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128-432: Formosan may refer to various things associated with the island of Taiwan (formerly called Formosa): Taiwanese people who lived on the island before 1945, and their descendants Taiwanese indigenous peoples , descendants of inhabitants of the island before Chinese settlement Formosan languages , the languages of the indigenous people of the island Formosan black bear ,

256-643: A "Euro-American radical right" would promote a trans-national white identity politics, which would invoke populist grievance narratives and encourage hostility against non-white peoples and multiculturalism . In the United States, mainstream news has identified Donald Trump 's presidency as a signal of increasing and widespread utilization of white identity politics within the Republican Party and political landscape. Journalists Michael Scherer and David Smith have reported on its development since

384-645: A 2002 poll by the Democratic Progressive Party , over 50% of the respondents considered themselves "Taiwanese" only, up from less than 20% in 1991 ( Dreyer 2003 ). Polls conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) in 2001 found that 70% of Taiwanese would support a name change of the country to Taiwan if the island could no longer be referred to as the Republic of China. The discrepancy in identity becomes larger when polls only give

512-667: A Japanese mother and Chinese father. Identity politics Identity politics is politics based on a particular identity, such as ethnicity , race , nationality , religion , denomination , gender , sexual orientation , social background , caste , and social class . The term encompasses various often- populist political phenomena and rhetoric, such as governmental migration policies that regulate mobility and opportunity based on identities, left-wing agendas involving intersectional politics or class reductionism , and right-wing nationalist agendas of exclusion of national or ethnic "others." The term identity politics dates to

640-712: A Taiwanese person: nationalist criteria, self-identification (including the concept of " New Taiwanese  [ zh ] ") criteria and socio-cultural criteria. These standards are fluid and result from evolving social and political issues. The complexity resulting from competing and evolving standards is compounded by a larger dispute regarding Taiwan's identity, the political status of Taiwan and its potential de jure Taiwan independence or Cross-Strait Unification . According to government figures, over 95% of Taiwan's population of 23.4 million consists of Han Taiwanese , while 2.3% are Austronesian Taiwanese indigenous peoples . The Han are often divided into three subgroups:

768-594: A fixed, essential, or permanent state. There were strong political inclinations underlying both Taiwanese identity as well as pan-Chinese (Han) identity. They criticized the indigenous wing of the KMT for arguing that the Taiwanese were not Chinese and that pro-independence leaders were trying to generate a Taiwanese national consciousness through deliberately redrawing ethnic boundaries and rewriting histories. The division of Hoklo, Hakka and Mainlanders, originally introduced by

896-416: A form of Māori identity politics, directly oppositional to Pākehā (white New Zealanders), has helped provide a "basis for internal collaboration and a politics of strength". A 2009, Ministry of Social Development journal identified Māori identity politics, and societal reactions to it, as the most prominent factor behind significant changes in self-identification from the 2006 New Zealand census. Since

1024-437: A healthy love for ourselves, our sisters and our community which allows us to continue our struggle and work. This focusing upon our own oppression is embodied in the concept of identity politics. We believe that the most profound and potentially most radical politics come directly out of our own identity, as opposed to working to end somebody else's oppression. Identity politics, as a mode of categorizing, are closely connected to

1152-404: A lot of attention from all sides of the political sphere. A counter movement formed the hashtag, # AllLivesMatter , in response to # BlackLivesMatter . See also: White identity , White nationalism , White supremacy , White defensiveness , White backlash , and Identitarian movement In 1998, political scientists Jeffrey Kaplan and Leonard Weinberg predicted that, by the late 20th-century,

1280-512: A majority and minority group phenomenon, racial identity politics can develop as a reaction to the historical legacy of race-based oppression of a people as well as a general group identity issue, as "racial identity politics utilizes racial consciousness or the group's collective memory and experiences as the essential framework for interpreting the actions and interests of all other social groups." Carol M. Swain has argued that non-white ethnic pride and an "emphasis on racial identity politics"

1408-531: A majority felt Muslims are "scattered improperly"; an analyst for IFOP said the results indicated something "beyond linking immigration with security or immigration with unemployment, to linking Islam with a threat to identity". Gender identity politics is an approach that views politics, both in practice and as an academic discipline, as having a gendered nature and that gender is an identity that influences how people think. Politics has become increasingly gender political as formal structures and informal 'rules of

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1536-540: A martial spirit and stimulate enough military, economic, political, and cultural strength not only to survive, but also to recover the mainland. Under the KMT structure, "Taiwanese" became a strong "regional" identity. The term has often been used synonymously with "benshengren", a term which covered both Hokkien and Hakka whose ancestors arrived in Taiwan before the Japanese restrictions on immigration in 1895. "Taiwanese"

1664-556: A monolithic Muslim identity. The construction of British Muslim identity politics is marked with Islamophobia ; Jonathan Brit suggests that political hostility toward the Muslim "other" and the reification of an overarching identity that obscures and denies cross-cutting collective identities or existential individuality are charges made against an assertive Muslim identity politics in Britain. In addition, because Muslim identity politics

1792-509: A more equal society. In the United States, identity politics is usually ascribed to these oppressed minority groups who are fighting discrimination. In Canada and Spain, identity politics has been used to describe separatist movements; in Africa, Asia, and eastern Europe, it has described violent nationalist and ethnic conflicts. Overall, in Europe, identity politics are exclusionary and based on

1920-498: A particular meaning in relation to the national and cultural identities of the citizens of non-Arab countries, such as Turkey and Iran . In their 2010 Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Recognition , academics Christopher Wise and Paul James challenged the view that, in the post- Afghanistan and Iraq invasion era, Arab identity-driven politics were ending. Refuting the view that had "drawn many analysts to conclude that

2048-411: A redistribution within existing structures and relations of production that does not challenge the status quo. Instead, Fraser argued, identitarian deconstruction, rather than affirmation, is more conducive to leftist goals of economic redistribution. Similarly, Marxist academics such as Kurzwelly, Pérez and Spiegel, writing for Dialectical Anthropology , argue that because the term " identity politics "

