The Forty-eighters ( 48ers ) were Europeans who participated in or supported the Revolutions of 1848 that swept Europe. In the German Confederation , the Forty-eighters favoured unification of Germany , a more democratic government, and guarantees of human rights . Although many Americans felt very sympathetic to their cause and were deeply saddened by their defeat, many Forty-Eighters were Freethinkers who were more influenced by post-1789 republicanism in France and the anti-religious ideas of The Enlightenment than the U.S. Constitution . In particular, their traditional hostility towards tolerating religious practice or Classical Christian education , often put them at odds with American Republicanism's belief in freedom of religion and the independence of religious institutions from control by the State . Disappointed at their failure to permanently change the system of government in the German States or the Austrian Empire , and sometimes ordered by local governments to emigrate because of their involvement in the revolution, they gave up their old lives to live abroad. They emigrated to Australia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . They included Germans , Czechs , Hungarians , Italians, among many others. A large number were respected, politically active, wealthy, and well-educated, and found success in their new countries.
37-657: Disappointed by the failure of the Prussian Revolution in 1848, the biologist Fritz Müller realised there might be adverse effects on his life and career. As a result, he emigrated to South Brazil in 1852, with his brother August and their wives, to join Hermann Blumenau 's new colony in the State of Santa Catarina . There, he studied the natural history of the Atlantic forest in that region, and wrote
74-686: A salon organized by Baroness Méry von Bruiningk and her husband Ludolf August von Bruiningk in St. John's Wood , then a suburb of London. The baroness was a Russian of German descent who was sympathetic with the goals of the revolutionaries. Guests included Carl Schurz , Gottfried and Johanna Kinkel , Ferdinand Freiligrath , Alexander Herzen , Louis Blanc , Malwida von Meysenbug , Adolf Strodtmann , Johannes and Bertha Ronge, Alexander Schimmelfennig , Wilhelm Loewe-Kalbe and Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim . Carl Schurz wrote in his memoir about this time: "A large number of refugees from almost all parts of
111-582: A less degree. Perhaps the ablest and most important person among these was Lothar Bucher , a quiet, retiring man of great capacity and acquirements, who occupied himself with serious political studies." Other Germans who fled to the United Kingdom for a time were Ludwig Bamberger , Arnold Ruge , Alexandre Ledru-Rollin and Franz Sigel . Along with several of the above, Sabine Freitag also lists Gustav Adolf Techow, Eduard Meyen, Graf Oskar von Reichenbach, Josef Fickler and Amand Goegg. Karl Blind became
148-545: A letter to Darwin listing 40 genera of climbing plants classified by their method of climbing. The next few months saw more observations, which Darwin had translated and published as Müller's first paper in English. As a botanist, Fritz Müller is denoted by the author abbreviation F.J.Müll. when citing a botanical name . Müller became a strong supporter of Charles Darwin . He wrote Für Darwin in 1864, arguing that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
185-607: A merchant. Despite his relocation, he maintained close ties to his family in Germany, frequently returning to his homeland. His life, marked by political upheaval and cross-border connections, was highlighted in a 2018 exhibition at the Wegemuseum in Wusterhausen. The following were all refugees from Germany: In the early years after the failure of the revolutions of 1848, a group of German Forty-eighters and others met in
222-668: A migration group, the South Australian Colonisation Society, one of many similar groups forming throughout Germany at the time. Sponsored by geologist Leopold von Buch , the society chartered the Princess Louise to sail to South Australia. The passengers were mainly middle-class professionals, academics, musicians, artists, architects, engineers, artisans, and apprentices, and were among the core of liberal radicals, disillusioned with events in Germany. Many Germans became vintners or worked in
259-584: A normal scientific education at the universities of Berlin (earning a BSc in Botany) and Greifswald , culminating in a PhD in Biology. He subsequently decided to study medicine. As a medical student, he began to question religion and in 1846 became an atheist , joining the Free Congregations and supporting free love . Despite completing the course, he did not graduate because he refused to swear
