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145-452: This is a list of terminology used in the fictional Dune universe created by Frank Herbert , the primary source being "Terminology of the Imperium", the glossary contained in the novel Dune (1965). Dune word construction could be classified into three domains of vocabulary, each marked with its own neology : the names and terms related to the politics and culture of the Imperium,

290-457: A feudal interstellar empire known as the Imperium, run by several Great Houses that oversee various planets. Of key interest is the planet Arrakis , known to the native population as "Dune". A desert planet with barely any precipitation , it is the only planet where a special life-extending drug, melange (or "the spice"), can be found. In addition to life extension, melange enhances the mental capacity of humans through prescience , allowing

435-443: A herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food. It is indicated in these verses of Quran, guidelines for Muslims about the consumption of meat: He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ carrion, blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone

580-445: A novelization written by Joan D. Vinge , and The Making of Dune (December 1984, ISBN   0-425-07376-9 ), a making-of book by Ed Naha . In May 1992, Ace Books published Songs of Muad'Dib ( ISBN   0-441-77427-X ), a collection of Dune -related poems written by Frank Herbert and edited by his son Brian. Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson released The Road to Dune on August 11, 2005. The book contains

725-416: A sheikh , and can involve silent meditation or repetition and visualisation of sacred words such as the 99 names of God or Quranic phrases, and may be done at rest or with rhythmic movements and controlling one's breath. Traditional Islamic orders have developed varied dhikr exercises including sometimes highly elaborate ritual dances accompanied by Sufi poetry and classical music. Al-Ghazzali discussed

870-675: A trilogy of Dune prequel novels that would come to be called the Prelude to Dune series. Using some of Frank Herbert's own notes, the duo wrote Dune: House Atreides (1999), Dune: House Harkonnen (2000), and Dune: House Corrino (2001). The series is set in the years immediately prior to the events of Dune . This was followed with a second prequel trilogy called the Legends of Dune , consisting of Dune: The Butlerian Jihad (2002), Dune: The Machine Crusade (2003), and Dune: The Battle of Corrin (2004). These were set during

1015-432: A Hugo Award. Children of Dune became the first hardcover best-seller ever in the science fiction field. Parts of these two first sequels were written before Dune was completed. In 1978, Putnam published The Illustrated Dune , an edition of Dune with 33 black-and-white sketch drawings and eight full color paintings by John Schoenherr , who had done the cover art for the first printing of Dune and had illustrated

1160-594: A Martyr " (2004), " Dune: Sea Child " (2006), " Dune: Treasure in the Sand " (2006), " Dune: Wedding Silk " (2008), and " Dune: Red Plague " (2016). These eight short stories were published together in the 2017 collection Tales of Dune: Expanded Edition . The four novellas include " Dune: The Waters of Kanly " (2017), " Dune: Blood of the Sardaukar " (2019), " Dune: The Edge of a Crysknife " (2022), and " Dune: Imperial Court " (2022). The four novellas were published together in

1305-472: A ban of depiction of animate beings, also known as aniconism. Islamic aniconism stems in part from the prohibition of idolatry and in part from the belief that creation of living forms is God's prerogative. Although the Quran does not explicitly prohibit visual representation of any living being, it uses the word musawwir (maker of forms, artist) as an epithet of God. The corpus of hadith (sayings attributed to

1450-711: A bloody jihad subsequently unleashed across the universe in Paul's name but out of his control, the Bene Gesserit, Tleilaxu, Spacing Guild, and House Corrino conspire to dethrone him in Dune Messiah (1969). Though the plot fails, the Atreides Empire continues to devolve in Children of Dune (1976) as the religion built around Paul falters, Irulan's sister Wensicia conspires to place her son Farad'n on

1595-462: A character who attains godlike status through scientific means. Frank Herbert said in 1979, "The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is: beware of heroes. Much better [to] rely on your own judgment, and your own mistakes." He wrote in 1985, " Dune was aimed at this whole idea of the infallible leader because my view of history says that mistakes made by a leader (or made in a leader's name) are amplified by

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1740-566: A collective orgasm" (drawing on Norman Walter's 1950 The Sexual Cycle of Human Warfare ). These themes reappear in God Emperor of Dune 's Scattering and Leto II Atreides 's all-female Fish Speaker army. Brian Herbert wrote that " Dune is a modern-day conglomeration of familiar myths, a tale in which great sandworms guard a precious treasure of melange...[that] resembles the myth described by an unknown English poet in Beowulf ,

1885-408: A female only environment, as is often performed at celebrations, but discouraging men to engage in it. Other classical authorities including Al-Ghazzali and Al-Nawawi allow it without this distinction, but criticised dancing which is "languid" or excites carnal lusts. Most of the religious orders ( tariqa ) which dominate traditional Muslim religious life practice ritualised forms of dance in

2030-521: A great influence on music, as it united vast areas under the first caliphs, and facilitated trade between distant lands. Certainly the Sufis , brotherhoods of Muslim mystics , spread their music far and wide. Alauddin Khan , Ali Akbar Khan , and Gul Mohammad Khan were notable Bengali Muslim exponents of classical music and Runa Laila became widely acclaimed for her musical talents across South Asia in

2175-646: A group of ambitious, militant humans calling themselves the Titans use this widespread reliance on machine intelligence to seize control of the entire universe. Their reign lasts for a century; eventually they give too much access and power to the AI program Omnius , which usurps control from the Titans themselves. Seeing no value in human life, the thinking machines—now including armies of robot soldiers and other aggressive machines—dominate and enslave nearly all of humanity in

2320-501: A laugh or a shudder from his audience" In Iran puppets are known to have existed much earlier than 1000, but initially only glove and string puppets were popular in Iran. Other genres of puppetry emerged during the Qajar era (18th–19th century) as influences from Turkey spread to the region. Kheimeh Shab-Bazi is a Persian traditional puppet show which is performed in a small chamber by

2465-704: A monopoly on spice and thus total control of its use). Personal violence is banned, as is nearly all space travel, creating a pent-up demand for freedom and travel. The Bene Gesserit, Ixians, and Tleilaxu seek ways to regain some of their former power or unseat Leto altogether. Leto also conducts his selective breeding program among the descendants of his twin sister Ghanima, finally arriving at Siona , daughter of Moneo , whose actions are hidden from prescient vision. Leto engineers his own assassination, knowing it will result in rebellion and revolt but also in an explosion in travel and colonization. The death of Leto's body also produces new sandtrout, which will eventually give rise to

