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27-504: The Fagales are an order of flowering plants , including some of the best-known trees . The order name is derived from genus Fagus , beeches . They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons . The families and genera currently included are as follows: The older Cronquist system only included four families (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae, Ticodendraceae; Corylaceae now being included within Betulaceae); this arrangement

54-563: A division (phylum), Magnoliophyta , with two classes , Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots). These two classes are subdivided into subclasses, and then superorders, orders, and families. The Takhtajan system is similar to the Cronquist system , but with somewhat greater complexity at the higher levels. He favors smaller orders and families, to allow character and evolutionary relationships to be more easily grasped. The Takhtajan classification system remains influential; it

81-551: A centre of sheep farming in the Caucasus , looking for work, Leon was forced to teach German at the local Realschule attached to the Armenian seminary , due to lack of opportunities in his chosen field. There he met and married Gerseliya Sergeevna Gazarbekyan (1887–1974), Armen Takhtajan's mother, a native of Susha, in 1909. The Takhtajans had three children, Armen (1910–2009), Nellie (1914–1994) and Nora (1918–1965). In 1918

108-742: A dictionary of botanical names in Georgian, Russian and Latin. Makaev would take Armen on botanical excursions, teaching him to identify plants from Sosnowski and Grossheim 's "Determinants of plant life in the vicinity of Tbilisi" (1920). In 1928 he completed secondary school and travelled to Leningrad . There he volunteered at the biology school at Leningrad University and attended lectures by Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov (1869–1945) on plant morphology . In 1929 he began his studies in biology at Yerevan State University in Yerevan , Armenia, which he completed in 1931. He then returned to Tbilisi, enrolling in

135-773: A journalist. He died in Paris in 1930. His father, Leon Meliksanovich Takhtadzhyan (1884–1950), was born in Batumi , Georgia and was educated as an agronomist at Leipzig University . Graduating in 1906, he worked on farms in France, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and made a special study of sheep farming. He became proficient in German , French , English , Russian , Georgian and Azerbaijani . Arriving in Shushi in 1908, then

162-703: Is followed by, for example, the World Checklist of selected plant families. The other families were split into three different orders, placed among the Hamamelidae . The Casuarinales comprised the single family Casuarinaceae, the Juglandales comprised the Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae, and the Myricales comprised the remaining forms (plus Balanops ). The change is due to studies suggesting

189-459: Is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use

216-541: Is used, for example, by the Montréal Botanical Garden . Takhtajan has been considered one of the leading botanists of his time. He has been honoured in the naming of several plant genera. In 1980, botanist Vandika Ervandovna Avetisyan published Takhtajaniella , which is a genus of flowering plant from Transcausica, belonging to the family Brassicaceae and it was named in his honour. Then in 1990, Nazarova published Takhtajaniantha (from

243-659: The Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles )

270-494: The West until after 1950, and in the late 1950s he began a correspondence and collaboration with the prominent American botanist Arthur Cronquist , whose plant classification scheme was heavily influenced by his collaboration with Takhtajan and other botanists at Komarov. He is chiefly famous as the author of works on the origins of flowering plants and paleobotany, developing a new classification system of higher plants. He worked on

297-626: The "Flora of Armenia" (vol. 1–6, 1954–73) and "Fossil flowering plants of the USSR "(v. 1, 1974) books. Takhtajan also developed a system of floristic regions .(Takhtajan, Crovello and Cronquist , 1986) For many years restrictions were placed on his work because of his opposition to the official line on genetics promoted by Lysenko . In 1993 he worked for a while at the New York Botanical Garden . The " Takhtajan system " of flowering plant classification treats flowering plants as

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324-623: The All-Union Institute of Subtropical Crops. In 1932 after completing his course at Tbilisi he worked for a while as a laboratory assistant at Sukhumi , Georgia, at the subtropical branch of the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops (now the Institute of Plant Industry ), before returning to Yerevan. In Yerevan he took a position as researcher at the Natural History Museum of Armenia , and then at

351-685: The Herbarium of the Armenian branch of the Institute of Biology, Soviet Academy of Sciences, and began teaching at Yerevan University in 1936, while completing his Master's thesis. He died in Saint Petersburg on 13 November 2009, at the age of 99, in 2009, having just completed his most important work, Flowering Plants . From 1938 to 1948 he headed a Department at the Yerevan State University , and in 1944–1948 he

378-945: The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (1975), member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Literature (1971), the German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" (1972) and other scientific societies. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1980. While at the Komarov Botanical Institute in Leningrad in 1940, Takhtajan developed his classification scheme for flowering plants , which emphasized phylogenetic relationships between plants. His system did not become known to botanists in

405-425: The Myricales, so defined, are paraphyletic to the other two groups. Most Fagales are wind pollinated and are monoecious with unisexual flowers. The oldest member of the order is the flower Soepadmoa cupulata preserved in the late Turonian - Coniacian New Jersey amber , which is a mosaic with characteristics characteristic of both Nothofagus and other Fagales, suggesting that the ancestor of all Fagales

432-472: The ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus

459-577: The family were forced to flee to northern Armenia because of the pogroms . Throughout his childhood, Armen showed a keen interest in natural history, travelling with his father. Armen attended school in Tbilisi in nearby Georgia, initially at Unified Labor School number 42 (former Mantashevskom commercial school). There he came under the influence of one of his teachers, Alexander Konstantinovich Makaev (Makashvili) (1896–1962), who had previously taught agriculture at Tbilisi State University , and had produced

486-910: The field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in

513-636: The flora of the Caucasus . He was one of the most influential taxonomists of the latter twentieth century. Takhtajan was born in Shushi , Russian Empire, present-day disputed Nagorno-Karabakh, on 10 June 1910, to a family of Armenian intellectuals. His grandfather Meliksan Takhtadzhyan Petrovich had been born in Trabzon , Ottoman Empire and was educated in Italy, on the island of San Lazzaro degli Armeni , an Armenian enclave , spoke many languages and worked as

540-420: The same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with

567-777: The suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at

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594-539: The suffix -virales . Armen Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( Armenian : Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան ; Russian : Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JAHN; 10 June 1910 – 13 November 2009), was a Soviet - Armenian botanist , one of the most important figures in 20th century plant evolution and systematics and biogeography . His other interests included morphology of flowering plants , paleobotany , and

621-578: The word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In

648-423: Was Nothofagus -like. Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships: Cucurbitales  ( outgroup ) Nothofagaceae Fagaceae Myricaceae Juglandaceae Ticodendraceae Betulaceae Casuarinaceae Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there

675-849: Was director of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, and Professor of the Leningrad State University . Takhtajan was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences , as well as a foreign associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences since 1971. He was also the academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, the president of the Soviet All-Union Botanical Society (1973) and

702-551: Was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as

729-561: Was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868), the precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905,

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