease and Edward R. Stettinius Jr. , was promoted to Undersecretary of State. Crowley was now a cabinet member in the Roosevelt administration. The skeleton in Crowley's closet was his misappropriation of funds in 1931, early in the Great Depression . Though disguised, his banking misdeeds threatened to undo his place in political diplomacy, for instance years later when Henry Morgenthau Jr. or Arthur Vandenberg were checking his credentials. His unusually close relations with

210-715: The Franco-Prussian War . Facing religious persecution in Germany, they came to the United States . When they arrived in St. Louis they began providing nursing care to people in their own homes. That winter, when a smallpox epidemic hit St. Louis, the sisters cared for the sick and dying. For a short time, people referred to them as the Smallpox Sisters. In 1874, the congregation received its formal name:

231-509: The Sisters of St. Mary (SSM) from the parish where their convent was located, St. Mary of Victories near the riverfront in St. Louis. Five years after their arrival in St. Louis, the sisters borrowed $ 16,000, to open their first hospital, St. Mary's Infirmary. Almost 60 percent of their patients were unable to pay for their health care services. Account ledgers from this time identify those who were unable to pay for their services as an “ODL,”

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252-548: The FEA is a memo he sent to James Byrnes on September 21, 1943, giving his "assessment of the conflict and confusion among the economic agencies operating abroad." His lengthy memorandum argued that "the major culprit was the State Department , which interfered with (or micromanaged) the execution of policy when it should only formulate and coordinate it. That led to problems in the field, ranging from wasteful duplication or

273-811: The President and James F. Byrnes , as well as adroit personal moves, preserved him in office. He had received the Order of Saint Gregory the Great from Pope Pius XI in 1929. Crowley was an early target of I. F. Stone , whose investigations were republished by the Capital Times in Madison. Back in the business world, Crowley was named chairman of the Milwaukee Road in December 1945 and made it turn

294-547: The War Food Administration as regards foreign food purchases". According to the New York Times , September 26, 1943, on the occasion of the establishment of the FEA, Roosevelt said that [Crowley is] "one of the best administrators in or out of government, [whom] I find great satisfaction in promoting … to a position which will centralize all foreign economic operations in one operating agency". When

315-474: The company, and his share in it, until he owned it outright in 1919. That year he took over the T. S. Morris company with financing from Milo Hagen and W.D. Curtis. Selling stock in this company relieved its debt, and he bought a wholesale grocery for his brothers to run, and land in Madison, Wisconsin . Crowley began his entry into the political arena by supporting Albert G. Schmedeman for governor of Wisconsin. The biographer Weiss says "He managed Schmedeman as

336-547: The more critical problems of needless delays and confusion". Weiss explains: "The British … were complaining of difficulty in dealing with 'conflicting jurisdictions' in North Africa; and the New York Times was emphasizing 'uncertainty regarding the representative spheres of OEW (Office of Economic Warfare), Lend-Lease , and OFRRO ( Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations ) … friction between OEW and

357-571: The state became known as SSM Health Medical Group. Also in 2018, SSM Health acquired Agnesian HealthCare from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. SSM Health is sponsored by the Franciscan Sisters of Mary and is one of the largest Catholic hospital systems in the United States . In 2002, SSM Health became the first health care organization in history to receive the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award ,

378-540: The war was over, Harry Truman closed down the FEA. As he explained in his Memoirs , "When the FEA had been formed in 1943 as a wartime agency, the move involved a merger of all or parts of forty-three different agencies. The functions and services with which it had been charged were such that it could not be stopped suddenly. ... I issued an Executive Order on September 27 terminating the FEA ... not later than December 31, 1945". In 2007 Martin Lorenz-Meyer published

399-642: Was a senior administrator for President Franklin D. Roosevelt as the head of the Foreign Economic Administration . Previously he had served as Alien Property Custodian and as chief of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Late in the 1930s, senior Washington officials discovered that Crowley had embezzled from his banks in Wisconsin in the 1920s and early 1930s. This information was suppressed twice because of Crowley's political and administrative usefulness. Biographer Stuart Weiss wrote that Crowley's story is: Leo Crowley

420-589: Was born to Thomas and Katie Crowley in Milton, Wisconsin , immigrants of Irish Catholic origin. He went to the University of Wisconsin . His father worked for the Milwaukee Road . Young Leo delivered groceries and saved his tips from customers. In 1905, with $ 1000 he bought a part of the General Paper Company, some of the products of which he had been bringing to customers. He worked hard to grow

441-824: Was effective in bringing about a progressive-democratic alliance for the election of Franklin Roosevelt. It was the Glass–Steagall Act that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), one of the most popular elements of the New Deal . The biographer Weiss tells of the incredible tale of how the nearly-bankrupt Crowley became the figurehead for banking security in a time of common bank runs . Crowley's special capacity for smoothing troubled waters drew him closer to FDR. A wartime cabinet-level conflict involving foreign economic operations in Europe and North Africa threatened cabinet solidarity. So Crowley became head of

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