70-401: Fatty is a derogatory term for someone who is obese . It may refer also to: Obesity Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease , in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health . People are classified as obese when their body mass index (BMI)—a person's weight divided by the square of
140-578: A gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or length of the intestines, leading to feeling full earlier, or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food. Many do not realize that metabolic surgery is not only about reducing intake, it has also been shown to alter gut hormones for a period of time. Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children . In 2022, over 1 billion people lived with obesity worldwide (879 million adults and 159 million children), representing more than
210-617: A revision in November 2018 that defines the kilogram by defining the Planck constant to be exactly 6.626 070 15 × 10 kg⋅m ⋅s , effectively defining the kilogram in terms of the second and the metre. The new definition took effect on 20 May 2019. Prior to the redefinition, the kilogram and several other SI units based on the kilogram were defined by a man-made metal artifact: the Kilogramme des Archives from 1799 to 1889, and
280-658: A 1.67-fold greater risk of obesity compared with those without the risk allele . The differences in BMI between people that are due to genetics varies depending on the population examined from 6% to 85%. Obesity is a major feature in several syndromes, such as Prader–Willi syndrome , Bardet–Biedl syndrome , Cohen syndrome , and MOMO syndrome . (The term "non-syndromic obesity" is sometimes used to exclude these conditions.) In people with early-onset severe obesity (defined by an onset before 10 years of age and body mass index over three standard deviations above normal), 7% harbor
350-477: A BMI of 30–35 kg/m reduces life expectancy by two to four years, while severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m ) reduces life expectancy by ten years. Obesity increases the risk of many physical and mental conditions. These comorbidities are most commonly shown in metabolic syndrome , a combination of medical disorders which includes: diabetes mellitus type 2 , high blood pressure , high blood cholesterol , and high triglyceride levels . A study from
420-544: A Late Latin term for "a small weight", itself from Greek γράμμα . The word kilogramme was written into French law in 1795, in the Decree of 18 Germinal , which revised the provisional system of units introduced by the French National Convention two years earlier, where the gravet had been defined as weight ( poids ) of a cubic centimetre of water, equal to 1/1000 of a grave . In
490-570: A double of adult cases (and four times higher than cases among children) registered in 1990. Obesity is more common in women than in men. Today, obesity is stigmatized in most of the world. Conversely, some cultures, past and present, have a favorable view of obesity, seeing it as a symbol of wealth and fertility. The World Health Organization , the US, Canada, Japan, Portugal, Germany, the European Parliament and medical societies, e.g.
560-671: A greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in the home. In children, there appear to be declines in levels of physical activity (with particularly strong declines in the amount of walking and physical education), likely due to safety concerns, changes in social interaction (such as fewer relationships with neighborhood children), and inadequate urban design (such as too few public spaces for safe physical activity). World trends in active leisure time physical activity are less clear. The World Health Organization indicates people worldwide are taking up less active recreational pursuits, while research from Finland found an increase and research from
630-586: A high social class were less likely to be obese. No significant differences were seen among men of different social classes. In the developing world, women, men, and children from high social classes had greater rates of obesity. In 2007 repeating the same research found the same relationships, but they were weaker. The decrease in strength of correlation was felt to be due to the effects of globalization . Among developed countries, levels of adult obesity, and percentage of teenage children who are overweight, are correlated with income inequality . A similar relationship
700-564: A kilogram agrees with this original definition to within 30 parts per million . In 1799, the platinum Kilogramme des Archives replaced it as the standard of mass. In 1889, a cylinder composed of platinum–iridium , the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK), became the standard of the unit of mass for the metric system and remained so for 130 years, before the current standard was adopted in 2019 . The kilogram
770-757: A lack of physical activity as the cause of most cases of obesity. A limited number of cases are due primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric illness. In contrast, increasing rates of obesity at a societal level are felt to be due to an easily accessible and palatable diet, increased reliance on cars , and mechanized manufacturing. Some other factors have been proposed as causes towards rising rates of obesity worldwide, including insufficient sleep , endocrine disruptors , increased usage of certain medications (such as atypical antipsychotics ), increases in ambient temperature, decreased rates of smoking , demographic changes, increasing maternal age of first-time mothers, changes to epigenetic dysregulation from
