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67-731: Characters U+337B through U+337E are the Japanese era calendar scheme symbols Heisei (㍻), Shōwa (㍼), Taishō (㍽) and Meiji (㍾) (also available in certain legacy sets, such as the " NEC special characters " extension for JIS X 0208 , as included in Microsoft's version and later JIS X 0213 ). The Reiwa era symbol ( U+32FF ㋿ SQUARE ERA NAME REIWA ) is in Enclosed CJK Letters and Months (the CJK Compatibility block having been fully allocated by

134-407: A handakuten marker ( ゜) changing the h ( f ) to a p . For example, は ( ha ) becomes ぱ ( pa ). A small version of the hiragana for ya , yu , or yo (ゃ, ゅ or ょ respectively) may be added to hiragana ending in i . This changes the i vowel sound to a glide ( palatalization ) to a , u or o . For example, き ( ki ) plus ゃ (small ya ) becomes きゃ ( kya ). Addition of the small y kana

201-416: A nasal sonorant which, depending on the context and dialect, sounds either like English m , n or ng ( [ ŋ ] ) when syllable-final or like the nasal vowels of French , Portuguese or Polish . Because the characters of the kana do not represent single consonants (except in the case of the aforementioned ん), the kana are referred to as syllabic symbols and not alphabetic letters. Hiragana

268-507: A velar nasal [ŋ] or velar fricative [ɣ] . For example, かぎ ( kagi , key) is often pronounced [kaŋi] . However, じゅうご ( jūgo , fifteen) is pronounced as if it was jū and go stacked end to end: [d͡ʑɯːɡo] . In many accents, the j and z sounds are pronounced as affricates ( [d͡ʑ] and [d͡z] , respectively) at the beginning of utterances and fricatives [ʑ, z] in the middle of words. For example, すうじ sūji [sɯːʑi] 'number', ざっし zasshi [d͡zaɕɕi] 'magazine'. The singular n

335-556: A 5×10 grid ( gojūon , 五十音 , "Fifty Sounds"), as illustrated in the adjacent table, read あ ( a ), い ( i ), う ( u ), え ( e ), お ( o ), か ( ka ), き ( ki ), く ( ku ), け ( ke ), こ ( ko ) and so forth (but si → shi , ti → chi , tu → tsu , hu → fu , wi → i , we → e , wo → o ). Of the 50 theoretically possible combinations, yi , ye , and wu are completely unused. On the w row, ゐ and ゑ , pronounced [i] and [e] respectively, are uncommon in modern Japanese, while を , pronounced [o] ,

402-423: A change in nengō. The new name, made public on the morning of 1 April of the same year, is Reiwa ( 令和 ) . The era name system that was introduced by Emperor Kōtoku was abandoned after his death; no era names were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by Emperor Tenmu in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death about two months later. In 701, Emperor Monmu once again reinstated

469-531: A more thorough discussion on the sounds of Japanese, please refer to Japanese phonology . With a few exceptions, such as for the three particles は (pronounced [wa] instead of [ha] ), へ (pronounced [e] instead of [he] ) and [o] (written を instead of お), Japanese when written in kana is phonemically orthographic , i.e. there is a one-to-one correspondence between kana characters and sounds, leaving only words' pitch accent unrepresented. This has not always been

536-480: Is つづく . For compound words where the dakuten reflects rendaku voicing, the original hiragana is used. For example, chi ( 血 'blood') is spelled ち in plain hiragana. When 鼻 hana ('nose') and 血 chi ('blood') combine to make hanaji ( 鼻血 'nose bleed'), the sound of 血 changes from chi to ji . So hanaji is spelled はなぢ . Similarly, tsukau ( 使う/遣う ; 'to use') is spelled つかう in hiragana, so kanazukai ( 仮名遣い ; 'kana use', or 'kana orthography')

603-620: Is Seiro ( 征露 ) (1904–1905), named for the Russo-Japanese War . Edo period scholar Tsurumine Shigenobu proposed that Kyūshū nengō ( 九州年号 ) , said to have been used in ancient Kumaso , should also be considered a form of shinengō . This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyūshū nengō can be seen in the Japanese language entries 鶴峯戊申 and 九州王朝説 . Certain era names have specific characters assigned to them, for instance ㋿ for