2610-454: A musical performer and a storyteller called a morshed or naghal . These shows often take place alongside storytelling in traditional tea and coffee-houses ( Ghahve-Khave ). The dialogue takes place between the morshed and the puppets. Puppetry remains very popular in Iran, the touring opera Rostam and Sohrab puppet opera being a recent example. The Royal Opera House in Muscat, Oman . It

2755-495: A novelette called Spice Planet (an alternative version of Dune based on an outline by Frank Herbert), a number of the Brian Herbert/Anderson short stories, and letters and unused chapters written by Frank Herbert. In the 1999 gazetteer The Stars and Planets of Frank Herbert's Dune: A Gazetteer (1999), Joseph M. Daniels estimates the distance from Earth in light-years (ly) for many Dune planets, based on

2900-552: A population of sandworms and a new cycle of spice production. In the aftermath of the fall of the God Emperor, chaos and severe famine in many worlds caused trillions of humans to set off into the freedom of unknown space and spread out across the universe. This diaspora is later called the Scattering and, combined with the invisibility of Atreides descendants to prescient vision, assures that humanity has forever escaped

3045-476: A proposal sent to publishers, Brian Herbert had discovered his father's 30-page outline for a sequel to Chapterhouse Dune , which the elder Herbert had dubbed Dune 7 . After publishing their six prequel novels, Brian Herbert and Anderson released Hunters of Dune (2006) and Sandworms of Dune (2007), which complete the original series and wrap up storylines that began with Frank Herbert's Heretics of Dune . The Heroes of Dune series followed, focusing on

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3190-662: A son—unintentionally producing the Kwisatz Haderach a generation early. "Human computers" known as Mentats have been developed and perfected to replace the capacity for logical analysis lost through the prohibition of computers. Through specific training, they learn to enter a heightened mental state in which they can perform complex logical computations that are superior to those of the ancient thinking machines. The Bene Tleilax are amoral merchants who traffic in biological and genetically engineered products such as artificial eyes, "twisted" Mentats, and gholas . Finally,

3335-558: A theoretical superhuman male they call the Kwisatz Haderach . When Dune begins, the Sisterhood is only one generation away from their desired individual, having manipulated the threads of genes and power for thousands of years to produce the required confluence of events. But Lady Jessica , ordered by the Bene Gesserit to produce a daughter who would breed with the appropriate male to make the Kwisatz Haderach, instead bears

3480-480: A variety of decorative figural designs. Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy , based upon the alphabet in the lands sharing a common Islamic cultural heritage. It includes Arabic Calligraphy , Ottoman , and Persian calligraphy . It is known in Arabic as khatt Islami ( خط اسلامي ), meaning Islamic line, design, or construction. The development of Islamic calligraphy

3625-475: A variety of factors, there are variations in the application of Islamic beliefs in different cultures and traditions. Arabic literature ( Arabic : الأدب العربي / ALA-LC : al-Adab al-'Arabī ) is the writing, both prose and poetry , produced by writers in the Arabic language . The Arabic word used for literature is " Adab " , which is derived from a meaning of etiquette , and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in

3770-415: A vast number of worlds. However, a great reaction against computers has resulted in a ban on any "thinking machine", with the creation or possession of such punishable by immediate death . Despite this prohibition, humanity continues to develop and advance other branches of technology, including extrasensory perception (ESP) and instruments of war. At the time of the first book's setting, humanity has formed

3915-567: A violent and corrupt matriarchal society known as the Honored Matres , who they suspect may be descended from some of their own sent out in the Scattering. As a bitter and bloody war erupts between the orders, it ultimately becomes clear that joining the two organizations into a single New Sisterhood with shared abilities is their best chance to fight the approaching enemy. The sequels Hunters of Dune (2006) and Sandworms of Dune (2007) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson complete

4060-523: Is a landmark of soft science fiction . Herbert deliberately suppressed technology in his Dune universe so he could address the politics of humanity, rather than the future of humanity's technology. Dune considers the way humans and their institutions might change over time. Jon Michaud of The New Yorker called the originating novel Dune "an epic of political betrayal, ecological brinkmanship , and messianic deliverance." Director John Harrison , who adapted Dune for Syfy 's 2000 miniseries , called

4205-635: Is a multicultural religion, the musical expression of its adherents is diverse. The Seljuk Turks , a nomadic tribe that converted to Islam, conquered Anatolia (now Turkey ), and held the Caliphate as the Ottoman Empire , also had a strong influence on Islamic music. See Turkish classical music . Sub-Saharan Africa , India , and the Malay Archipelago also have large Muslim populations, but these areas have had less influence than

4350-928: Is a notable exception in that they do not use music and dancing in the context of dhikr . In addition to these strictly religious forms of dance, colourful dancing processions traditionally take place in Muslim communities during weddings and public celebrations such as Mawlid , Eid el-Adha , and so on. Many Islamic cultures have also developed classical forms of dance in the context for instance of Mughal , Ottoman , Persian and Javanese court cultures, as well as innumerable local folk and tribal dances (for instance amongst Bedouin , Tuareg and Pashto peoples), and other forms of dance used for entertainment or sometimes healing such as belly dancing (principally associated with Egyptian culture). Although tariqas and their rituals have been an omnipresent part of Muslim life for most of Islam's history and were largely responsible for

4495-612: Is balanced by the assembly of noble houses called the Landsraad , which enforces the Great Convention 's ban on the use of atomics against human targets. Though the power of the Corrinos is unrivaled by any individual House, they are in constant competition with each other for political power and stakes in the omnipresent CHOAM company, a directorship that controls the wealth of the entire Empire. The third primary power in

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4640-436: Is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Tell them (O Muhammad!): 'I do not find in what has been revealed to me anything forbidden for anyone who wants to eat unless it is carrion, outpoured blood and the flesh of swine, all of which is unclean; or that which is profane having been slaughtered in a name other than that of Allah. But whosoever

4785-441: Is considered to be the first opera house linking Islamic culture with classical music. Following the independence of Pakistan in 1947, religion-based nationalism was strong and affected the theatre in both wings of the country. In East Pakistan (modern-day Bangladesh), playwrights emerged such as Ibrahim Khan (1894–1978), Ibrahim Khalil (b. 1916), Akbar ad-Din (1895–1978) and others. These playwrights would create plays related to

4930-645: Is considered to be: "Thou shalt not disfigure the soul." Early in his newspaper career, Frank Herbert was introduced to Zen , a school of Mahayana Buddhism , by two Jungian psychologists, Ralph and Irene Slattery, who "gave a crucial boost to his thinking". Zen teachings ultimately had "a profound and continuing influence on [Herbert's] work". Throughout the Dune series and particularly in Dune , Herbert employs concepts and forms borrowed from Zen Buddhism. The Fremen are Zensunni adherents, and many of Herbert's epigraphs are Zen-spirited. In " Dune Genesis", Frank Herbert wrote: Islamic culture Owing to