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#1732801286517840-564: A lower BMI than Caucasians , some nations have redefined obesity; Japan has defined obesity as any BMI greater than 25 kg/m while China uses a BMI of greater than 28 kg/m . The preferred obesity metric in scholarly circles is the body fat percentage (BF%) – the ratio of the total weight of person's fat to his or her body weight, and BMI is viewed merely as a way to approximate BF%. According to American Society of Bariatric Physicians , levels in excess of 32% for women and 25% for men are generally considered to indicate obesity. BMI
910-424: A majority of people living with obesity at any given time attempt to lose weight and are often successful, maintaining weight loss long-term is rare. There is no effective, well-defined, evidence-based intervention for preventing obesity. Obesity prevention requires a complex approach, including interventions at medical, societal, community, family, and individual levels. Changes to diet as well as exercising are
980-633: A man's risk increases by 4% per child. This could be partly explained by the fact that having dependent children decreases physical activity in Western parents. In the developing world urbanization is playing a role in increasing rate of obesity. In China overall rates of obesity are below 5%; however, in some cities rates of obesity are greater than 20%. In part, this may be because of urban design issues (such as inadequate public spaces for physical activity). Time spent in motor vehicles, as opposed to active transportation options such as cycling or walking,
1050-450: A multidisciplinary team rather than "eat less, move more" being the answer as for most living with obesity, diet & exercise have failed them countless times. There is now a scientific realization where 5% of people with this disease are able to lose & maintain loss through this method as the body will adapt & reach a plateau where for most, it begins to push back towards set point. Also that bodies react differently to energy. So too
1120-404: A phenomenon known as the obesity survival paradox. The paradox was first described in 1999 in overweight and obese people undergoing hemodialysis and has subsequently been found in those with heart failure and peripheral artery disease (PAD). In people with heart failure, those with a BMI between 30.0 and 34.9 had lower mortality than those with a normal weight. This has been attributed to
1190-495: A significant effect on an individual's weight. Those who quit smoking gain an average of 4.4 kilograms (9.7 lb) for men and 5.0 kilograms (11.0 lb) for women over ten years. However, changing rates of smoking have had little effect on the overall rates of obesity. In the United States, the number of children a person has is related to their risk of obesity. A woman's risk increases by 7% per child, while
1260-950: A single point DNA mutation. Studies that have focused on inheritance patterns rather than on specific genes have found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were also obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. Different people exposed to the same environment have different risks of obesity due to their underlying genetics. The thrifty gene hypothesis postulates that, due to dietary scarcity during human evolution, people are prone to obesity. Their ability to take advantage of rare periods of abundance by storing energy as fat would be advantageous during times of varying food availability, and individuals with greater adipose reserves would be more likely to survive famine . This tendency to store fat, however, would be maladaptive in societies with stable food supplies. This theory has received various criticisms, and other evolutionarily-based theories such as
1330-447: A weight measurement to a mass and therefore require precise measurement of the strength of gravity in laboratories ( gravimetry ). All approaches would have precisely fixed one or more constants of nature at a defined value. Because an SI unit may not have multiple prefixes (see SI prefix ), prefixes are added to gram , rather than the base unit kilogram , which already has a prefix as part of its name. For instance, one-millionth of
1400-613: A written specification. At the 94th Meeting of the CIPM in 2005, it was recommended that the same be done with the kilogram. In October 2010, the CIPM voted to submit a resolution for consideration at the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), to "take note of an intention" that the kilogram be defined in terms of the Planck constant , h (which has dimensions of energy times time, thus mass × length / time) together with other physical constants. This resolution
1470-553: Is an indication that gut flora can affect the metabolic potential. This apparent alteration is believed to confer a greater capacity to harvest energy contributing to obesity. Whether these differences are the direct cause or the result of obesity has yet to be determined unequivocally. The use of antibiotics among children has also been associated with obesity later in life. An association between viruses and obesity has been found in humans and several different animal species. The amount that these associations may have contributed to
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#17328012865171540-571: Is believed to be contributing to the rising rates of obesity and to an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes . Vitamin D deficiency is related to diseases associated with obesity. As societies become increasingly reliant on energy-dense , big-portions, and fast-food meals, the association between fast-food consumption and obesity becomes more concerning. In the United States, consumption of fast-food meals tripled and food energy intake from these meals quadrupled between 1977 and 1995. Agricultural policy and techniques in