2176-403: A reemergent Arab identity in the region. Najla Said has explored her lifelong experience with Arab identity politics in her book Looking for Palestine . In the political realm of the United States, according to Jane Junn and Natalie Masuoka, the possibilities which exist for an Asian American vote are built upon the assumption that those Americans who are broadly categorized as Asians share

2304-735: A role in electoral politics, government jobs and affirmative actions , development projects. Due to somewhat competing tribe-based versus pan-Māori concepts, there is both an internal and external utilization of Māori identity politics in New Zealand . Projected outwards, Māori identity politics has been a disrupting force in the politics of New Zealand and post-colonial conceptions of nationhood. Its development has also been explored as causing parallel ethnic identity developments in non-Māori populations. Academic Alison Jones , in her co-written Tuai: A Traveller in Two Worlds , suggests that

2432-410: A sense of racial identity, and this group consciousness has political consequences. However, the belief in the existence of a monolithic Asian American bloc has been challenged because populations are diverse in terms of national origin and language—no one group is predominant—and scholars suggest that these many diverse groups favor groups which share their distinctive national origin over any belief in

2560-468: A species endemic to the island Formosan Mountain Dog , a breed of dog commonly referred to as Formosan See also [ edit ] Formosa (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Formosan Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Formosan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

2688-646: A strong supporter of liberal conceptions of civil rights , argues that a liberal democracy requires a common basis for culture and society to function. Rather than seeing civil society as already fractured along lines of power and powerlessness (according to race, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.), Schlesinger suggests that basing politics on group marginalization is itself what fractures the civil polity, and that identity politics therefore works against creating real opportunities for ending marginalization. Schlesinger believes that "movements for civil rights should aim toward full acceptance and integration of marginalized groups into

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2816-519: A surprisingly high degree of diversity. According to Ethnologue, published by US-based SIL international, over 20 living languages are found on the island as of 2016. These languages are spoken by the many Austronesian and Han ethnolinguistic groups that comprise the people of Taiwan. The deep-rooted hostility between Indigenous and ( Taiwanese ) Hoklo , and the Indigenous communities' effective KMT networks, contribute to Indigenous skepticism against

2944-667: A then-record- breaking fourteen women ran for governor or U.S. senator, four of whom were successfully elected into office. In analyzing the possibility that male and female voters react differently to the opportunity to cast a vote for a woman, the study provided lent support to the idea that women tend to vote for women and men tend to vote against them. For example, among Republican voters in California, Barbara Boxer ran 10 points behind Bill Clinton among men and about even among women, while Dianne Feinstein ran about 6 points among men but 11 points ahead among women. This gender effect

3072-464: A white feminist perspective that the politics of Black women had to be comprehended by broader feminist movements in the understanding that the different forms of oppression that Black women face (via race and gender) are interconnected, presenting a compound of oppression ( Intersectionality ). A contemporary example of Black identity politics is # BlackLivesMatter which began with a hashtag. In 2013, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi created

3200-400: Is a group that consists of mainly new residents, originally from other nations, who have either migrated to Taiwan or inter-married with a local Taiwanese. The majority of new residents originated from Vietnam , Indonesia , Thailand , and Philippines . As of 2018, there are more than 710,000 foreign labors employed in Taiwan in both blue and white collar industries. Taiwanese society has

3328-573: Is a “sinister authoritarian plot” to disarm law abiding citizens. According to an article published by Southern Poverty Law Group, Proud Boys members are regularly affiliated with white nationalist extremists and are known for sharing white nationalist content across social media platforms. Another contemporary example is the hashtag movement # AllLivesMatter . # AllLivesMatter began as a counter narrative to # BlackLivesMatter . People who identify with this countermovement use this hashtag to represent what they call “anti-identity” identity politics, which

3456-419: Is defined differently based on a given author's or activist's ideological position, it is analytically imprecise. The same authors argue in another article that identity politics often leads to reproduction and reification of essentialist notions of identity, which they view are inherently erroneous. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the phrase "identity politics" to 1973. Mark Mazower writes of

3584-636: Is fomenting the rise of white nationalism . Anthropologist Michael Messner has suggested that the Million Man March was an example of racial identity politics in the United States. Arab identity politics concerns the form of identity-based politics which is derived from the racial or ethnocultural consciousness of the Arabs . In the regionalism of the Arab world and the Middle East , it has

3712-468: Is one major reason why Japanese people tend to have favourable views of Taiwan. Historically, Zheng Cheng-gong (also known as Koxinga) , who established the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, was born to a Japanese mother and Chinese father. Chiang Wei-kuo , the second ( adopted ) son of Chiang Kai-shek (arguably the most well-known Taiwanese and ROC politician outside of Taiwan/China), was also born to

3840-632: Is seen as internally/externally divisive and therefore counterproductive, as well as the result of manipulation by religious conservatives and local/national politicians, the progressive policies of the anti-racist left have been outflanked. Brit sees the segmentation that divided British Muslims amongst themselves and with the anti-racist alliance in Britain as a consequence of patriarchal, conservative mosque-centered leadership. A Le Monde / IFOP poll in January 2011 conducted in France and Germany found that

3968-418: Is supposed to symbolize a movement against racial identities, but they've been criticized as being a white nationalist movement. Created, adopted and circulated beginning in 2016, # WhiteLivesMatter exalted themselves as an anti-racist movement, while identifying # BlackLivesMatter as the opposite. Columnist Ross Douthat has argued that white identity politics have been important to American politics since

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4096-706: Is that of African-American homosexual women , who can constitute a particular hyper-specific identity class. Criticism of identity politics often comes from either the center-right or the far-left on the political spectrum. In addition, some activists who promote intersectionality, such as Kimberlé Crenshaw , criticize narrower forms of identity politics that overemphasise inter-group differences and ignore intra-group differences and forms of perceived oppression. Many socialists , anarchists and Marxists have criticized identity politics for its divisive nature, claiming that it forms identities that can undermine their goals of proletariat unity and class struggle . On