5075-429: Is constrained to it by necessity – this – neither desiring to disobey nor exceeding the limit of necessity – your Lord is surely All Forgiving, All-Compassionate. Forbidden to you is that which dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that on which any other name than that of Allah has been invoked, and the strangled (animal) and that beaten to death, and that killed by a fall and that killed by being smitten with

5220-404: Is life-threatening) to smaller, mouse-like life-forms adapted to live with limited water. Dune was followed in its creation of complex and unique ecologies by other science fiction books such as A Door into Ocean (1986) and Red Mars (1992). Environmentalists have pointed out that Dune 's popularity as a novel depicting a planet as a complex, almost living, thing, in combination with

5365-454: Is not as rigid as it appears. Certain religious rites are performed during and after the death of a Muslim . Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the Shahada as Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith. After the death, the body is appropriately bathed by the members of the same gender and then enshrouded in a threefold white garment called kafan . Placing

5510-612: Is one earliest works of feminist science fiction . UNESCO decided to observe 21 February as International Mother Language Day . The UNESCO General Conference took the decision that took effect on 17 November 1999, From the 11th century, there was a growing body of Islamic literature in the Turkic languages . However, for centuries to come the official language in Turkish-speaking areas would remain Persian. In Anatolia, with

5655-492: Is permitted by Islam, Islam does not allow for any performances to depict God, Muhammad , his companions, the angels or matters detailed in the religion that are unseen. The most popular forms of theatre in the medieval Islamic world were puppet theatre (which included hand puppets, shadow plays and marionette productions) and live passion plays known as ta'ziya , where actors re-enact episodes from Muslim history . In particular, Shia Islamic plays revolved around

5800-525: Is similarly corrupt, materially indulgent, and a sexual degenerate. Gibbon's Decline and Fall partly blames the fall of Rome on the rise of Christianity. Gibbon claimed that this exotic import from a conquered province weakened the soldiers of Rome and left it open to attack. Similarly, the Emperor's Sardaukar fighters are little match for the Fremen of Arrakis because of the Sardaukar's overconfidence and

5945-622: Is strongly tied to the Qur'an ; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all Islamic art , it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects

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6090-412: Is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan , the wider Transcaucasus , Anatolia, western parts of Pakistan , Bangladesh , India, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia. Not all Persian literature is written in Persian; works written by ethnic Persians in other languages, such as Greek and Arabic , are sometimes included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian

6235-400: Is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians; Turkic, Caucasian, and Indian poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of Persianate societies. Described as one of the great literatures of humanity, including Goethe 's assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature, Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle and Old Persian ,

6380-493: The shaheed (martyrdom) of Ali 's sons Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali . Live secular plays were known as akhraja , recorded in medieval adab literature, though they were less common than puppetry and ta'zieh theatre. One of the oldest, and most enduring, forms of puppet theatre is the Wayang of Indonesia . Although it narrates primarily pre-Islamic legends, it is also an important stage for Islamic epics such as

6525-512: The Analog serializations of Dune and Children of Dune . Herbert wrote in 1980 that though he had not spoken to Schoenherr prior to the artist creating the paintings, the author was surprised to find that the artwork appeared exactly as he had imagined its fictional subjects, including sandworms , Baron Harkonnen and the Sardaukar . In 1981, Herbert released God Emperor of Dune , which

6670-704: The Bedouin tribes of Arabia, and the Mahdi prophecy originates from Islamic eschatology . Inspiration is also adopted from medieval historian ibn Khaldun 's cyclical history and his dynastic concept in North Africa, hinted by Herbert's reference to ibn Khaldun's book Kitāb al-ʿIbar "The Book of Lessons" as known among the Fremen. In addition to Arabic, Dune derives words and names from multiple other languages, including Hebrew , Navajo , Latin , Chakobsa ,

6815-480: The Butlerian Jihad , an element of backstory that Frank Herbert had previously established as occurring 10,000 years before the events chronicled in Dune . Herbert's brief description of humanity's "crusade against computers , thinking machines , and conscious robots " was expanded by Brian Herbert and Anderson in this series. With an outline for the first book of Prelude to Dune series written and

6960-853: The Caucasus , and Turkey , regions of Central Asia such as Tajikistan , and South Asia , where Persian has historically been either the native or official language. For instance, Rumi , one of the best-loved Persian poets, was born in Balkh (in what is now Afghanistan) or Vakhsh (in what is now Tajikistan), wrote in Persian, and lived in Konya , then the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There

7105-411: The Dune universe can be said to fall into five general time periods: As explained in Dune , the Butlerian Jihad is a conflict taking place over 11,000 years in the future (and over 10,000 years before the events of Dune ), which results in the total destruction of virtually all forms of "computers, thinking machines , and conscious robots ". With the prohibition "Thou shalt not make a machine in

7250-473: The Fremen , long overlooked by the Imperium. Considered backward savages, the Fremen are extremely hardy people and exist in large numbers; their culture is built around the commodity of water, which is extremely scarce on Arrakis. The Fremen await the coming of a prophesied messiah , not suspecting that this prophecy had been planted in their legends by the Missionaria Protectiva , an arm of

7395-687: The Mevlevi Order founded by Jalaluddin Rumi , which was the main Sunni order of the Ottoman Empire , and its sama ritual (known in the West as "the whirling dervishes "). The Mevlevi order, its rituals and Ottoman classical music has been banned in Turkey through much of the 20th century as part of the country's drive towards secular "modernisation", and the order's properties have been expropriated and

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7540-728: The Mosque , the Tomb , the Palace and the Fort . From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as public baths , fountains and domestic architecture. Islamic architecture may be identified with the following design elements, which were inherited from the first mosque built by Muhammad in Medina , as well as from other pre-Islamic features adapted from churches and synagogues. Whilst theatre

7685-592: The Nahuatl language of the Aztecs , Greek , Persian , East Indian , Russian , Turkish , Finnish , Dutch and Old English . Through the inspiration from Lesley Blanch's The Sabres of Paradise , there are also allusions to the Tsarist-era Russian nobility and Cossacks . Frank Herbert stated that bureaucracy that lasted long enough would become a hereditary nobility, and a significant theme behind

7830-804: The Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam , who is appalled by Paul's suggestion that he impregnate his consort in this manner. Herbert died in 1986, leaving his vision of the events of the Butlerian Jihad unexplored and open to speculation. The Legends of Dune prequel trilogy (2002–2004) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson presents the Jihad as a war between humans and the sentient machines they had created, who rise up and nearly destroy humanity. The series explains that humanity had become entirely complacent and dependent upon thinking machines; recognizing this weakness,