1610-462: Is correlated with increased risk of obesity. Malnutrition in early life is believed to play a role in the rising rates of obesity in the developing world . Endocrine changes that occur during periods of malnutrition may promote the storage of fat once more food energy becomes available. The study of the effect of infectious agents on metabolism is still in its early stages. Gut flora has been shown to differ between lean and obese people. There
1680-529: Is defined in terms of three defining constants: The formal definition according to the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) is: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 × 10 when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m ⋅s , where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and Δ ν Cs . Defined in term of those units,
1750-655: Is described as "a common informal name" on Russ Rowlett's Dictionary of Units of Measurement. When the United States Congress gave the metric system legal status in 1866, it permitted the use of the word kilo as an alternative to the word kilogram , but in 1990 revoked the status of the word kilo . The SI system was introduced in 1960 and in 1970 the BIPM started publishing the SI Brochure , which contains all relevant decisions and recommendations by
1820-897: Is not regarded as a psychiatric disorder, and therefore is not listed in the DSM-IVR as a psychiatric illness. The risk of overweight and obesity is higher in patients with psychiatric disorders than in persons without psychiatric disorders. Obesity and depression influence each other mutually, with obesity increasing the risk of clinical depression, and also depression leading to a higher chance of developing obesity. Certain medications may cause weight gain or changes in body composition ; these include insulin , sulfonylureas , thiazolidinediones , atypical antipsychotics , antidepressants , steroids , certain anticonvulsants ( phenytoin and valproate ), pizotifen , and some forms of hormonal contraception . While genetic influences are important to understanding obesity, they cannot completely explain
1890-414: Is now viewed as outdated in numerous countries. It ignores variations between individuals in amounts of lean body mass, particularly muscle mass. Individuals involved in heavy physical labor or sports may have high BMI values despite having little fat. For example, more than half of all NFL players are classified as "obese" (BMI ≥ 30), and 1 in 4 are classified as "extremely obese" (BMI ≥ 35), according to
1960-451: Is seen among US states: more adults, even in higher social classes, are obese in more unequal states. Many explanations have been put forth for associations between BMI and social class. It is thought that in developed countries, the wealthy are able to afford more nutritious food, they are under greater social pressure to remain slim, and have more opportunities along with greater expectations for physical fitness . In undeveloped countries
2030-445: Is seen in the overweight and obese. One study found that the improved survival could be explained by the more aggressive treatment obese people receive after a cardiac event. Another study found that if one takes into account chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in those with PAD, the benefit of obesity no longer exists. The " a calorie is a calorie " model of obesity posits a combination of excessive food energy intake and
2100-403: Is supported both by tests of people carried out in a calorimeter room and by direct observation. A sedentary lifestyle may play a significant role in obesity. Worldwide there has been a large shift towards less physically demanding work, and currently at least 30% of the world's population gets insufficient exercise. This is primarily due to increasing use of mechanized transportation and
2170-549: Is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present. As of 2006, more than 41 of these sites on the human genome have been linked to the development of obesity when a favorable environment is present. People with two copies of the FTO gene (fat mass and obesity associated gene) have been found on average to weigh 3–4 kg more and have
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2240-540: The American Medical Association , classify obesity as a disease. Others, such as the UK , do not. Obesity is typically defined as a substantial accumulation of body fat that could impact health. Medical organizations tend to classify people living with obesity as based on body mass index (BMI) – a ratio of a person's weight in kilograms to the square of their height in meters . For adults,
2310-526: The CGPM concerning units. The SI Brochure states that "It is not permissible to use abbreviations for unit symbols or unit names ...". For use with east Asian character sets, the SI symbol is encoded as a single Unicode character, U+338F ㎏ SQUARE KG in the CJK Compatibility block. The replacement of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) as the primary standard
2380-500: The Endocrine Society , there is "growing evidence suggesting that obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system, rather than simply arising from the passive accumulation of excess weight". Excess appetite for palatable, high-calorie food (especially fat, sugar, and certain animal proteins) is seen as the primary factor driving obesity worldwide, likely because of imbalances in neurotransmitters affecting
2450-496: The RAK Hospital found that obese people are at a greater risk of developing long COVID . The CDC has found that obesity is the single strongest risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness. Complications are either directly caused by obesity or indirectly related through mechanisms sharing a common cause such as a poor diet or a sedentary lifestyle . The strength of the link between obesity and specific conditions varies. One of