4224-438: Is the only thing that grants authority to speak on these topics; that, "If I didn't define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people's fantasies for me and eaten alive." The term identity politics has been applied retroactively to varying movements that long predate its coinage. Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. discussed identity politics extensively in his 1991 book The Disuniting of America . Schlesinger,

4352-494: Is the privilege of whiteness, which is the identity that pretends not to have an identity, that denies how it is tied to capitalism, to race, and to war". According to Leonie Huddy, Lilliana Mason, and S. Nechama Horwitz, the majority of Latinos in the United States identity with the Democratic Party. Latinos' Democratic proclivities can be explained by: ideological policy preferences and an expressive identity based on

4480-915: Is typically known as "Taiwan's new resident" (臺灣新住民 lit. "New Residents in Taiwan" pinyin : Xīnzhùmín ; Wade–Giles : Taiwan Hsin Chu-min ; [ɕin ʈ͡ʂu min] ). Taiwanese national identity is often posed as either an exclusive Taiwanese identity separate from Chinese national identity, or a Taiwanese identity within a pan-Chinese national identity. Since democratization, there has been an increase in those identifying exclusively as Taiwanese, with those identifying as Taiwanese and Chinese nationals have fallen and those exclusively identifying as Chinese nationals have almost vanished. National Chengchi University has conducted annual polls on national identity since 1991. In 1991, 17.6% of respondents identified as Taiwanese (臺灣人) only, 25.5% as Chinese (中國人) only, 46.4% as both, and 10.5% declining to state. In 2000,

4608-426: Is used "as a tool to frame political claims, promote political ideologies, or stimulate and orient social and political action, usually in a larger context of inequality or injustice and with the aim of asserting group distinctiveness and belonging and gaining power and recognition." The term identity politics may have been used in political discourse since at least the 1970s. The first known written appearance of

4736-620: The Taipei Times cited an estimate of 1 million Taiwanese living within China (PRC), i.e. "mainland China". Historically, most Taiwanese people originated from China (under regimes before the PRC). Taiwanese people (of Chinese descent) have traveled between China and Taiwan throughout history. Taiwanese Indigenous peoples also have a minor presence in China (PRC). After the Treaty of Shimonoseki

4864-595: The Combahee River Collective (CRC) argued that Black women struggled with facing their oppression due to the sexism present within the Civil Rights Movement and the racism present within second-wave feminism . The CRC coined the term "identity politics", and in their opinion, naming the unique struggle and oppression Black women faced, aided Black women in the U.S. within radical movements and at large. The term "identity politics", in

4992-495: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Indigenous tendency to vote for the KMT. Overseas Taiwanese ( Chinese : 海外臺灣人), also called "people of Taiwanese descent" ( Chinese : 臺裔; pinyin : taiyi ), are people who are living outside of Taiwan but are of Taiwanese ancestry or descent. Overseas Taiwanese may live in other territories such as the People's Republic of China and are not necessarily Taiwan nationals. Starting

5120-553: The Hoklo , the Hakka , and waishengren (or "mainlanders"). Although the concept of the "four great ethnic groups" was alleged to be the deliberate attempt by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) to defuse ethnic tensions, this concept has become a dominant frame of reference for dealing with Taiwanese ethnic and national issues. Despite the wide use of the "four great ethnic groups" in public discourse as essentialized identities,

5248-658: The Richard Nixon -era of the Republican Party. Historian Nell Irvin Painter has analyzed Eric Kaufmann 's thesis that the phenomenon of white identity politics is caused by immigration-derived racial diversity , which reduces the white majority, and an "anti-majority adversary culture". Writing in Vox , political commentator Ezra Klein believes that demographic change has fueled the emergence of white identity politics. Viet Thanh Nguyen says that "to have no identity at all

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5376-585: The Second Sino-Japanese War , and Beijing Opera as representative of culture. This was opposed by other ethnic groups such as the Hakka people and Taiwanese indigenous peoples who fought against using Hokkien as the national language and narratives of Han colonization of Taiwan. As a result, the Hoklo became more supportive of a multicultural policy that focused on equality of languages and ethnicty. However others were skeptical and said that

5504-558: The Siege of Fort Zeelandia in which he expelled the Dutch. Migration of male laborers from Fujian , steadily increased into the 18th and 19th century. In time, this migration and the gradual removal of ethnic markers (coupled with the acculturation, intermarriage and assimilation of plains Indigenous with the Han) resulted in the widespread adoption of Han patterns of behavior making Taiwanese Han

5632-845: The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League , one of eight officially-recognised political parties within China (PRC) which is ultimately subservient to the CCP. Many members of this party have been Taiwanese people residing in China (PRC), i.e. "mainland China". From 1895 until 1945, Taiwan was controlled by the Japanese Empire as a colony / dependency . It was known as " Japanese Formosa ". Due to this period of close administrative connection between Taiwan and Japan , many Taiwanese people have been living in Japan for several generations, such as Momofuku Ando ,

5760-484: The initialism LGBT , or " queer " as a counterculture shorthand for LGBT, did not gain much acceptance as an umbrella term until much later in the 1980s, and in some areas not until the '90s or even '00s. During this period in the United States, identity politics were largely seen in these communities in the definitions espoused by writers such as self-identified, "black, dyke, feminist, poet, mother" Audre Lorde 's view , that lived experience matters, defines us, and

5888-510: The mainland Chinese . Taiwanese indigenous peoples are the indigenous peoples of Taiwan . They speak languages that belongs to the Austronesian language family , and are culturally, genetically and linguistically closely related to the ethnic groups of Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania . Their ancestors are believed to have been living on the islands for approximately 8,000 years before major Han Chinese immigration began in

6016-479: The mainlanders and their families supported the nationalists and embraced the official "culture" as their own, with "national culture" being taught in school ( Wilson 1970 ). The mainlanders used their embrace of Nationalist culture to identify themselves as the authentic Chinese people of Taiwan. In addition to the Han people, there were also small numbers of Mongols , Hui , Manchu and other ethnic minorities among