7975-672: The Russian conquest of the Caucasus , has also been identified as a major influence upon Dune , with its depiction of Imam Shamil , the Caucasian Imamate , and the Islamic culture of the Caucasus inspiring some of the themes, characters, events and terminology of Dune . Multiple proverbs recorded by Blanch's The Sabres as originating from the Caucasus Mountains are included in Dune , such as "polish comes from

8120-544: The Spacing Guild pilots (mutated by heavy melange use) to navigate folded space and travel the distances between planets; and triggers some of the powers of the Bene Gesserit , a religious group that secretly seeks to control the direction humanity takes. Melange is challenging to acquire due to the harsh environment of Arrakis, and the presence of giant sandworms that are drawn towards any rhythmic sounds on

8265-663: The Tahirids and Samanids being based in Khorasan. Persian poets such as Ferdowsi , Saadi Shirazi , Hafiz Shirazi , Attar of Nishapur , Nizami Ganjavi , Rumi and Omar Khayyam are also known in the West and have influenced the literature of many countries. For a thousand years, since the invasion of India by the Ghaznavids , the Persian–Islamic culture of the eastern half of the Islamic world started to influence

8410-408: The desert planet Arrakis , known as Dune, which is the only source of the all-important spice melange. The most valuable commodity in the known universe, the spice not only makes safe and reliable interstellar travel possible, but also prolongs life, protects against disease, and is used by the Bene Gesserit to enhance their abilities. The potential financial gains for House Atreides are mitigated by

8555-534: The 14th century, Muslim writers began to enrich the Bengali language for over 600 years, often being actively supported and promoted by the rulers themselves. The early 20th century brought a new era for Bengali Islamic literature, with its most notable poet Kazi Nazrul Islam espousing intense rebellion against colonialism and oppression, in addition to writing a highly acclaimed collection of Bengali ghazals . Sultana's Dream by Begum Rokeya , an Islamic feminist ,

8700-621: The 1960s, there were just these two colossal superpowers duking it out. Today we're living in a more feudal, corporatized world more akin to Herbert's universe of separate families, power centers and business interests, all interrelated and kept together by the one commodity necessary to all. Novelist Brian Herbert , Frank Herbert's son and biographer, explained that "Frank Herbert drew parallels, used spectacular metaphors, and extrapolated present conditions into world systems that seem entirely alien at first blush. But close examination reveals they aren't so different from systems we know." He wrote that

8845-501: The 1960s—who are the exception among ordinary people in their respective worlds—Herbert's characters grow their powers through "the application of mystical philosophies and techniques." For Herbert, the ordinary person can develop incredible fighting skills (Fremen, Swordmasters of Ginaz and Sardaukar) or mental abilities (Bene Gesserit, Mentats, Spacing Guild Navigators). Due to the similarities between some of Herbert's terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in Arabic , as well as

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8990-496: The 1965 novel Dune by Frank Herbert and has continued to add new publications. Dune is frequently described as the best-selling science fiction novel in history. It won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel and the Hugo Award in 1966 and was later adapted into a 1984 film , a 2000 television miniseries , and a two-part film series with the first film in 2021 and a sequel in 2024. Herbert wrote five sequels,

9135-497: The 5th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The Qur'an ,(the holy book of Islam) widely regarded by people as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language , would have the greatest lasting effect on Arabic culture and its literature. Arabic literature flourished during the Islamic Golden Age , but has remained vibrant to the present day, with poets and prose-writers across

9280-464: The 7th and 8th centuries. Further east, it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to the Southeast Asia . Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings, and the decoration of surfaces with Islamic calligraphy and geometric and interlace patterned ornament. The principal Islamic architectural types for large or public buildings are:

9425-592: The Arab world, as well as rest of the world, achieving increasing success. Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Western Iranian languages , particularly Middle and New Persian , and it is one of the world's oldest literatures . It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran , Iraq , Syria , Afghanistan ,

9570-435: The Bene Gesserit dedicated to religious manipulation to ease the path of the Sisterhood when necessary. In Dune , the so-called "Arrakis Affair" puts unexpected Kwisatz Haderach Paul Atreides in control of first the Fremen people and then Arrakis itself. Absolute control over the spice supply allows Paul to depose Shaddam and become ruler of the known universe, with Shaddam's eldest daughter Princess Irulan as his wife. With

9715-497: The Bene Gesserit pursue their goal to better the human race by subtly and secretly guiding and manipulating the affairs of others to serve their own purposes. By the time of Dune , they have secured a level of control over the current emperor, Shaddam IV , by marrying him to one of their own who intentionally bears him only daughters. The Bene Gesserit also has a secret, millennia-long selective breeding program to bolster and preserve valuable skills and bloodlines as well as to produce

9860-701: The Bene Gesserit, the Mentats, the Suk doctors , the Spacing Guild and the Navigators, as well as the solidifying of the Corrino Imperium." Sisterhood of Dune was released in 2012, followed by Mentats of Dune in 2014. In a 2009 interview, Anderson stated that the third and final novel would be titled The Swordmasters of Dune , but by 2014 it had been renamed Navigators of Dune . The novel

10005-482: The Fremen's capacity for self-sacrifice. The Fremen put the community before themselves in every instance, while the world outside wallows in luxury at the expense of others. The decline and long peace of the Empire sets the stage for revolution and renewal by genetic mixing of successful and unsuccessful groups through war, a process culminating in the Jihad led by Paul Atreides , described by Herbert as depicting "war as

10150-440: The God Emperor Leto II Atreides, has ruled the Empire for 3,500 years from the verdant face of a transformed Arrakis; melange production has ceased. Leto has forced the sandworms into extinction, except for the larval sandtrout with which he had forged a symbiosis , transforming him into a human-sandworm hybrid. Human civilization before his rule had suffered from twin weaknesses: that a single authority could control it and that it

10295-423: The Indian culture. Persian was the official language of most Indian empires such as the Ghaznavids , the Delhi Sultanate , the Bengal Sultanate , the Deccan Sultanates (such as the Qutb Shahi dynasty ) and the Mughal Empire . Persian artistic forms in literature and poetry such as ghazals have come to significantly affect Urdu and other Indian literature. More Persian literature was produced in India than in

10440-532: The Iranian world. As late as the 20th century, Allama Iqbal chose Persian for some of his major poetic works. The first Persian language newspaper was also published in India, given that printing machines were first implemented in India. In Bengal , Muslim writers were exploring different themes through Islamic narratives and epics such as culture, cosmology, love and history. Starting from Shah Muhammad Saghir in