2520-513: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines " overweight " as a BMI 25 or higher, and "obesity" as a BMI 30 or higher. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) further subdivides obesity based on BMI, with a BMI 30 to 35 called class 1 obesity; 35 to 40, class 2 obesity; and 40+, class 3 obesity. For children, obesity measures take age into consideration along with height and weight. For children aged 5–19,
2590-543: The drifty gene hypothesis and the thrifty phenotype hypothesis have also been proposed. Certain physical and mental illnesses and the pharmaceutical substances used to treat them can increase risk of obesity. Medical illnesses that increase obesity risk include several rare genetic syndromes (listed above) as well as some congenital or acquired conditions: hypothyroidism , Cushing's syndrome , growth hormone deficiency , and some eating disorders such as binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome . However, obesity
2660-599: The BMI metric. However, their mean body fat percentage , 14%, is well within what is considered a healthy range. Similarly, Sumo wrestlers may be categorized by BMI as "severely obese" or "very severely obese" but many Sumo wrestlers are not categorized as obese when body fat percentage is used instead (having <25% body fat). Some Sumo wrestlers were found to have no more body fat than a non-Sumo comparison group, with high BMI values resulting from their high amounts of lean body mass. Canada utilises BMI sparingly within their method of defining levels of obesity through use of
2730-655: The BioSHaRE– EU Healthy Obese Project (sponsored by Maelstrom Research, a team under the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre ) came up with two definitions for healthy obesity , one more strict and one less so: To come up with these criteria, BioSHaRE controlled for age and tobacco use, researching how both may effect the metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, but not found to exist in
2800-489: The Edmonton Scale (for adult obesity). This scale also introduces factors such as Quality of Life, Mental Health & Mobility amongst others. In recent years, Canada chose to allow both Chilli & Ireland to adapt their obesity guidelines to suit both countries' health systems. In Ireland, obesity is now defined as "a Complex, Chronic & Relapsing Disease". Therefore it is now viewed as requiring intervention from
2870-465: The IPK from 1889 to 2019. In 1960, the metre , previously similarly having been defined with reference to a single platinum-iridium bar with two marks on it, was redefined in terms of an invariant physical constant (the wavelength of a particular emission of light emitted by krypton , and later the speed of light ) so that the standard can be independently reproduced in different laboratories by following
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2940-524: The SI, namely a specific transition frequency of Cs, the speed of light, and the Planck constant. A properly equipped metrology laboratory can calibrate a mass measurement instrument such as a Kibble balance as a primary standard for the kilogram mass. The kilogram was originally defined in 1795 during the French Revolution as the mass of one litre of water . The current definition of
3010-527: The United States and Europe have led to lower food prices . In the United States, subsidization of corn, soy, wheat, and rice through the U.S. farm bill has made the main sources of processed food cheap compared to fruits and vegetables. Calorie count laws and nutrition facts labels attempt to steer people toward making healthier food choices, including awareness of how much food energy is being consumed. Obese people consistently under-report their food consumption as compared to people of normal weight. This
3080-455: The United States found leisure-time physical activity has not changed significantly. Physical activity in children may not be a significant contributor. In both children and adults, there is an association between television viewing time and the risk of obesity. Increased media exposure increases the rate of childhood obesity, with rates increasing proportionally to time spent watching television. Like many other medical conditions, obesity
3150-894: The United States increased from 14.5% to 30.9%. During the same period, an increase occurred in the average amount of food energy consumed. For women, the average increase was 335 calories (1,400 kJ) per day (1,542 calories (6,450 kJ) in 1971 and 1,877 calories (7,850 kJ) in 2004), while for men the average increase was 168 calories (700 kJ) per day (2,450 calories (10,300 kJ) in 1971 and 2,618 calories (10,950 kJ) in 2004). Most of this extra food energy came from an increase in carbohydrate consumption rather than fat consumption. The primary sources of these extra carbohydrates are sweetened beverages, which now account for almost 25 percent of daily food energy in young adults in America, and potato chips. Consumption of sweetened beverages such as soft drinks, fruit drinks, and iced tea
3220-628: The WHO defines obesity as a BMI two standard deviations above the median for their age (a BMI around 18 for a five-year old; around 30 for a 19-year old). For children under five, the WHO defines obesity as a weight three standard deviations above the median for their height. Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular organizations. The surgical literature breaks down class II and III or only class III obesity into further categories whose exact values are still disputed. As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at