6144-537: The plains aboriginals also adopted Chinese customs and language so as to be indistinguishable from the Han. Thus, many who categorize themselves as Hoklo have some degree of indigenous ancestry. It is possible to find families where the older members still identify themselves as lowland aborigine, while the rest of the family may identify as Hoklo. Among the Hoklo, the common idiom, "has Tangshan father, no Tangshan mother" ( Chinese : 有 唐山 公、無唐山媽 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Ū Tn̂g-soaⁿ kong, bô Tn̂g-soaⁿ má ) refers how

6272-670: The 1.2 million people who migrated to Taiwan from China between the Surrender of Japan in 1945 to the Nationalist retreat to Taiwan following the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. The non-Han Austronesian population of Taiwanese Indigenous peoples comprises about 2.3% of the population and have inhabited the island for millennia. Migration to Taiwan from southern Asia began approximately 12,000 BC, but large-scale migration to Taiwan did not occur until

6400-542: The 17th century ( Blust 1999 ). Taiwan's Austronesian speakers were traditionally distributed over much of the island's rugged central mountain range and concentrated in villages along the alluvial plains. Today, the bulk of the contemporary Taiwanese indigenous population reside in the mountains and the major cities. The total population of recognized indigenous peoples on Taiwan is approximately 533,600, or approximately 2.28% of Taiwan's population. The cities of Yilan , Hualien , and Taitung are known for their communities. In

6528-695: The 18th to the beginning of the 20th century as a result of political and economic chaos in mainland China. The first large scale migration occurred as a result of the Manchu invasion and conquest of China, overthrowing the Ming dynasty and establishing the Qing dynasty , which was established in 1644 and remained until 1911. In 1624, the Dutch East India Company established an outpost in modern-day Anping, Tainan in southern Taiwan after expelling

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6656-408: The 1970s and 1980s, encouraged by Taiwan's changing international status, the concept of a "Taiwanese people" became politicized by opponents of the KMT. The tangwai movement deployed concepts of "Taiwanese identity" against the authoritarian KMT government, often using extreme tactics to build a short-term ethno-centric opposition to the KMT. The campaign saw resonance with the people of Taiwan and

6784-471: The 1970s were the peak of "gay liberation" in New York City and other urban areas in the United States, "gay liberation" was the term still used instead of "gay pride" in more oppressive areas into the mid-1980s, with some organizations opting for the more inclusive "lesbian and gay liberation". Women and transgender activists had lobbied for more inclusive names from the beginning of the movement, but

6912-524: The 1970s, the interaction of religion and politics has been associated with the rise of Islamist movements in the Middle East. Salwa Ismail posits that the Muslim identity is related to social dimensions such as gender, class, and lifestyles ( Intersectionality ), thus, different Muslims occupy different social positions in relation to the processes of globalization. Not all uniformly engage in the construction of Muslim identity, and they do not all apply to

7040-472: The 1980s, some Taiwanese businesspeople ( Taishang ) started to open factories and moved into the Mainland China for its lower labor-costs and tax-deduction policies enacted by Chinese government towards Taiwanese. Thus, manufacture-intensive cities like Kunshan and Dongguan had aggregated a significant amount of Taiwanese population, mostly Taishang and their families since then. In November 2014

7168-492: The 1990s, Taiwanese indigenous peoples, which had traditionally viewed themselves as separate groups, united under the singular ethnonym ' 原住民 ' or 'Indigenous peoples' ( Stainton 1999 ). The Hoklo people of Taiwan and Penghu speak Taiwanese Hokkien and mostly originated from Fujian (specifically Quanzhou , Zhangzhou , Xiamen and Kinmen ). The Hoklos account for about 70% of the total population today. During Qing rule , some Hoklo men took aboriginal brides. Some of

7296-631: The 19th century, during the Second Party System (1830s–1850s) as well as the Third Party System (1850s–1890s). Racial identity has been the central theme in Southern politics since slavery was abolished . Similar patterns which have appeared in the 21st century are commonly referenced in popular culture, and are increasingly analyzed in media and social commentary as an interconnected part of politics and society. Both

7424-590: The Aboriginal communities' effective KMT networks contribute to Aboriginal skepticism against the DPP and the Indigenous tendency to vote for the KMT. Some aboriginal representatives such as May Chin, also known as Kao Chin Su-mei, ridiculed the "Han-native" Taiwanese independence supporters, and advocated for unification. She criticized the Japanese colonial period, probably because of her blue-camp affiliation, but ignored

7552-737: The Han people crossing the Taiwan Strait were mostly male, whereas their offspring would be through marriage with female Taiwanese aborigines. Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan. Plains aboriginals who were mixed and assimilated into

7680-470: The Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian Melissa J. Brown between "short-route" and "long-route". The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains Aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a pure Hoklo Taiwanese girl was warned by her mother to stay away from them. The insulting name "fan" was used against Plains Aborigines by the Taiwanese, and

7808-641: The Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh. Hoklo Taiwanese has replaced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction. Aboriginal status has been requested by Plains Aboriginals. The term "Chinese Formosans" has been used to imply Hoklo descendants, though this term has also been used to denote the Taiwanese people (whether of pure or mixed origin) in contrast to the Japanese and mountain aborigines. The deep-rooted hostility between Taiwanese Indigenous peoples and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and

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7936-480: The Hoklo do not have a strong ethnic identity since they define themselves and their language as primarily Taiwanese. The Hakka and indigenous peoples of Taiwan have also been redefined as "Taiwanese" in the following period. There have been criticisms of this movement as politically motivated. Authors such as Shih Chih-yu and Yih-jye Hwang described Taiwan's multiculturalism as a discursive construction of identity and that Taiwan identity only existed in discourse without

8064-459: The Hoklo, has gained popular support within Taiwanese society. The term "New Taiwanese" (新臺灣人) was coined by former President of the Republic of China , Lee Teng-hui in 1995 to bridge the ethnic cleavage that followed the February 28 Incident of 1947 and characterized the frigid relations between waishengren and benshengren during forty years of martial law . Although originally aimed at