10585-554: The Islamic history of the subcontinent and Middle East, glorifying past Muslim rulers as well as the history of the Pakistan Movement . Many forms of dancing arts are practised in Muslim cultures, both in religious and secular contexts (such as folk and tribal dances, court dances, dances of celebration during weddings and festivals, belly dancing , etc. ). Some scholars of Islamic fiqh pronounced gender based rulings on dance, making it permissible for women within

10730-673: The Islamic prophet Muhammad ) contains more explicit prohibitions of images of living beings, challenging painters to "breathe life" into their images and threatening them with punishment on the Day of Judgment . Muslims have interpreted these prohibitions in different ways in different times and places. Religious Islamic art has been typically characterized by the absence of figures and extensive use of calligraphic , geometric and abstract floral patterns. However, representations of Muhammad (in some cases, with his face concealed) and other religious figures are found in some manuscripts from lands to

10875-525: The Ixians produce cutting-edge technology that seemingly complies with (but pushes the boundaries of) the prohibitions against thinking machines. The Ixians are very secretive, not only to protect their valuable hold on the industry but also to hide any methods or inventions that may breach the anti-thinking machine protocols. Against this backdrop, the Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy (1999–2001) chronicles

11020-664: The Magnificent , developed an interest in the plays and watched them a great deal. Thus shadow theatre found its way into the Ottoman palaces. In other areas the style of shadow puppetry known as khayal al-zill – an intentionally metaphorical term whose meaning is best translated as 'shadows of the imagination' or 'shadow of fancy' survives. This is a shadow play with live music .."the accompaniment of drums, tambourines and flutes...also..."special effects" – smoke, fire, thunder, rattles, squeaks, thumps, and whatever else might elicit

11165-519: The Middle East, as well as the more recent style of calligraffiti . Islamic architecture is the range of architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam . It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. Early Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman , Byzantine , Persian and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in

11310-610: The Priesthood of the Divided God, control the sandworms and their planet, now called Rakis, but the Tleilaxu have discovered how to produce melange using their axlotl tanks in quantities that greatly exceed natural melange harvests. This balance of power is shattered by a large influx of people from the Scattering, some fleeing persecution by an as-yet-unknown enemy. Among the returning people, the Bene Gesserit finds its match in

11455-570: The Turkish people emigrating from Central Asia. Other scholars claim that shadow theatre came to Anatolia in the 16th century from Egypt . The advocates of this view claim that when Yavuz Sultan Selim conquered Egypt in 1517, he saw shadow theatre performed during an extacy party put on in his honour. Yavuz Sultan Selim was so impressed with it that he took the puppeteer back to his palace in Istanbul. There his 47-year-old son, later Sultan Suleyman

11600-532: The advent of the Seljuks, the practise and usage of Persian in the region would be strongly revived. A branch of the Seljuks , the Sultanate of Rum , took Persian language, art and letters to Anatolia. They adopted Persian language as the official language of the empire. The Ottomans , which can "roughly" be seen as their eventual successors, took this tradition over. Persian was the official court language of

11745-605: The adventures of Amir Hamzah (pictured). Islamic Wayang is known as Wayang Sadat or Wayang Menak . Karagoz , the Turkish Shadow Theatre has influenced puppetry widely in the region. It is thought to have passed from China by way of India . Later it was taken by the Mongols from the Chinese and transmitted to the Turkish peoples of Central Russia. Thus the art of Shadow Theatre was brought to Anatolia by

11890-592: The aristocratic families in Dune was "aristocratic bureaucracy" which he saw as analogous to the Soviet Union . Brian Herbert called the Dune universe "a spiritual melting pot", noting that his father, Frank Herbert, incorporated elements of a variety of religions, including Buddhism , Sufi mysticism and other Islamic belief systems, Catholicism , Protestantism , Judaism , and Hinduism . He added that Frank Herbert's fictional future in which "religious beliefs have combined into interesting forms" represents

12035-577: The author's solution to eliminating arguments between religions, each of which claim to have "the one and only revelation." Frank Herbert writes that, in the aftermath of the technology-purging Butlerian Jihad, the Bene Gesserit composed the Azhar Book, which "preserves the great secrets of the most ancient faiths". Soon after, an ecumenical council created a syncretic religion defined by the Orange Catholic Bible , which would become

12180-407: The birth, the words of Adhan is pronounced in the right ear of the child. In the seventh day, the aquiqa ceremony is performed, in which an animal is slaughtered and its meat is distributed among the poor. The head of the child is also shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child's hair is donated to the poor. Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food, shelter, and education,

12325-457: The body on a bier , it is first taken to a mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person, and then to the graveyard for burial. Many practices fall in the category of adab , or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with " as-salamu 'alaykum " ("peace be unto you"), saying bismillah ("in the name of God ") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into

12470-402: The bride, as stipulated in the contract. With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim-majority countries, plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim weddings. Generally in a Muslim family, a woman's sphere of operation is the home and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside world. However, in practice, this separation

12615-503: The category of personal cleanliness and health. Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam. Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al-Janazah ("funeral prayer") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave . Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion , and alcohol . All meat must come from

12760-401: The centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam. Muhammad is said to have said: "The first thing God created was the pen." Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles: Kufic and Naskh . There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Islamic calligraphy has also been incorporated into modern art beginning with the post-colonial period in

12905-620: The city, wisdom from the hills," becoming "polish comes from the cities, wisdom from the desert" for Arrakis. The environment of the desert planet Arrakis is similar to the Middle East, particularly the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf , as well as to Mexico . The novel also contains references to the petroleum industries in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf as well as Mexico. The Fremen people of Arrakis were influenced by

13050-620: The collection Sands of Dune , which released on July 28, 2022. In 1984, Herbert's publisher Putnam released The Dune Encyclopedia . Approved by Herbert but not written by him, this collection of essays by 43 contributors describes in invented detail many aspects of the Dune universe not found in the novels themselves. Herbert's estate later confirmed its non- canonical status after Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson had begun publishing prequel novels that directly contradict The Dune Encyclopedia . The 1984 Dune film spawned The Dune Storybook (September 1984, ISBN   0-399-12949-9 ),

13195-466: The compelling tale of a fearsome fire dragon who guarded a great treasure hoard in a lair under cliffs." Paul's rise to superhuman status follows the hero's journey template; after unfortunate circumstances are forced onto him, he suffers a long period of hardship and exile, and finally confronts and defeats the source of evil in his tale. As such, Dune is representative of a general trend beginning in 1960s American science fiction in that it features