296-430: A son Robert Carl (1856 – 24 February 1909). His youngest brother, Julius Ludwig Schomburgk, (c. 1818 – 9 March 1893), was chief designer for Adelaide silversmith J. M. Wendt . A sister, Caroline Schomburgk ( – 15 November 1874), was the second wife of Rev. Dr Carl Wilhelm Ludwig Muecke (16 July 1815 – 4 January 1898) of Tanunda , also a passenger on the Princess Louise . Schomburgk studied botany at Berlin and in
333-584: A time. Italian Giuseppe Mazzini used London as a place of refuge before and after the revolutions of 1848. In addition, the British possession of Heligoland was a destination for refugees, for example Rudolf Dulon . Fritz M%C3%BCller Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller ( German pronunciation: [ˈjoːhan ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈmʏlɐ] ; 31 March 1822 – 21 May 1897), better known as Fritz Müller ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈfɾits ˈmileʁ] ), and also as Müller-Desterro ,
370-730: A writer in Great Britain. Bohemian Anton Heinrich Springer was in England for a time during his years of exile. Hungarian refugee Gustav Zerffi became a British citizen and worked as a historian in London. Lajos Kossuth , a Hungarian revolutionary, toured England & Scotland and then the United States. He returned to Great Britain, where he formed a government in exile . French refugees Louis Blanc , Pierre Leroux , and Louis-Nicolas Ménard found relief in Great Britain for
407-462: Is gained when unpalatable species resemble each other, especially when the predator has a good memory for colour (as birds, for instance, do have). Thus one trial may work to dissuade a bird from several species of butterfly which all have the same warning coloration. Müller and other naturalists believed that such systems of mimicry could only come about by means of natural selection , and all of them wrote about it. Another of Müller's discoveries were
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#1732776301530444-527: Is often a noxious chemical, perhaps gained from the larva eating a particular plant; or it may be a sting or other defence. It is an advantage for such potential prey to advertise their status in a way clearly perceptible to their predators; this is called aposematic or warning coloration . The principle is of wide application, but in Müller's case the prey were butterflies , and the predators usually birds or reptiles . In Müllerian mimicry, an advantage
481-753: The Cincinnati riot of 1853 , in which one demonstrator was killed, Forty-eighters violently protested the visit of the papal emissary Cardinal Gaetano Bedini , who had repressed revolutionaries in the Papal States in 1849. Protests took place also in 1854; Forty-eighters were held responsible for the killing of two law enforcement officers in the two events. Many German Forty-eighters settled in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , helping solidify that city's progressive political bent and cultural Deutschtum . The Acht-und-vierzigers and their descendants contributed to
518-732: The Müllerian bodies in the flowering plant genus Cecropia . Müller was able to show that the small bodies at the petiole-bases of Cecropia are food bodies and are used by protecting ants of the genus Azteca which inhabit the hollow stems of these fast growing trees. Much of Müller's botany was stimulated by the series of botanical works published by Darwin. After Darwin's Fertilisation of Orchids (1862) he spent years of work on orchids, sending observations to his brother Hermann and to Darwin. Darwin used some of this work in his second edition of 1877, and Hermann later became famous for his work on pollination. On Climbing plants (1867) Müller lent
555-615: The Over-the-Rhine neighbourhood of Cincinnati , Ohio . There they helped define the distinct German culture of the neighbourhood, and in some cases also brought a rebellious nature with them from Germany. Cincinnati was the southern terminus of the Miami and Erie Canal , and large numbers of emigrants from modern Germany, beginning with the Forty-eighters, followed the canal north to settle available land in western Ohio. In
592-576: The Parland , left London on 13 March 1849, and arrived in Sydney on 5 July 1849. The Princess Louise left Hamburg 26 March 1849, in the spring, bound for South Australia via Rio de Janeiro. The voyage took 135 days, which was considered slow, but nevertheless the Princess Louise berthed at Port Adelaide on 7 August 1849, with 161 emigres, including Johann Friedrich Mosel. Johann, born in 1827 in Berlin in
629-530: The revolutions of 1848 , Richard and his brother Otto, and Otto's wife Maria Charlotte Schomburgk (née Von Selchow) emigrated to South Australia aboard the Princess Louise , arriving in August 1849. While at sea he married Pauline Henriette Schomburgk Kneib). Other emigrants by the Princess Louise include Carl Linger and Carl Wilhelm Ludwig Muecke . He settled in Gawler , South Australia; and, through this, he