8192-468: The Japanese and groups of united anti-Japanese Han and Aborigines ( Katz 2005 ). Only later did the Japanese attempt to incorporate Taiwanese into the Japanese identity as "loyal subjects", but the difference between the experience of the colonized and the colonizer polarized the two groups ( Fujii 2006 :70–73). The concept of " race " was utilized as a tool to confirm and facilitate Japanese political policies. A system of household registers ( koseki ) based on

8320-459: The KMT attempted to " sinicize " the Taiwanese people. KMT's Taiwan Garrison Commander Chen Yi stated that after 50 years of Japanese rule, "Taiwanese customs, thought, and language would have to gradually return to that of the Chinese people". The KMT believed that a centrally controlled curriculum would forge a unified national sentiment in Taiwan. They also believed education would help build

8448-409: The KMT established an official "culture", which reflected the KMT government's own preference for what it considered authentic Chinese culture. This excluded many of the local Taiwanese practices and local cultures, including the diverse cultures brought to Taiwan by the mainlanders from all parts of China ( Wachman 1994 ). Unlike the Hoklo and Hakka of Taiwan, who felt excluded by the new government,

8576-526: The ROC and the PRC when discussing Taiwan ( Harrell 1995 ). In one-fourth of all marriages in Taiwan today, one partner will be from another country and one out of every twelve children is born to a family of mixed parentage. As Taiwan's birthrate is among the lowest in the world, this contingent is playing an increasingly important role in changing Taiwan's demographic makeup. By 2010, this social-cultural group of people

8704-532: The Republic of China on Taiwan as a legitimate country, and since Japan doesn't allow dual-citizenship , especially not in politics . Japanese people tend to have positive views towards Taiwanese people due to shared history, shared culture, shared values, and the close ties between Taiwan and Japan . Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, Taiwan was the most prominent humanitarian contributor , donating US$ 252 million in combined aid under then-ROC-president Ma Ying-jeou 's administration. This

8832-620: The Spanish. The Dutch soon realized Taiwan's potential as a colony for trading deer hide, venison , rice, and sugar. However, Indigenous were not interested in developing the land and transporting settlers from Europe would be too costly. Due to the resulting labor shortage, the Dutch hired Han farmers from across the Taiwan Strait who fled the Manchu invasion of Ming dynasty China. Koxinga brought along many more Chinese settlers during

8960-536: The United States are uniquely American constructs that Asian American immigrants may not adhere to upon entry to the United States. Junn and Masuoka find that in comparison to blacks, the Asian American identity is more latent, and racial group consciousness is more susceptible to the surrounding context. Black feminist identity politics are the identity-based politics derived from the lived experiences of struggles and oppression faced by Black women. In 1977,

9088-504: The United States were forming more visible communities, and this was reflected in the political strategies of American homophile groups. Frank Kameny , an American astronomer and gay rights activist, had co-founded the Mattachine Society of Washington in 1961. While the society did not take much political activism to the streets at first, Kameny and several members attended the 1963 March on Washington , where having seen

9216-630: The Waishengren. Burmese Chinese have settled mostly in Zhonghe District , located in Taipei County . The job boom in the factories there has attracted an estimated 40,000 Burmese Chinese immigrants (c. 2008) which are 10% of the city's population. This is "believed to be the largest Burmese Chinese community outside of Burma." Taiwan Hsin Chu-min (臺灣新住民 lit. "New Residents in Taiwan" pinyin : Xīnzhùmín ; [ɕin ʈʂu min] )

9344-480: The ascription that some social groups are oppressed (such as women, ethnic minorities , and sexual minorities ); that is, the idea that individuals belonging to those groups are, by virtue of their identity, more vulnerable to forms of oppression such as cultural imperialism , violence , exploitation of labour , marginalization , or subjugation. Therefore, these lines of social difference can be seen as ways to gain empowerment or avenues through which to work towards

9472-441: The civil service as opposed to Taiwanese who were regarded as "untrustworthy"( Phillips 2003 :8–9). Recurrent violent suppression of dissent also played an important role in enforcing a separate sense of "Taiwanese-ness" ( Gates 1981 :253–275). The KMT lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to Taiwan in 1949. However, Chiang Kai-shek intended to eventually return to mainland China and retake control of it. In order to do this,

9600-471: The current state of Taiwanese identity. In 2023 the LA Times wrote "Taiwan's odyssey to establish its distinct identity is manifold and complex. It won't be worldwide recognition of any single component of the culture, history, politics or food that accomplishes this but a combination of them all." According to governmental statistics, over 95% of Taiwan's 23.4 million people are Han Chinese , of which

9728-584: The defense of Latino identity and status, with a strong support for the latter explanation hinged on an analysis of the 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study and American National Election Study focused on Latino immigrants and citizens respectively. When perceiving pervasive discrimination against Latinos and animosity from the Republican party, a strong partisanship preference further intensified, and in return, increased Latino political campaign engagement. In India, caste, religion, tribe, ethnicity play

9856-445: The dialectic between ethnic identities in Taiwan. Despite being adopted early on by former Provincial Governor James Soong (1997) and later by, then Taipei mayoral candidate Ma Ying-jeou (1999), the term has since been dropped from contemporary political rhetoric ( Corcuff 2002 :186–188). The increasing number of marriages between Taiwanese and other countries creates a problem for the rigid definitions of ethnic identity used by both

9984-801: The emergence of social activism , manifesting in various dialogues within the feminist , American civil-rights , and LGBT movements, as well as within multiple nationalist and postcolonial organizations. In academic usage, the term identity politics refers to a wide range of political activities and theoretical analyses rooted in experiences of injustice shared by different, often excluded social groups. In this context, identity politics aims to reclaim greater self-determination and political freedom for marginalized peoples through understanding particular paradigms and lifestyle factors, and challenging externally-imposed characterizations and limitations, instead of organizing solely around status quo belief-systems or traditional party-affiliations. Identity

10112-559: The empire ( Wolf & Huang 1980 :19). In 1945, the Taiwanese faced a new unequal binary relationship when Taiwan entered the political sphere of the Republic of China (ROC). Shortly following the Kuomintang (KMT) arrival, however, social conflict erupted in the midst of rampant government corruption, soaring inflation and an increasing flow of immigrants from China (see February 28 Incident ) . The latter were preferred for jobs in