13340-405: The context of dhikr ceremonies. Dhikr , "recollection" (of God) is a meditative form of worship different from ritual prayer where the seeker focuses all of his senses and thoughts on God in the hope of attaining maarifat (experiential knowledge of God) and triggering mystic states within him- or herself. Dhikr can be performed individually or with like-minded followers under the direction of

13485-714: The country's mosques put out of its control, which has radically diminished its influence in modern Turkey. In 2008, UNESCO confirmed the " Mevlevi Sama Ceremony" of Turkey as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity , and the practice is now regaining interest. In Egypt and the Levant , the Mevlevi form of sama is known as tannoura and has been adopted (with some modifications) by other Sufi orders as well. The Chishti order, traditionally

13630-483: The creation of the universal Orange Catholic Bible and the rise of a new feudal pan-galactic empire that lasts for over 10,000 years before Herbert's series begins. Several secret societies also develop, using eugenics programs, intensive mental and physical training, and pharmaceutical enhancements to hone human skills to an astonishing degree. Artificial insemination is also prohibited, as explained in Dune Messiah (1969), when Paul Atreides negotiates with

13775-588: The depiction of human and animal figures, especially in painting and small anonymous relief figures as part of a decorative scheme. Almost all Persian miniatures (as opposed to decorative illuminations ) include figures, often in large numbers, as do their equivalents in Arab, Mughal and Ottoman miniatures . But miniatures in books or muraqqa albums were private works owned by the elite. Larger figures in monumental sculpture are exceptionally rare until recent times, and portraiture showing realistic representations of individuals (and animals) did not develop until

13920-623: The dominant Islamic institution in Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent and the most ancient of the major Sufi orders, also practices forms of sama similar to the Mevlevis, as well as other forms of devotional dance. The order is strongly associated with the development of Hindustani classical music and semi-classical devotional genres such as qawwali through famed pioneer figures such as Amir Khusrow . The Chishti order remains one of

14065-458: The east of Anatolia, such as Persia and India. These pictures were meant to illustrate the story and not to infringe on the Islamic prohibition of idolatry, but many Muslims regard such images as forbidden. In secular art of the Muslim world, representations of human and animal forms historically flourished in nearly all Islamic cultures, although, partly because of opposing religious sentiments, figures in paintings were often stylized, giving rise to

14210-461: The empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire, though the lingua franca amongst common people from the 15th/16th century would become Turkish as well as having laid an active "foundation" for the Turkic language as early as the 4th century (see Turkification ). After a period of several centuries, Ottoman Turkish had developed towards a fully accepted language of literature, which

14355-400: The establishment of the Ottoman Empire , Ottoman Turkish grew in importance in both poetry and prose becoming, by the beginning of the 18th century, the official language of the Empire. Unlike India, where Persian remained the official and principal literary language of both Muslim and Hindu states until the 19th century. Public Islamic art is traditionally non-representational, except for

14500-470: The fact that mining melange from the desert surface of Arrakis is an expensive and hazardous undertaking, thanks to the treacherous environment and constant threat of giant sandworms that protect the spice. In addition, Leto is aware that Shaddam, feeling threatened by the rising power and influence of the Atreides, has sent him into a trap. Failure to meet or exceed the production volume of his predecessor,

14645-458: The field of modern music . Nazrul Sangeet is the collection of 4,000 songs and ghazals written by Kazi Nazrul Islam . See articles on Jari gan , O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe , Bhawaiya and Bhatiyali . See articles on Eid ul-Fitr , Eid ul-Adha , Ashurah (see also Hosay and Tabuik ), Mawlid , Lailat al Miraj and Shab-e-baraat . In a Muslim family, the birth of a child is attended with some religious ceremonies. Immediately after

14790-516: The first images of Earth from space being published in the same time period, strongly influenced environmental movements such as the establishment of the international Earth Day . Lorenzo DiTommaso compared Dune 's portrayal of the downfall of a galactic empire to Edward Gibbon 's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , which argues that Christianity allied with

14935-517: The first two of which were concomitantly adapted as a 2003 miniseries . Dune has also inspired tabletop games and a series of video games . Since 2009, the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real-world nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn 's moon Titan . Frank Herbert died in 1986. Beginning in 1999, his son Brian Herbert and science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson published several collections of prequel novels, as well as two sequels that complete

15080-496: The focus back on people. It also allows for the presence of a religious mysticism uncommon in science fiction." The originating novel Dune has been called the "first planetary ecology novel on a grand scale". After the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962, science fiction writers began treating the subject of ecological change and its consequences. Dune responded in 1965 with its complex descriptions of life on Arrakis , from giant sandworms (for whom water

15225-416: The future, the saga chronicles a civilization that has banned all " thinking machines ", which include computers, robots , and artificial intelligence . In their place, civilization has developed advanced mental and physical disciplines as well as advanced technologies that adhere to the ban on computers. Vital to this empire is the harsh desert planet Arrakis , the only known source of the spice melange ,

15370-415: The heartland on the various traditions of Islamic music. For South India , see: Mappila Songs , Duff Muttu . All these regions were connected by trade long before the Islamic conquests of the 7th century and later, and it is likely that musical styles travelled the same routes as trade goods. However, lacking recordings, we can only speculate as to the pre-Islamic music of these areas. Islam must have had

15515-623: The heritage associated with Sufism and tariqa was physically destroyed by the state in the 1930s). Wahhabi militant groups such as ISIS and the Taliban are repeatedly targeting dhikr ceremonies in terrorist attacks, notably in Egypt and Pakistan . Many Muslims are very familiar to listening to music. The classic heartland of Islam is Arabia as well as other parts of the Middle East , North Africa and Central Asia . Because Islam

15660-411: The horn, and that which wild beasts have eaten, except what you slaughter, and what is sacrificed on stones set up (for idols) and that you divide by the arrows; that is a transgression. This day have those who disbelieve despaired of your religion, so fear them not, and fear Me. This day have I perfected for you your religion and completed My favor on you and chosen for you Islam as a religion; but whoever

15805-412: The inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1966, and the 1966 Hugo Award . The novel has been translated into dozens of languages, and has sold almost 20 million copies. Dune has been regularly cited as one of the world's best-selling science fiction novels. A sequel, Dune Messiah , followed in 1969. A third novel called Children of Dune was published in 1976, and was later nominated for

15950-430: The intensifying effects of global warming, the spectre of a worldwide water shortage, and continued political upheaval in the oil-rich Middle East, it is possible that Dune is even more relevant now than when it was first published." Praising Herbert's "clever authorial decision" to excise robots and computers ("two staples of the genre") from his fictional universe, he suggested that "This de-emphasis on technology throws