3290-450: The ability to afford food, high energy expenditure with physical labor, and cultural values favoring a larger body size are believed to contribute to the observed patterns. Attitudes toward body weight held by people in one's life may also play a role in obesity. A correlation in BMI changes over time has been found among friends, siblings, and spouses. Stress and perceived low social status appear to increase risk of obesity. Smoking has
3360-471: The association of BMI and waist circumference with mortality is U- or J-shaped, while the association between waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio with mortality is more positive. In Asians the risk of negative health effects begins to increase between 22 and 25 kg/m . In 2021, the World Health Organization estimated that obesity caused at least 2.8 million deaths annually. On average, obesity reduces life expectancy by six to seven years,
3430-490: The benefits towards "healthier living" having physical benefits without dynamic shifts on the scales. Plus living with stigma surrounding the shape of one's body or actual treatments for the disease of obesity, be they medicinal or surgical, has been shown to greatly exacerbate the issue. Obesity increases a person's risk of developing various metabolic diseases, cardiovascular disease , osteoarthritis , Alzheimer disease , depression , and certain types of cancer. Depending on
3500-446: The body's response to insulin, potentially leading to insulin resistance . Increased fat also creates a proinflammatory state , and a prothrombotic state. Newer research has focused on methods of identifying healthier obese people by clinicians, and not treating obese people as a monolithic group. Obese people who do not experience medical complications from their obesity are sometimes called (metabolically) healthy obese , but
3570-591: The decree of 1795, the term gramme thus replaced gravet , and kilogramme replaced grave . The French spelling was adopted in Great Britain when the word was used for the first time in English in 1795, with the spelling kilogram being adopted in the United States. In the United Kingdom both spellings are used, with "kilogram" having become by far the more common. UK law regulating
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#17328012865173640-587: The degree of obesity and the presence of comorbid disorders, obesity is associated with an estimated 2–20 year shorter life expectancy. High BMI is a marker of risk for, but not a direct cause of, diseases caused by diet and physical activity. Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. The mortality risk is lowest at a BMI of 20–25 kg/m in non-smokers and at 24–27 kg/m in current smokers, with risk increasing along with changes in either direction. This appears to apply in at least four continents. Other research suggests that
3710-517: The dramatic increase seen within specific countries or globally. Though it is accepted that energy consumption in excess of energy expenditure leads to increases in body weight on an individual basis, the cause of the shifts in these two factors on the societal scale is much debated. There are a number of theories as to the cause but most believe it is a combination of various factors. The correlation between social class and BMI varies globally. Research in 1989 found that in developed countries women of
3780-517: The drive to eat. Dietary energy supply per capita varies markedly between different regions and countries. It has also changed significantly over time. From the early 1970s to the late 1990s the average food energy available per person per day (the amount of food bought) increased in all parts of the world except Eastern Europe. The United States had the highest availability with 3,654 calories (15,290 kJ) per person in 1996. This increased further in 2003 to 3,754 calories (15,710 kJ). During
3850-482: The environment, increased phenotypic variance via assortative mating , social pressure to diet , among others. According to one study, factors like these may play as big of a role as excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical activity; however, the relative magnitudes of the effects of any proposed cause of obesity is varied and uncertain, as there is a general need for randomized controlled trials on humans before definitive statement can be made. According to
3920-493: The existence of metabolically healthy obesity—the metabolically healthy obese are often found to have low amounts of ectopic fat (fat stored in tissues other than adipose tissue) despite having overall fat mass equivalent in weight to obese people with metabolic syndrome . Although the negative health consequences of obesity in the general population are well supported by the available research evidence, health outcomes in certain subgroups seem to be improved at an increased BMI,
3990-667: The extent to which this group exists (especially among older people) is in dispute. The number of people considered metabolically healthy depends on the definition used, and there is no universally accepted definition. There are numerous obese people who have relatively few metabolic abnormalities, and a minority of obese people have no medical complications. The guidelines of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists call for physicians to use risk stratification with obese patients when considering how to assess their risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In 2014,
4060-471: The fact that people often lose weight as they become progressively more ill. Similar findings have been made in other types of heart disease. People with class I obesity and heart disease do not have greater rates of further heart problems than people of normal weight who also have heart disease. In people with greater degrees of obesity, however, the risk of further cardiovascular events is increased. Even after cardiac bypass surgery , no increase in mortality