10240-506: The era of Arab identity politics has passed", Wise and James examined its development as a viable alternative to Islamic fundamentalism in the Arab world. According to Marc Lynch , the post- Arab Spring era has seen increasing Arab identity politics, which is "marked by state-state rivalries as well as state-society conflicts". Lynch believes this is creating a new Arab Cold War , no longer characterized by Sunni-Shia sectarian divides but by

10368-471: The ethnic majority. It was not until the Japanese arrival in 1895 that Taiwanese first developed a collective Taiwanese identity in contrast to that of the colonizing Japanese. When the Chinese Civil War broke out between Kuomintang nationalists and the Chinese communists in 1945, there was another mass migration of people from mainland China to Taiwan fleeing the communists. These migrants are known as

10496-399: The existence of a pan-ethnic racial identity . According to the 2000 Census, more than six national origin groups are classified collectively as Asian American, and these include: Chinese (23%), Filipino (18%), Asian Indian (17%), Vietnamese (11%), Korean (11%), and Japanese (8%), along with an "other Asian" category (12%). In addition, the definitions which are applied to racial categories in

10624-651: The experiences of those they view as facing systemic oppression so that society can better understand the interplay of different forms of demographic-based oppression and ensure that no one group is disproportionately affected by political actions. Contemporary identity labels —such as people of specific race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity , sexual orientation , age, economic class, disability status, education, religion, language, profession, political party, veteran status, recovery status, or geographic location—are not mutually exclusive but are, in many cases, compounded into one when describing hyper-specific groups. An example

10752-436: The fact that he still has significant support from liberal and moderate Republicans—who are more favorable toward immigration and the legalization of undocumented immigrants—but believes that it could become a bigger issue as whites become a minority and assert their rights like other minority groups. Salam also states that an increase in "white identity" politics is far from certain given the very high rates of intermarriage and

10880-406: The form of a national identity following the Qing dynasty 's ceding of Taiwan to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 ( Morris 2002 :3–6). Prior to Japanese rule, residents of Taiwan developed relationships based on class solidarity and social connections rather than ethnic identity. Although Han often cheated Aborigines, they also married and supported one another against other residents of

11008-456: The game' have become gendered. How institutions affect men and women differently are starting to be analysed in more depth as gender will affect institutional innovation. A key element of studying electoral behavior in all democracies is political partisanship . In 1996, Eric Plutzer and John F. Zipp examined the election of 1992 election, also commonly referred to as " Year of the Woman ", where

11136-576: The hashtag in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman , the man who killed Trayvon Martin in 2012.   Michael Brown and Eric Garner were killed by police in 2014, which propelled the # BlackLivesMatter movement forward, first nationally, and then globally. The intention of # BlackLivesMatter was to create more widespread awareness of the way law enforcement engages with the black community and individuals, including claims of excessive force and issues with accountability within law enforcement agencies. The hashtag and proceeding movement garnered

11264-562: The heart of large urban centers in Taiwan such as Taipei, Taichung, or Kaohsiung. High numbers of government officials and civil servants who followed the KMT to Taiwan and occupied the positions of the colonial government moved into the official dormitories and residences built by the Japanese for civil servants. The ghettoization of mainlander communities exacerbated the divisions imagined by non-mainlander groups, and stymied cultural integration and assimilation into mainstream Taiwanese culture ( Gates 1981 ). Nationalization campaigns undertaken by

11392-478: The historical example of the once Anglo-Protestant cultural majority embracing a more inclusive white cultural majority which included Jews, Italians, Poles, Arabs, and Irish. A contemporary example of "White identity politics" is the right-wing group Proud Boys . Proud Boys was formed by Gavin McInnes in 2016. Members are males who identify as right-wing conservatives. They take part in political protests with

11520-453: The idea that the silent majority needs to be protected from globalization and immigration . During the 1980s, the politics of identity became very prominent and it was also linked to a new wave of social movement activism. Social movements have a significant influence on the law through statutory and constitutional evolution according to William Eskridge . Ethnic, religious and racial identity politics dominated American politics in

11648-500: The indigenous peoples of Kinmen and Matsu as they share the same national identity with people of Taiwan. However, the islanders of Kinmen and the Matsu may not consider the "Taiwanese" label to be accurate as these two islands were traditionally parts of Fujian and not Taiwan, maintaining a distinctive identity from that of the Taiwanese. At least three competing (and occasionally overlapping) paradigms are used to identify someone as

11776-496: The inventor of " instant ramen (noodles) ", whose invention has been praised by Japanese people as one of the country's greatest national inventions. The Taiwanese community in Japan tends to be treated separately from the Chinese (PRC) community , both officially and socially, and is quite close to the local Japanese population. However, controversies have arisen due to dual-citizenship of ethnic-Taiwanese politicians in Japan, e.g. Renhō , since Japan doesn't technically recognise

11904-529: The late 20th century: "In general, political activism increasingly revolved ... around issues of 'identity.' At some point in the 1970s this term was borrowed from social psychology and applied with abandon to societies, nations and groups." During the late 1970s, increasing numbers of women—namely Jewish women, women of color, and lesbians—criticized the assumption of a common "woman's experience" irrespective of unique differences in race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and culture. The term identity politics

12032-426: The late twentieth century, although it had precursors in the writings of individuals such as Mary Wollstonecraft and Frantz Fanon . Many contemporary advocates of identity politics take an intersectional perspective , which they argue accounts for a range of interacting systems of oppression that may affect a person's life and originate from their various identities. To these advocates, identity politics helps center

12160-538: The lifting of martial law in 1987, the Hoklo people , the largest ethnic group in Taiwan, were allowed to articulate their own interests and the idea emerged that Taiwan should be built primarily as a Hoklo nation based on Hoklo identity and culture. They advocated for the replacement of Mandarin Chinese , removal of geography lessons focused on the Yellow River and the Great Wall of China , historical focus on

12288-417: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formosan&oldid=1235089998 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Taiwanese people Taiwanese people as a demonym may broadly refer to