16095-679: The invaluable drug melange "represents, among other things, the finite resource of oil". Michaud explained, "Imagine a substance with the combined worldwide value of cocaine and petroleum and you will have some idea of the power of melange." Each chapter of Dune begins with an epigraph excerpted from the fictional writings of the character Princess Irulan . In forms such as diary entries, historical commentary, biography, quotations and philosophy, these writings set tone and provide exposition, context, and other details intended by Herbert to enhance understanding of his complex fictional universe and themes. Michaud wrote in 2013, "With daily reminders of

16240-526: The largest and strongest Muslim religious orders in the world by far, retaining a vast influence on the spirituality and culture of around 500 million Muslims living in the Indian subcontinent. Other examples of devotional dance are found in the Maghreb where it is associated with gnawa music, as well as Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. The Naqshbandi order, predominant among Iran 's Sunni minority,

16385-506: The late 16th century in miniature painting, especially Mughal miniatures . Manuscripts of the Qur'an and other sacred texts have always been strictly kept free of such figures, but there is a long tradition of the depiction of Muhammad and other religious figures in books of history and poetry; since the 20th century Muhammad has mostly been shown as though wearing a veil hiding his face, and many earlier miniatures were overpainted to use this convention. Some interpretations of Islam include

16530-815: The latter of which date back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the Behistun Inscription . The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Muslim conquest of Persia c.  650 . After the Abbasid Caliphate came to power in 750, Persians became its scribes and bureaucrats and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties such as

16675-419: The likeness of a human mind," the creation of even the simplest thinking machines is outlawed and made taboo , which has a profound influence on the socio-political and technological development of humanity in the Dune series. Herbert refers to the Jihad several times in the novels, but does not give much detail on how he imagined the causes and nature of the conflict. Critical analysis has often associated

16820-491: The most valuable substance in the universe. For the similarities between some of Herbert's terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in the Arabic language , as well as the series' " Islamic undertones " and themes, a Middle Eastern influence in Herbert's works has been widely noted. The Dune saga is set thousands of years in humanity's future. Faster-than-light travel has been developed, and humans have colonized

16965-447: The names and terms characteristic of the mystic sodality of the Bene Gesserit , and the barely displaced Arabic of the Fremen language. Fremen share vocabulary for Arrakeen phenomena with the Empire, but use completely different vocabulary for Bene Gesserit-implanted messianic religion . Due to the similarities between some of Herbert's terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in the Arabic and Hebrew languages — as well as

17110-494: The next five years researching, writing, and revising what would eventually become the novel Dune , which was initially serialized in Analog magazine as two shorter works, Dune World (1963) and The Prophet of Dune (1965). The serialized version was expanded and reworked—and rejected by more than 20 publishers—before being published by Chilton Books , a printing house best known for its auto repair manuals, in 1965. Dune won

17255-490: The novel a universal and timeless reflection of "the human condition and its moral dilemmas", and said: A lot of people refer to Dune as science fiction. I never do. I consider it an epic adventure in the classic storytelling tradition, a story of myth and legend not unlike the Morte d'Arthur or any messiah story. It just happens to be set in the future... The story is actually more relevant today than when Herbert wrote it. In

17400-444: The numbers who follow without question." Juan A. Prieto-Pablos says Herbert achieves a new typology with Paul's superpowers, differentiating the heroes of Dune from earlier heroes such as Superman , van Vogt 's Gilbert Gosseyn and Henry Kuttner 's telepaths. Unlike previous superheroes who acquire their powers suddenly and accidentally, Paul's are the result of "painful and slow personal progress." And unlike other superheroes of

17545-477: The original Dune series ( Hunters of Dune in 2006 and Sandworms of Dune in 2007), partially based on Frank Herbert's notes discovered a decade after his death. As of 2024, 23 Dune books by Herbert and Anderson have been published. The political, scientific, and social fictional setting of Herbert's novels and derivative works is known as the Dune universe or Duniverse . Set tens of thousands of years in

17690-422: The original series and wrap up storylines that began with Heretics of Dune . Herbert's interest in the desert setting of Dune and its challenges is attributed to research he began in 1957 for a never-completed article about a United States Department of Agriculture experiment using poverty grass to stabilize damaging sand dunes , which could "swallow whole cities, lakes, rivers, and highways." Herbert spent

17835-406: The parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities, religious knowledge, and religious practices to the children. Marriage , which serves as the foundation of a Muslim family, is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a bridal gift ( mahr ) to

17980-594: The primary orthodox religious text in the universe. Its title suggests a merging of Protestantism ( Orange Order ) and Catholicism. Herbert writes in the glossary of Dune : Orange Catholic Bible: the "Accumulated Book," the religious text produced by the Commission of Ecumenical Translators. It contains elements of most ancient religions, including the Maometh Saari, Mahayana Christianity, Zensunni Catholicism and Buddislamic traditions. Its supreme commandment

18125-738: The profligacy of the Roman elite led to the fall of Ancient Rome . In "History and Historical Effect in Frank Herbert's Dune " (1992), DiTommaso outlines similarities between the two works by highlighting the excesses of Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV on his home planet of Kaitain and of the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen in his palace. The Emperor loses his effectiveness as a ruler through an excess of ceremony and pomp. The hairdressers and attendants he brings with him to Arrakis are even referred to as "parasites". The Baron Harkonnen

18270-506: The real-life distances of the stars and planetary systems referenced by Frank Herbert when discussing these planets in the glossary of the novel Dune . Though Herbert used the names of actual stars and planetary systems in his work, there is no documentation supporting or disputing the assumption that he was, in fact, referring to these real-life stars or systems. The Science of Dune (2008) analyzes and deconstructs many of Herbert's concepts and fictional inventions. The Dune series

18415-446: The return from obscurity of House Atreides, whose role in the Butlerian Jihad is all but forgotten. The Imperial House schemes to gain full control of the Empire through the control of melange, precisely at the time that the Bene Gesserit breeding program is nearing fruition. As Frank Herbert's Dune (1965) begins, Duke Leto Atreides finds himself in a dangerous position. The 81st Padishah Emperor, Shaddam IV, has put him in control of

18560-479: The sands of the desert. Feudal control over the fiefdom Arrakis, its spice production, and the impact on humanity's development become the centerpoints of a millennia-long conflict that develops through the series. The Dune universe, set in the distant future of humanity, has a history that stretches thousands of years (some 15,000 years in total) and covers considerable changes in political, social, and religious structure as well as technology. Creative works set in