670-427: Is a phonetic lettering system. The word hiragana means "common" or "plain" kana (originally also "easy", as contrasted with kanji). Hiragana and katakana are both kana systems. With few exceptions, each mora in the Japanese language is represented by one character (or one digraph) in each system. This may be a vowel such as /a/ (hiragana あ ); a consonant followed by a vowel such as /ka/ ( か ); or /N/ ( ん ),

737-458: Is also used to write furigana , a reading aid that shows the pronunciation of kanji characters. There are two main systems of ordering hiragana : the old-fashioned iroha ordering and the more prevalent gojūon ordering. After the 1900 script reform , which deemed hundreds of characters hentaigana , the hiragana syllabary consists of 48 base characters, of which two ( ゐ and ゑ ) are only used in some proper names: These are conceived as

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804-600: Is arranged in a traditional manner, beginning top right and reading columns down. The numbers and arrows indicate the stroke order and direction respectively. Hiragana was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Hiragana is U+3040–U+309F: The Unicode hiragana block contains precomposed characters for all hiragana in the modern set, including small vowels and yōon kana for compound syllables as well as

871-447: Is called yōon . A small tsu っ, called a sokuon , indicates that the following consonant is geminated (doubled). In Japanese this is an important distinction in pronunciation; for example, compare さか , saka , "hill" with さっか , sakka , "author". However, it cannot be used to double an n – for this purpose, the singular n (ん) is added in front of the syllable, as in みんな ( minna , "all"). The sokuon also sometimes appears at

938-475: Is common as a particle but otherwise rare. Strictly speaking, the singular consonant ん ( n ) is considered as outside the gojūon . These basic characters can be modified in various ways. By adding a dakuten marker ( ゛), a voiceless consonant is turned into a voiced consonant : k → g , ts/s → z , t → d , h/f → b and ch / sh → j (also u → v(u) ). For example, か ( ka ) becomes が ( ga ). Hiragana beginning with an h (or f ) sound can also add

1005-489: Is considered non-standard in Japanese. However, the Okinawan language uses chōonpu with hiragana. In informal writing, small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds ( はぁ , haa , ねぇ , nee ). Plain (clear) and voiced iteration marks are written in hiragana as ゝ and ゞ, respectively. These marks are rarely used nowadays. The following table shows the complete hiragana together with

1072-566: Is generally arduous for a contemporary speaker to consciously perceive inazuma as separable into two discrete words. Thus, the default spelling いなずま is used instead of いなづま . Other examples include kizuna ( きずな ) and sakazuki ( さかずき ). Although these rules were officially established by a Cabinet Notice in 1986 revising the modern kana usage , they have sometimes faced criticism due to their perceived arbitrariness. Officially, ぢ and づ do not occur word-initially pursuant to modern spelling rules. There were words such as ぢばん jiban 'ground' in

1139-603: Is included in Unicode 14 as HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC WU (𛄟). Hiragana developed from man'yōgana , Chinese characters used for their pronunciations, a practice that started in the 5th century. The oldest examples of Man'yōgana include the Inariyama Sword , an iron sword excavated at the Inariyama Kofun. This sword is thought to be made in the year 辛亥年 (most commonly taken to be C.E. 471). The forms of

1206-532: Is normally treated as its own syllable and is separate from the other n -based kana ( na , ni etc.). ん is sometimes directly followed by a vowel ( a , i , u , e or o ) or a palatal approximant ( ya , yu or yo ). These are clearly distinct from the na , ni etc. syllables, and there are minimal pairs such as きんえん kin'en 'smoking forbidden', きねん kinen 'commemoration', きんねん kinnen 'recent years'. In Hepburn romanization, they are distinguished with an apostrophe, but not all romanization methods make

1273-440: Is now completely obsolete. ゔ vu is a modern addition used to represent the /v/ sound in foreign languages such as English, but since Japanese from a phonological standpoint does not have a /v/ sound, it is pronounced as /b/ and mostly serves as a more accurate indicator of a word's pronunciation in its original language. However, it is rarely seen because loanwords and transliterated words are usually written in katakana , where

1340-484: Is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 BCE through today. In addition to the official era name system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called shinengō ( 私年号 , "personal era name") , also known as ginengō ( 偽年号 ) or inengō ( 異年号 ) . Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from

1407-468: Is pronounced [m] before m , b and p , [n] before t , ch , ts , n , r , z , j and d , [ŋ] before k and g , [ɴ] at the end of utterances, and some kind of high nasal vowel [ɰ̃] before vowels, palatal approximants ( y ), and fricative consonants ( s , sh , h , f and w ). In kanji readings, the diphthongs ou and ei are usually pronounced [oː] (long o) and [eː] (long e) respectively. For example, とうきょう (lit. toukyou )