12416-510: The mainstream culture, rather than … perpetuating that marginalization through affirmations of difference." Similarly in the United Kingdom, author Owen Jones argues that identity politics often marginalize the working class , saying: In the 1950s and 1960s, left-wing intellectuals who were both inspired and informed by a powerful labour movement wrote hundreds of books and articles on working-class issues. Such work would help shape

12544-511: The majority includes descendants of early Hoklo immigrants who arrived from Fujian in large numbers starting in the 17th century. A significant minority of the Han group are the Hakka people , who comprise about 15% of the total population. The Hakkas emigrated chiefly from eastern Guangdong , speak Hakka Chinese , and originally took up residence in hilly areas. The so-called waishengren (lit. extra-provincial person, sometimes translated "mainlander") Han subgroup includes and descends from

12672-406: The male ancestors by their ethnic Hakka heritage while leaving out information on the identity of the female ancestors. Also, during the process of intermarriage and assimilation, many of the lowland Indigenous and their families adopted Hoklo and Hakka family names. Much of this happened in Taiwan prior to the Japanese colonization of Taiwan, so that by the time of the Japanese colonization, most of

12800-422: The methods used by Black civil rights activists , they then applied them to the homophile movement . Kameny had also been inspired by the black power movements slogan " Black is Beautiful ", coining his own term "Gay is Good". The gay liberation movement of the late-1960s urged lesbians and gay men to engage in radical direct action , and to counter societal shame with gay pride . In the feminist spirit of

12928-438: The mid-2010s. Ron Brownstein believed that President Trump uses "White Identity Politics" to bolster his base and that this would ultimately limit his ability to reach out to non- White American voters for the 2020 United States presidential election . A four-year Reuters and Ipsos analysis concurred that "Trump's brand of white identity politics may be less effective in the 2020 election campaign." Alternatively, examining

13056-461: The most infamous being January 6, 2021 , at the U.S. Capitol, which became violent and led to the arrest of their leader, Henry "Enrique" Tarrio and many others. Proud Boys identify as supporters of Donald Trump for President and are outspoken supporters of Americans having unfettered access to firearms by way of the 2nd amendment of the US constitution, having expressed the belief that gun law reform

13184-493: The notion of race to separate and define groups of subjects. From within the group of "non-Japanese" the government divided Han citizens into "Han" and "Hakka" based on their perception of linguistic and cultural differences. The Japanese also maintained the Qing era classification of aborigines as either "raw" or "cooked" ( Brown 2004 :8), which to the Japanese embodied the social ramification of ethnic origin and perceived loyalty to

13312-510: The numbers were 36.9% Taiwanese, 12.5% Chinese, 44.1% both and 6.5% declining. In 2008, 48.4% identified as Taiwanese, 4.0% as Chinese, 43.1% as both, and 4.5% declining. By 2016, 58.2% identified as Taiwanese, 3.4% as Chinese, 34.3% as both, and 4.1% declining. In 2020, 64.3% identified as Taiwanese, 2.6% as Chinese, 29.9% as both, and 3.2% declining. From 2014 to 2018 and 2020 to 2022, the number of those identifying solely as "Taiwanese" declined. Researchers analysing this phenomenon found that

13440-501: The opinion of those within the CRC, gave Black women a tool, from which they could use to confront the oppression they were facing. The CRC also claimed to expand upon the prior feminist adage that "the personal is political," pointing to their own consciousness-raising sessions, centering of Black speech, and communal sharing of experiences of oppression as practices that expanded the phrase's scope. As mentioned earlier K. Crenshaw, claimed that

13568-450: The oppression of Black women is illustrated in two different directions: race and sex. In 1988, Deborah K. King coined the term multiple jeopardy , theory that expands on how factors of oppression are all interconnected. King suggested that the identities of gender, class, and race each have an individual prejudicial connotation, which has an incremental effect on the inequity of which one experiences. In 1991, Nancie Caraway explained from

13696-616: The other hand, many conservative think tanks and media outlets have criticized identity politics for other reasons, such as that it is inherently collectivist and prejudicial. Center-right critics of identity politics have seen it as particularist , in contrast to the universalism espoused by many liberal politics, or argue that it detracts attention from non-identity based structures of oppression and exploitation. A leftist critique of identity politics, such as that of Nancy Fraser , argues that political mobilization based on identitarian affirmation leads to surface redistribution—that is,

13824-545: The performance of the ruling political party influenced the way people identified.The study found that when the Democratic Progressive Party was believed to have governed well, the number of people identifying solely as "Taiwanese" increased, and when the Kuomintang was believed to have governed well, the number of people expressing affiliation to a "Chinese and Taiwanese" identity increased. In

13952-517: The period of KMT rule under which the aboriginals also suffered. Taiwan's Hakka people descend largely from Hakka who migrated from southern and northern Guangdong to Taiwan around the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing dynasty (ca. 1644). The Taiwanese Hakka communities, although arriving to Taiwan from mountains of eastern Guangdong and western Fujian , have also likely mixed through intermarriage with lowland Indigenous as well. Hakka family trees are known for identifying

14080-460: The personal being political, the most basic form of activism was an emphasis on coming out to family, friends and colleagues, and living life as an openly lesbian or gay person. By the mid-1970s, an "ethnic model of identity" had surpassed the popularity of both the homophile movement and gay liberation. Proponents operated through a sexual minority framework and advocated either reformism or separatism (notably lesbian separatism ). While

14208-452: The population that the Japanese classified as "Chinese" Hoklo and "Chinese" Hakka were in truth already of mixed ancestry. Physical features of both Taiwanese aborigine and Chinese can be found amongst the Taiwanese mainstream today. "Mainlanders" or waishengren refer to the post-war immigrants (and sometimes also their descendants) who followed the KMT to Taiwan between 1945 and 1950. The descendants of mainlanders settled first within

14336-416: The relationships between the peoples of Taiwan have been in a constant state of convergence and negotiation for centuries. According to Harrel and Huang, the distinction between non-aboriginal Taiwanese groups are "no longer definitive in cultural terms". The word " Taiwanese people " has multiple meanings and can refer to one of the following: The earliest notion of a Taiwanese group identity emerged in