666-660: The Australian colonial project", but also were "intricately involved in imagining, knowing and shaping colonial Australia" (Barrett, et al., 2018, p.2). In 1865, he became Director of the Adelaide Botanic Garden , a position he kept until his death and was succeeded by Maurice William Holtze . He wrote Versuch einer Zusammenstellung der Flora und Fauna von Britisch-Guiana (1848). Schomburgk died in Adelaide , South Australia. This article about
703-529: The European continent had gathered in London since the year 1848, but the intercourse between the different national groups – Germans, Frenchmen, Italians, Hungarians, Poles, Russians – was confined more or less to the prominent personages. All, however, in common nourished the confident hope of a revolutionary upturning on the continent soon to come. Among the Germans there were only a few who shared this hope in
740-585: The Royal Gardens at Potsdam . In 1844 he went on the Prussian -British expedition to British Guiana and Brazil , led by his brother Robert . He acted as their historian and botanist, collecting for the University of Berlin museum, and after their return spent three years preparing the three-volume record of the expedition, which was presented to Frederick William IV , King of Prussia. After
777-606: The West Indies (in which Schomburgk participated) and also fulfilled diplomatic missions for Great Britain in the Dominican Republic and Thailand. Another brother, Otto Alfred Carl Schomburgk (28 August 1810 – 16 August 1857), (see below) and his wife Maria Charlotte Schomburgk (née Von Selchow), arrived in South Australia with Moritz Richard Schomburgk aboard the Princess Louise in August 1849. They had
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#1732776301530814-671: The arts, medicine, journalism, and business. Many were members of the Turner movement . In 1848, the first non-British ship carrying immigrants to arrive in Victoria was from Germany; the Goddefroy , on 13 February. Many of those on board were political refugees. Some Germans also travelled to Australia via London. In April 1849, the Beulah was the first ship to bring assisted German vinedresser families to New South Wales. The second ship,
851-750: The beginning of the American Civil War. About 200,000 German-born soldiers enlisted in the Union Army , ultimately forming about 10% of the North's entire armed forces; 13,000 Germans served in Union Volunteer Regiments from New York alone. After the Civil War , Forty-eighters supported improved labor laws and working conditions. They also advanced the country's cultural and intellectual development in such fields as education,
888-563: The book Facts and Arguments for Darwin . After being advised by Bernhard Eunom Philippi among others, Karl Anwandter emigrated to Chile following the failed revolution. In 1850 he settled in Valdivia . He was joined there by numerous other German immigrants of the period. Germans migrated to developing midwestern and southern cities, developing the beer and wine industries in several locations, and advancing journalism; others developed thriving agricultural communities. Galveston, Texas ,
925-499: The development of that city's long Socialist political tradition . Others settled throughout the state. In the United States, most Forty-eighters opposed nativism and slavery, in keeping with the liberal ideals that had led them to flee from Europe. In the Camp Jackson Affair in St. Louis, Missouri , a large force of German volunteers helped prevent Confederate forces from seizing the government arsenal just prior to
962-455: The duchy of Brandenburg, had taken three weeks to travel from his home to the departure point of the 350-tonne vessel at Hamburg. This voyage had been well planned by two of the founding passengers, brothers Richard and Otto Schomburgk , who had been implicated in the revolution. Otto had been jailed in 1847 for his activities as a student revolutionary. The brothers, along with others including Frau Jeanne von Kreussler and Dr Carl Muecke , formed
999-537: The graduation oath, which contained the phrase "so help me God and his sacred Gospel". Müller was disappointed by the failure of the Prussian Revolution in 1848, fearing implications for his life and career. As a result, he emigrated to Brazil in 1852, with his brother August and their wives, to join Hermann Blumenau 's new colony in the State of Santa Catarina. In Brazil, Müller became a farmer, doctor, teacher and biologist. During this time, he studied
1036-648: The natural history of the sub-tropical Atlantic forest , around the Itajaí River valley. Müller gained an official teaching post, and spent a decade teaching mathematics at a college in Desterro . The college was taken over by the Jesuits , and Müller (though retaining his salary) returned to the Itajaí River valley. He negotiated a number of botanical activities with the provincial government and spent