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1474-503: Is pronounced [toːkʲoː] 'Tokyo', and せんせい sensei is [seɯ̃seː] 'teacher'. However, とう tou is pronounced [toɯ] 'to inquire', because the o and u are considered distinct, u being the verb ending in the dictionary form. Similarly, している shite iru is pronounced [ɕiteiɾɯ] 'is doing'. In archaic forms of Japanese, there existed the kwa ( くゎ [kʷa] ) and gwa ( ぐゎ [ɡʷa] ) digraphs. In modern Japanese, these phonemes have been phased out of usage. For

1541-650: Is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor be referred to as Tennō Heika ( 天皇陛下 , "His Majesty the Emperor") or Kinjō Tennō ( 今上天皇 , "current emperor") . To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Reiwa", even in English, is a faux pas, as this is – and will be – his posthumous name . Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Naruhito") is rare, and is considered vulgar behaviour in Japanese. The Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019, necessitating

1608-505: Is spelled かなづかい in hiragana. However, there are cases where ぢ and づ are not used, such as the word for 'lightning', inazuma ( 稲妻 ). The first component, 稲 , meaning 'rice plant', is written いな ( ina ). The second component, 妻 (etymologically 夫 ), meaning 'spouse', is pronounced つま ( tsuma ) when standalone or often as づま (zuma) when following another syllable, such in 人妻 ( hitozuma , 'married woman'). Even though these components of 稲妻 are etymologically linked to 'lightning', it

1675-418: Is supported in the new Date and time API for the year Meiji 6 (1873) onwards. Computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems in preparation for the new era which began on 1 May 2019 . Windows provided a test mechanism to simulate a new era ahead of time. Java Development Kit 11 supported this era using the placeholders " 元号 " for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages. The final name

1742-531: Is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme . The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "gan ( 元 ) ") meaning "origin, basis", followed by the literal "nen ( 年 ) " meaning "year". Era names originated in 140 BCE in Imperial China , during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han . As elsewhere in

1809-531: Is used to add the diacritics to kana that are not normally used with them, for example applying the dakuten to a pure vowel or the handakuten to a kana not in the h-group. Characters U+3095 and U+3096 are small か ( ka ) and small け ( ke ), respectively. U+309F is a ligature of より ( yori ) occasionally used in vertical text. U+309B and U+309C are spacing (non-combining) equivalents to the combining dakuten and handakuten characters, respectively. Historic and variant forms of Japanese kana characters were first added to

1876-507: Is used to write okurigana (kana suffixes following a kanji root, for example to inflect verbs and adjectives), various grammatical and function words including particles , and miscellaneous other native words for which there are no kanji or whose kanji form is obscure or too formal for the writing purpose. Words that do have common kanji renditions may also sometimes be written instead in hiragana, according to an individual author's preference, for example to impart an informal feel. Hiragana

1943-412: Is written as du . These pairs are not interchangeable. Usually, ji is written as じ and zu is written as ず. There are some exceptions. If the first two syllables of a word consist of one syllable without a dakuten and the same syllable with a dakuten , the same hiragana is used to write the sounds. For example, chijimeru ('to boil down' or 'to shrink') is spelled ちぢめる and tsuzuku ('to continue')

2010-499: The Edo period in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their romanized names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i.e. 1980), and H22 stands for Heisei 22 (2010). At 62 years and 2 weeks, Shōwa is the longest era to date. The Reiwa ( 令和 ) era began on 1 May 2019, the day of accession of Naruhito to the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan , following the day of the planned and voluntary abdication of his father,

2077-505: The Nichūreki , Hakuhō refers to 661–683 CE, and in some medieval temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672–685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name. Other well-known itsunengō and shinengō include Hōkō ( 法興 ) (591–621+ CE), Suzaku ( 朱雀 ) (686), Entoku ( 延徳 ) (1460), Miroku ( 弥勒 ) (1506–1507 or 1507–1509) and Meiroku ( 命禄 ) (1540–1543). The most recent shinengō

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2144-572: The Reiwa period , which can also be written as 令和 . These are included in Unicode : Code points U+32FF (㋿), U+337B (㍻), U+337C (㍼), U+337D (㍽) and U+337E (㍾) are used for the Reiwa, Heisei, Shōwa, Taishō and Meiji eras, respectively. Certain calendar libraries support the conversion from and to the era system, as well as rendering of dates using it. Since the release of Java 8 , the Japanese calendar