14464-512: The same breath to be quiet both for the sake of being 'ladylike' and to make us less objectionable in the eyes of white people. In the process of consciousness-raising, actually life-sharing, we began to recognize the commonality of our experiences and, from the sharing and growing consciousness, to build a politics that will change our lives and inevitably end our oppression....We realize that the only people who care enough about us to work consistently for our liberation are us. Our politics evolve from

14592-430: The same ethnic background.{source needed} Taiwan was the site of frequent feuding based on ethnicity, lineage and place of origin ( Lamley 1981 ; Lamley 1990 :79; Shepherd 1993 :310–323). In the face of the Japanese colonial hierarchy, the people of Taiwan were faced with the unequal binary relationship between colonizer/colonized . This duality between "one" and "other" was evident in the seven years of violence between

14720-518: The same poll, David Smith has written that "Trump’s embrace of white identity politics may work to his advantage" in 2020. During the Democratic primaries , presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg publicly warned that the president and his administration were using white identity politics, which he said was the most divisive form of identity politics. Columnist Reihan Salam writes that he is not convinced that Trump uses "white identity politics" given

14848-485: The sense of a collective Taiwanese identity has continued to increase despite fluctuations in support for pro-independence political parties. This has been cited as evidence that the concept of Taiwanese identity is not the product of local political manipulation, but an actual phenomenon of ethnic and sociopolitical identities ( Corcuff 2002 :137–149, 207; Hsiau 2005 :157–170). The 2023 documentary " Nous sommes Taïwan " (French for "We are Taiwan") by Pierre Haski explored

14976-493: The sidelining of the working class in politics, allowing New Labour to protect its radical flank while pressing ahead with Thatcherite policies. Some supporters of identity politics take stances based on Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 's work (namely, "Can the Subaltern Speak?") and have described some forms of identity politics as strategic essentialism , a form which has sought to work with hegemonic discourses to reform

15104-441: The social group is generated, feelings of affiliation between group members are strengthened, and the movement's agenda becomes more representative. Specifically for the United States, Weldon suggests that organizing women by race strengthens these movements and improves government responsiveness to both violence against women of color and women in general. By the early-1960s, lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender people in

15232-410: The successive generations of Taiwanese with mainlander ancestry, it has been further articulated by Lee and other political and social leaders to refer to any person who loves Taiwan and is committed to calling Taiwan home. Although critics have called the "New Taiwanese Concept" a political ploy to win votes from benshengren who regarded the KMT as an alien regime, it has remained an important factor in

15360-474: The term "Taiwanese" has been used by politicians of all parties to refer to the electorate in an effort to secure votes. The concept of a separate Taiwanese identity has become such an integral factor to the election culture in Taiwan, that identifying as a Taiwanese has become essential to being elected in Taiwan ( Corcuff 2002 :243–249). These political reforms have since been credited with the renewal of interest in Taiwanese history, culture, and identity. After

15488-824: The term is found in the April 1977 statement of the Black feminist socialist group, Combahee River Collective , which was originally printed in 1979's Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism , later in Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, edited by Barbara Smith , a founding member of the Collective, who have been credited with coining the term. In their terminal statement, they said: [A]s children we realized that we were different from boys and that we were treated different—for example, when we were told in

15616-616: The two options of "Taiwanese" versus "Chinese". In June 2008, a TVBS poll found that 68% of the respondents identify themselves as "Taiwanese" while 18% would call themselves "Chinese". In 2015, a poll conducted by the Taiwan Braintrust showed that about 90 percent of the population would identify themselves as Taiwanese rather than Chinese. In 2006, Wu Nai-teh of Academia Sinica said that "many Taiwanese are still confused about identity, and are easily affected by political, social, and economic circumstances." However, since then

15744-499: The understanding of "universal" goals. Others point out the erroneous logic and the ultimate dangers of reproducing strong identitarian divisions inherent in essentialism. For queer theorist Paul B. Preciado , "movements for the emancipation of subaltern minorities (racial, gender and sexual, etc.) ended up crystallizing into identity politics. Without having dismantled the regimes of racial, sexual or gender oppression, identity politics have ended up renaturalizing and even intensifying

15872-500: The views of politicians at the very top of the Labour Party. Today, progressive intellectuals are far more interested in issues of identity. ... Of course, the struggles for the emancipation of women, gays, and ethnic minorities are exceptionally important causes. New Labour has co-opted them, passing genuinely progressive legislation on gay equality and women's rights, for example. But it is an agenda that has happily co-existed with

16000-455: Was (re-)coined by the Combahee River Collective in 1977. The collective group of women saw identity politics as an analysis that introduced opportunity for Black women to be actively involved in politics, while simultaneously acting as a tool to authenticate Black women's personal experiences. In the ensuing decades, the term has been employed in myriad cases with different connotations dependent on context. It subsequently gained currency with

16128-499: Was further amplified for Democratic female candidates who were rated as feminist. These results demonstrate that gender identity has and can function as a cue for voting behavior. Scholars of social movements and democratic theorists disagree on whether identity politics weaken women's social movements and undermine their influence on public policy or have reverse effects. S. Laurel Weldon argues that when marginalized groups organize around an intersectional social location, knowledge about

16256-543: Was signed, with Taiwan (previously a Chinese province/prefecture) being ceded by Qing China to the Japanese Empire , an expatriate / refugee community of Taiwanese in China was created. The original Taiwanese Communist Party was closely affiliated with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The failed party would later evolve into

16384-686: Was used in contrast with waishengren (mainlanders), who included the people who followed the KMT to Taiwan between 1945 and 1949 and their descendants. The government tended to stress provincial identities, with identification cards and passports issued until the late 1990s displaying one's ancestral province and county. During this period the terms "cooked" and "raw" Indigenous disappeared. The former "raw" Indigenous were termed Shandi Tongbao , Gaoshanzu (Mountain Race) or Gaoshan Tongbao (Mountain Compatriots). With Taiwan's political liberalization in

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