18705-504: The series' " Islamic undertones " and themes — a Middle Eastern influence on Herbert's works has been noted repeatedly. There are over eighty terms used of Arabic origin, several other loanwords from Indo-European languages such as German and Persian, and words from the North American Na-Dene language Navajo. Dune (franchise) Dune is an American science fiction media franchise that originated with

18850-489: The series' " Islamic undertones " and themes, a Middle Eastern influence on Herbert's works has been noted repeatedly. As a foreigner who adopts the ways of a desert-dwelling people and then leads them in a military capacity, Paul Atreides' character bears many similarities to the historical T. E. Lawrence , whose 1962 biopic Lawrence of Arabia has also been identified as an influence. Lesley Blanch 's novel The Sabres of Paradise (1960) about Muslim resistance to

18995-486: The spread of Islam throughout the world, their following and influence has sharply declined since the late 19th century, having been vigorously opposed and combated in turns by the French and British colonial administrations and by Muslim modernists and secularists like Kemal Atatürk , and in recent decades have been the target of vocal opposition by the fundamentalist Wahhabi sect promoted by Saudi Arabia (where most of

19140-461: The term with Samuel Butler and his 1863 essay " Darwin among the Machines ", which advocated the destruction of all advanced machines. In Herbert's God Emperor of Dune (1981), Leto II Atreides indicates that the Jihad had been a semi-religious social upheaval initiated by humans who felt repulsed by how guided and controlled they had become by machines. This technological reversal leads to

19285-563: The threat of total extinction. At the time of Heretics of Dune (1984) and Chapterhouse: Dune (1985)—1500 years after Leto's death—the turmoil is settling into a new pattern; the balance of power in the Old Empire, as it is now called, rests among the Ixians, the Bene Gesserit, and the Tleilaxu. The Spacing Guild has been forever weakened by the development of Ixian machines capable of navigation in foldspace, practically replacing Guild Navigators. The Bene Gesserit, through manipulation of

19430-444: The throne, and Paul's twin heirs Leto II and Ghanima rise to power. The Heroes of Dune series (2008–2009) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson chronicles the major events that take place between Dune: House Corrino (2001) and Dune: The Duke of Caladan (2020), between Dune (1965) and Dune Messiah (1969), and between Dune Messiah and Children of Dune (1976). At the time of God Emperor of Dune (1981), Paul's son,

19575-409: The time periods between Frank Herbert's original novels. The first book, Paul of Dune , was published in 2008, followed by The Winds of Dune in 2009. The next two installments were to be called The Throne of Dune and Leto of Dune (possibly changing to The Golden Path of Dune ), but were postponed due to plans to publish a trilogy, Great Schools of Dune , about "the formation of

19720-608: The universe for 900 years, until a jihad is ignited. This crusade against the machines lasts for almost a century, with much loss of human life but ultimately ending in human victory. The ancient Battle of Corrin —occurring 20 years after the end of the Butlerian Jihad—spawns the Padishah Emperors of House Corrino, who rule the known universe for millennia by controlling the Sardaukar , a brutally efficient military force. Ten thousand years later, Imperial power

19865-494: The universe is the Spacing Guild , which monopolizes interstellar travel and banking. Mutated Guild Navigators use the spice drug melange to successfully navigate " folded space " and safely guide enormous heighliner starships from planet to planet instantaneously. The matriarchal Bene Gesserit possesses almost superhuman physical, sensory, and deductive powers developed through years of physical and mental conditioning. While positioning themselves to "serve" humanity,

20010-572: The use of music and dancing in dhikr and the mystical states it induces in worshippers, as well as regulating the etiquette attached to these ceremonies, in his short treatise on Islamic spirituality The Alchemy of Happiness and in his highly influential work The Revival of the Religious Sciences . Al-Ghazzali emphasized how the practices of music and dance are beneficial to religious seekers, as long as their hearts are pure before engaging in these practices. Notable examples include

20155-499: The villainous Baron Vladimir Harkonnen , will harm the position of House Atreides in CHOAM, which relies on spice profits. Further, the very presence of the Atreides on Arrakis inflames the long-simmering War of Assassins between House Atreides and House Harkonnen, a feud ignited 10,000 years before when an Atreides had a Harkonnen banished for cowardice after the Butlerian Jihad. The little-understood native population of Arrakis are

20300-480: The widespread use of plant forms, usually in varieties of the spiralling arabesque . These are often combined with Islamic calligraphy , geometric patterns in styles that are typically found in a wide variety of media, from small objects in ceramic or metalwork to large decorative schemes in tiling on the outside and inside of large buildings, including mosques . However, there is a long tradition in Islamic art of

20445-450: Was dependent upon melange, found on only one planet in the known universe. Leto's prescient visions had shown that humanity would be threatened by extinction in any number of ways; his solution was to place humanity on his " Golden Path ," a plan for humanity's survival. Leto governs as a benevolent tyrant, providing for his people's physical needs, but denying them any spiritual outlets other than his compulsory religion (as well as maintaining

20590-513: Was even able to satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. However, Turkish was proclaimed the official language of the Karamanids in the 17th century, though it did not manage to become the official language in a wider area or larger empire until the advent of the Ottomans. With

20735-572: Was published on September 13, 2016. A third Heroes of Dune novel, Princess of Dune , was released on October 3, 2023. In July 2020, Herbert and Anderson announced a new trilogy of prequel novels called The Caladan Trilogy . The first novel in the series, Dune: The Duke of Caladan , was published in October 2020, and the second, Dune: The Lady of Caladan , was released in September 2021. The third novel, Dune: The Heir of Caladan ,

20880-400: Was ranked as the #11 hardcover fiction best seller of 1981 by Publishers Weekly . Heretics of Dune , the 1984 New York Times #13 hardcover fiction best seller, was followed in quick succession by Chapterhouse: Dune in 1985. Herbert died on February 11, 1986. Over a decade after Herbert's death, his son Brian Herbert enlisted science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson to coauthor

21025-724: Was released on November 22, 2022. In 1985, Frank Herbert wrote an illustrated short work called " The Road to Dune ", set sometime between the events of Dune and Dune Messiah . Published in Herbert's short story collection Eye , it takes the form of a guidebook for pilgrims to Arrakis and features images (with descriptions) of some of the devices and characters presented in the novels. Brian Herbert and Anderson have written eight Dune short stories and four Dune novellas, most of them related to and published around their novels. The eight short stories include " Dune: A Whisper of Caladan Seas " (2001), " Dune: Hunting Harkonnens " (2002), " Dune: Whipping Mek " (2003), " Dune: The Faces of

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