2211-521: The Sinosphere , the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice, although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers. The five era names used since the end of

2278-512: The Unicode Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0, with significantly more added in 2017 as part of Unicode 10. The Unicode block for Kana Supplement is U+1B000–U+1B0FF, and is immediately followed by the Kana Extended-A block (U+1B100–U+1B12F). These blocks include mainly hentaigana (historic or variant hiragana): The Unicode block for Kana Extended-B is U+1AFF0–U+1AFFF: The Unicode block for Small Kana Extension

2345-400: The historical kana usage , but they were unified under じ in the modern kana usage in 1946, so today it is spelled exclusively じばん . However, づら zura 'wig' (from かつら katsura ) and づけ zuke (a sushi term for lean tuna soaked in soy sauce) are examples of word-initial づ today. No standard Japanese words begin with the kana ん ( n ). This is the basis of the word game shiritori . ん n

2412-494: The middle ages . Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the era name system in 701 are usually called itsunengō ( 逸年号 ) . Because official records of shinengō are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō Hakuhō ( 白鳳 ) is normally said to refer to 650–654 CE; a poetic synonym for the Hakuchi era . However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in

2479-423: The modified Hepburn romanization and IPA transcription, arranged in four categories, each of them displayed in the gojūon order. Those whose romanization are in bold do not use the initial consonant for that row. For all syllables besides ん, the pronunciation indicated is for word-initial syllables; for mid-word pronunciations see below. In the middle of words, the g sound (normally [ɡ] ) may turn into

2546-473: The sexagenary cycle , because they were inauspicious years in Onmyōdō . These three years are respectively known as kakurei , kakuun , and kakumei , and collectively known as sankaku . Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters. In historical practice, the first day of a nengō ( 元年 , gannen ) starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until

2613-519: The 125th Emperor, Akihito . Emperor Akihito had received special permission to abdicate, rather than serving in his role until his death, as is the rule. The Reiwa era follows the 31st and final year of the Heisei era ( 平成31年 ) , which had started on the day after the death of Emperor Hirohito on 8 January 1989. The system on which the Japanese era names are based originated in China in 140 BCE, and

2680-405: The 8th century. After 701, sequential era names developed without interruption across a span of centuries. As of 1 April 2019, there have been 239 era names. To convert a Japanese year to a Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the Japanese era name (also called nengō ). When found, add the number of the Japanese year, then subtract 1. The "one reign, one era name" ( 一世一元 ) system

2747-557: The Chinese trend. Tenpyō Kanpō ( 天平感宝 ) , Tenpyō Shōhō ( 天平勝宝 ) , Tenpyō Hōji ( 天平宝字 ) and Tenpyō Jingo ( 天平神護 ) are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the Heian period , Confucian thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as Daidō ( 大同 ) , Kōnin ( 弘仁 ) and Tenchō ( 天長 ) . Although there currently exist a total of 248 Japanese era names, only 73 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 73 kanji, 31 of them have been used only once, while

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2814-465: The advent of kana ), but is generally represented for purposes of reconstruction by the kanji 江, and its hiragana form is not present in any known orthography. In modern orthography, ye can also be written as いぇ (イェ in katakana ). While hiragana and katakana letters for "ye" were used for a short period after the advent of kana, the distinction between /ye/ and /e/ disappeared before glyphs could become established. It has not been demonstrated whether

2881-405: The case: a previous system of spelling, now referred to as historical kana usage , differed substantially from pronunciation; the three above-mentioned exceptions in modern usage are the legacy of that system. There are two hiragana pronounced ji (じ and ぢ) and two hiragana pronounced zu (ず and づ), but to distinguish them, particularly when typing Japanese , sometimes ぢ is written as di and づ

2948-425: The corresponding character would be written as ヴ. The digraphs ぢゃ , ぢゅ , ぢょ for ja / ju / jo are theoretically possible in rendaku , but are nearly never used in modern kana usage ; for example, the word 夫婦茶碗 , meoto-jawan (couple bowls), spelled めおとぢゃわん , where 茶碗 alone is spelled ちゃわん ( chawan ). The みゅ myu kana is extremely rare in originally Japanese words; linguist Haruhiko Kindaichi raises