1073-630: The next nine years doing botanical research and advising farmers. In 1876 he was appointed as a Travelling Naturalist to the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro . In his retirement years, Müller received many offers of support and offers of financial help. He was one of many naturalists to visit and work in South America during the nineteenth century, but was the only one to settle in Brazil for
1110-627: The rest of his life. A statue of Müller was erected in Blumenau in 1929. During his life Müller published over 70 papers in English and Portuguese, and also in German-language periodicals. The topics covered a range of natural topics from entomology , marine biology and botany . Müllerian mimicry is named after and discovered by him. This phenomenon concerns the resemblance between two or more unpalatable species which are protected from predators capable of learning . The protection
1147-533: The wine industry; others founded Lutheran churches. By 1860, for example, about 70 German families lived in Germantown, Victoria. (When World War I broke out, the town was renamed Grovedale .) In Adelaide , a German Club was founded in 1854, which played a major role in society. Ludwig Bamberger settled in Paris and worked in a bank from 1852 until the amnesty of 1866 allowed him to return to Germany. Carl Schurz
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1184-492: Was a German biologist who emigrated to southern Brazil , where he lived in and near the city of Blumenau , Santa Catarina . There he studied the natural history of the Atlantic forest and was an early advocate of Darwinism . Müllerian mimicry is named after him. Müller was born in the village of Windischholzhausen, near Erfurt in Thuringia , Germany, the son of a minister. Müller had what would be seen today as
1221-607: Was a German botanist and curator of the Adelaide Botanic Garden . Schomburgk was born in Freyburg , Saxony, the son of Johann Friedrich Ludwig Schomburgk (a Lutheran minister in Thuringia ), and his wife Christiane Juliane Wilhelmine (née Krippendorf). He married Pauline Henriette Kneib (c. 1822 – 24 July 1879) at sea aboard Princess Louise . Among their children were: His older brother, Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk (5 June 1804 – 11 March 1865), carried out geographical, ethnological and botanical studies in South America and
1258-745: Was a port of entry to many Forty-eighters. Some settled there and in Houston, but many went to the Texas Hill Country in the vicinity of Fredericksburg . Due to their liberal ideals, they strongly opposed Texas 's secession in 1861. In the Bellville area of Austin County , another destination for Forty-eighters, the German precincts voted decisively against the secession ordinance. More than 30,000 Forty-eighters settled in what became called
1295-695: Was correct, and that Brazilian crustaceans and their larvae could be affected by adaptations at any growth stage. Müller sent a copy to Darwin, who had the book privately translated for his own use. A later translation into English, with some additional material by Müller, was made by W.S. Dallas , and was published as Facts and Arguments for Darwin in 1869. Extensive correspondence exists between Müller and Darwin, and Müller also corresponded with his brother Hermann Müller , Alexander Agassiz , Ernst Krause and Ernst Haeckel . Moritz Richard Schomburgk Moritz Richard Schomburgk (5 October 1811 – 24 March 1891), generally known as Richard Schomburgk ,
1332-659: Was in France for a time before moving to England. He stayed there with Adolf Strodtmann. Anton Heinrich Springer visited France. Ludwig Bamberger was in the Netherlands for a time, as were Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim and Anton Heinrich Springer . August Eduard Wilhelm Hector Achilles d'Orey (b. 1820, Wusterhausen/Dosse – d. unknown) was a participant in the Revolutions of 1848-49. After the revolutions failed, he fled to Portugal, where he settled and established himself as
1369-612: Was one of a number of influential German-speaking residents — such as Ludwig Becker , Hermann Beckler , William Blandowski , Amalie Dietrich , Wilhelm Haacke , Diedrich Henne , Gerard Krefft , Johann Luehmann , Johann Menge , Carl Mücke (a.k.a. Muecke) , Ludwig Preiss , Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (a.k.a. Ruemker) , Richard Wolfgang Semon , Karl Theodor Staiger , George Ulrich , Eugene von Guérard , Robert von Lendenfeld , Ferdinand von Mueller , Georg von Neumayer , and Carl Wilhelmi — who brought their "epistemic traditions" to Australia, and not only became "deeply entangled with
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