4130-561: The kg is formulated as: This definition is generally consistent with previous definitions: the mass remains within 30 ppm of the mass of one litre of water. The kilogram is the only base SI unit with an SI prefix ( kilo ) as part of its name. The word kilogramme or kilogram is derived from the French kilogramme , which itself was a learned coinage, prefixing the Greek stem of χίλιοι khilioi "a thousand" to gramma ,
4200-485: The late 1990s, Europeans had 3,394 calories (14,200 kJ) per person, in the developing areas of Asia there were 2,648 calories (11,080 kJ) per person, and in sub-Saharan Africa people had 2,176 calories (9,100 kJ) per person. Total food energy consumption has been found to be related to obesity. The widespread availability of dietary guidelines has done little to address the problems of overeating and poor dietary choice. From 1971 to 2000, obesity rates in
4270-448: The main treatments recommended by health professionals. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat or sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber , if these dietary choices are available, affordable, and accessible. Medications can be used, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective,
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#17328012865174340-413: The metabolically healthy obese. Other definitions of metabolically healthy obesity exist, including ones based on waist circumference rather than BMI, which is unreliable in certain individuals. Another identification metric for health in obese people is calf strength , which is positively correlated with physical fitness in obese people. Body composition in general is hypothesized to help explain
4410-724: The person's height—is over 30 kg / m ; the range 25–30 kg / m is defined as overweight . Some East Asian countries use lower values to calculate obesity. Obesity is a major cause of disability and is correlated with various diseases and conditions , particularly cardiovascular diseases , type 2 diabetes , obstructive sleep apnea , certain types of cancer , and osteoarthritis . Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and environmental causes. Some known causes are diet, physical activity, automation , urbanization , genetic susceptibility , medications , mental disorders , economic policies , endocrine disorders , and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals . While
4480-500: The reproducible production of new, kilogram-mass prototypes on demand (albeit with extraordinary effort) using measurement techniques and material properties that are ultimately based on, or traceable to, physical constants. Others were based on devices that measured either the acceleration or weight of hand-tuned kilogram test masses and that expressed their magnitudes in electrical terms via special components that permit traceability to physical constants. All approaches depend on converting
4550-475: The rising rate of obesity is yet to be determined. Kilogram The kilogram (also spelled kilogramme ) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol kg . 'Kilogram' means 'one thousand grams ' and is colloquially abbreviated to kilo . The kilogram is an SI base unit , defined ultimately in terms of three defining constants of
4620-493: The strongest is the link with type 2 diabetes . Excess body fat underlies 64% of cases of diabetes in men and 77% of cases in women. Health consequences fall into two broad categories: those attributable to the effects of increased fat mass (such as osteoarthritis , obstructive sleep apnea , social stigmatization) and those due to the increased number of fat cells ( diabetes , cancer , cardiovascular disease , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ). Increases in body fat alter
4690-658: The units to be used when trading by weight or measure does not prevent the use of either spelling. In the 19th century the French word kilo , a shortening of kilogramme , was imported into the English language where it has been used to mean both kilogram and kilometre. While kilo as an alternative is acceptable, to The Economist for example, the Canadian government's Termium Plus system states that "SI (International System of Units) usage, followed in scientific and technical writing" does not allow its usage and it
4760-618: Was accepted by the 24th conference of the CGPM in October 2011 and further discussed at the 25th conference in 2014. Although the Committee recognised that significant progress had been made, they concluded that the data did not yet appear sufficiently robust to adopt the revised definition, and that work should continue to enable the adoption at the 26th meeting, scheduled for 2018. Such a definition would theoretically permit any apparatus that
4830-410: Was capable of delineating the kilogram in terms of the Planck constant to be used as long as it possessed sufficient precision, accuracy and stability. The Kibble balance is one way to do this. As part of this project, a variety of very different technologies and approaches were considered and explored over many years. Some of these approaches were based on equipment and procedures that would enable
4900-525: Was motivated by evidence accumulated over a long period of time that the mass of the IPK and its replicas had been changing; the IPK had diverged from its replicas by approximately 50 micrograms since their manufacture late in the 19th century. This led to several competing efforts to develop measurement technology precise enough to warrant replacing the kilogram artefact with a definition based directly on physical fundamental constants. The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) approved
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