3015-517: The days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the Era Name Law ( 元号法 , gengō-hō ) . Thus, since 1868, there have only been five era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa, Heisei, and Reiwa, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as " Emperor Meiji " ( 明治天皇 , Meiji Tennō ) . It

3082-451: The distinction. For example, past prime minister Junichiro Koizumi 's first name is actually じゅんいちろう Jun'ichirō pronounced [dʑɯɰ̃itɕiɾoː] There are a few hiragana that are rarely used. Outside of Okinawan orthography, ゐ wi [i] and ゑ we [e] are only used in some proper names. 𛀁 e was an alternate version of え e before spelling reform, and was briefly reused for ye during initial spelling reforms, but

3149-435: The end of utterances, where it denotes a glottal stop , as in いてっ! ( [iteʔ] , "Ouch!"). Two hiragana have pronunciations that depend on the context: Hiragana usually spells long vowels with the addition of a second vowel kana; for example, おかあさん ( o-ka-a-sa-n , "mother"). The chōonpu (long vowel mark) (ー) used in katakana is rarely used with hiragana, for example in the word らーめん , rāmen , but this usage

3216-515: The era name system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today. Although use of the Gregorian calendar for historical dates became increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to era names. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of era names was resolved by identifying the years of an imperial reign as a period. Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with

3283-452: The era name was changed to " Meiji " ( 明治 ) , and a "one reign, one era name" ( 一世一元 , issei-ichigen ) system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon immediate imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the Ming dynasty . The Japanese nengō system differs from Chinese practice, in that in the Chinese system the era name

3350-789: The eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent concept, introduced in practice during the Meiji period and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572—the year in which Emperor Bidatsu assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne – is properly written as " 敏達天皇元年 " ( Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen , "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not " 敏達元年 " ( Bidatsu Gannen , "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such. By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it

3417-474: The example of the Japanese family name Omamyūda ( 小豆生田 ) and claims it is the only occurrence amongst pure Japanese words. Its katakana counterpart is used in many loanwords, however. On the row beginning with わ /wa/, the hiragana ゐ /wi/ and ゑ /we/ are both quasi-obsolete, only used in some names. They are usually respectively pronounced [i] and [e]. In modified Hepburn romanization, they are generally written i and e . It has not been demonstrated whether

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3484-421: The hiragana originate from the cursive script style of Chinese calligraphy . The table to the right shows the derivation of hiragana from manyōgana via cursive script. The upper part shows the character in the regular script form, the center character in red shows the cursive script form of the character, and the bottom shows the equivalent hiragana. The cursive script forms are not strictly confined to those in

3551-458: The illustration. When it was first developed, hiragana was not accepted by everyone. The educated or elites preferred to use only the kanji system. Historically, in Japan, the regular script ( kaisho ) form of the characters was used by men and called otokode ( 男手 ) , "men's writing", while the cursive script ( sōsho ) form of the kanji was used by women. Hence hiragana first gained popularity among women, who were generally not allowed access to

3618-534: The mora /ji/ existed in old Japanese. Though ye did appear in some textbooks during the Meiji period along with another kana for yi in the form of cursive 以. Today it is considered a Hentaigana by scholars and is encoded in Unicode 10 ( 𛀆 ) This kana could have a colloquial use, to convert the combo yui (ゆい) into yii ( 𛀆 い), due to other Japanese words having a similar change. An early, now obsolete, hiragana-esque form of ye may have existed ( 𛀁 [je] ) in pre-Classical Japanese (prior to

3685-415: The mora /wu/ existed in old Japanese. However, hiragana wu also appeared in different Meiji-era textbooks ( [REDACTED] ). Although there are several possible source kanji, it is likely to have been derived from a cursive form of the man'yōgana 汙 , although a related variant sometimes listed ( [REDACTED] ) is from a cursive form of 紆 . However, it was never commonly used. This character

3752-581: The next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year. Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō Wadō ( 和銅 ) , during the Nara period, was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in Chichibu . Most nengō are composed of two kanji , except for a short time during the Nara period when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow

3819-407: The rare ゐ wi and ゑ we ; the archaic 𛀁 ye is included in plane 1 at U+1B001 (see below). All combinations of hiragana with dakuten and handakuten used in modern Japanese are available as precomposed characters (including the rare ゔ vu ), and can also be produced by using a base hiragana followed by the combining dakuten and handakuten characters (U+3099 and U+309A, respectively). This method

3886-404: The reign of Emperor Monmu (697–707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day. Prior to the Meiji period , era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new era name was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new era name was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of

3953-483: The rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations. The vast majority of Japanese Era Names were used for less than 10 years, with two being used for less than a year. Only 28 have been used for more than 10 years and less than 30 years. Only Heisei, Ōei, Meiji, and Showa have been used for more than 30 years. Mutsuhito assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the Keiō ( 慶応 ) era. On 23 October 1868,

4020-470: The same levels of education as men, thus hiragana was first widely used among court women in the writing of personal communications and literature. From this comes the alternative name of onnade ( 女手 ) "women's writing". For example, The Tale of Genji and other early novels by female authors used hiragana extensively or exclusively. Even today, hiragana is felt to have a feminine quality. Male authors came to write literature using hiragana. Hiragana

4087-2239: The time of its commencement). The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the CJK Compatibility block: CJK Unified Ideographs CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I CJK Radicals Supplement Kangxi Radicals Ideographic Description Characters CJK Symbols and Punctuation CJK Strokes Enclosed CJK Letters and Months CJK Compatibility CJK Compatibility Ideographs CJK Compatibility Forms Enclosed Ideographic Supplement CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 0 BMP 0 BMP 2 SIP 2 SIP 2 SIP 2 SIP 2 SIP 3 TIP 3 TIP 2 SIP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 1 SMP 2 SIP 4E00–9FFF 3400–4DBF 20000–2A6DF 2A700–2B73F 2B740–2B81F 2B820–2CEAF 2CEB0–2EBEF 30000–3134F 31350–323AF 2EBF0–2EE5F 2E80–2EFF 2F00–2FDF 2FF0–2FFF 3000–303F 31C0–31EF 3200–32FF 3300–33FF F900–FAFF FE30–FE4F 1F200–1F2FF 2F800–2FA1F 20,992 6,592 42,720 4,154 222 5,762 7,473 4,939 4,192 622 115 214 16 64 39 255 256 472 32 64 542 Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Not unified 12 are unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Common Han, Hangul , Common, Inherited Common Hangul, Katakana , Common Katakana, Common Han Common Hiragana , Common Han Japanese era name The Japanese era name ( Japanese : 元号 , Hepburn : gengō , "era name") or nengō ( 年号 , year name ) ,

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4154-453: Was added in JDK 12.0.1, after it was announced by the Japanese government. Unicode code point U+32FF (㋿) was reserved for representing the new era name, Reiwa. The list of Japanese era names is the result of a periodization system which was established by Emperor Kōtoku in 645. The system of Japanese era names ( 年号 , nengō , "year name") was irregular until the beginning of

4221-404: Was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku . The first era name to be assigned was "Taika" ( 大化 ) , celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great Taika reform ( 大化の改新 ) of 645. Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive era names was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during

4288-465: Was implemented in 1868 CE. Unofficial non- nengō periods ( shinengō ) before 701 are called itsunengō ( 逸年号 ) . Pre-Taika chronology intervals include: Post-Taika chronology intervals not covered by the nengō system include: Hiragana Hiragana ( 平仮名 , ひらがな , IPA: [çiɾaɡaꜜna, çiɾaɡana(ꜜ)] ) is a Japanese syllabary , part of the Japanese writing system , along with katakana as well as kanji . It

4355-505: Was more than one possible hiragana. In 1900, the system was simplified so each syllable had only one hiragana. The deprecated hiragana are now known as hentaigana ( 変体仮名 ) . The pangram poem Iroha -uta ("ABC song/poem"), which dates to the 10th century, uses every hiragana once (except n ん, which was just a variant of む before the Muromachi era ). The following table shows the method for writing each hiragana character. The table

4422-686: Was not updated until the year following the emperor's death. In modern practice, the first year of a nengō ( 元年 , gannen ) starts immediately upon the emperor's accession and ends on 31 December. Subsequent years follow the Gregorian calendar . For example, the Meiji era lasted until 30 July 1912, when the Emperor died and the Taishō ( 大正 ) era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and "Taishō 1" ( 大正元年 , Taishō gannen ) , although Meiji technically ended on 30 July with Mutsuhito's death. This practice, implemented successfully since

4489-423: Was used for unofficial writing such as personal letters, while katakana and kanji were used for official documents. In modern times, the usage of hiragana has become mixed with katakana writing. Katakana is now relegated to special uses such as recently borrowed words (i.e., since the 19th century), names in transliteration , the names of animals, in telegrams, and for emphasis. Originally, for all syllables there

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