The Fahd is a 4x4 Egyptian armored personnel carrier , designed to fit the requirements of the Egyptian Military. It replaced older APCs in Egyptian service such as the BTR-40 , and the Walid (called Waleed in Egypt). It has been used by the United Nations.
84-663: The flexible design of the vehicle, its high speed, maneuverability and long range, on road and off-road, makes it possible to produce various versions to satisfy various military and security purposes. Variants include the Fahd 240/280 APC, Fahd 280-30 IFV, a command post vehicle, ambulance vehicle, light armored recovery vehicle , and can be used for anti-riot purposes, mine laying and mine dispensing purposes, making it possible to form independent units capable of dealing with different threats of armor, low-flying targets, and personnel, with common repair duties, and operation. The Fahd consists of
168-402: A BMP-2 turret on the roof of the passenger compartment near the rear. It has a 30 mm automatic cannon with a dual feed, one for HE rounds, the other for AP rounds, which can pierce 18 mm armor at 60 degrees from a range of 1500 m. It also has a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun and an ATGM launcher, capable of launching AT-4 or AT-5 missiles which use SACLOS guidance, increasing
252-460: A Mercedes-Benz LAP 1117/32 truck (4 × 4) chassis fitted with an armored body. It has a usual APC configuration of placing the driver and the commander on the front, and a large box-like shape, similar to the German Fuchs . The hull of the Fahd is of all-welded steel armor construction giving complete protection against attack by 7.62 mm caliber AP rounds and shell splinters. The vehicle
336-587: A control unit that computes the tube firing sequence delay time to set mine densities, and adjusts the required dispensing direction. The mines can be dispensed on right, left and backwards of the vehicle. The mine layer can create a mine field from 1,500 to 3,000 metres long and 25–30 metres wide from four dispensing modules firing 600 mines per salvo giving a mine density between 0.2 and 1 mine per square meter. The Fahd command vehicle contains three gun mounts for 7.62 mm caliber machine guns, as well as other special equipments for command purposes. The command vehicle
420-519: A detonation wave because they are not capable of closing before the wave passes around the gate. For that reason a flashback arrestor is needed. It is designed to operate before the detonation wave makes it from the hose side to the supply side. Between the regulator and hose, and ideally between hose and torch on both oxygen and fuel lines, a flashback arrestor and/or non-return valve (check valve) should be installed to prevent flame or oxygen-fuel mixture being pushed back into either cylinder and damaging
504-412: A distance of 30–50 m. Grenade launchers are also installed on the turret for firing smoke and tear gas grenades. There is a steel grader in the vehicle front to remove barricades in streets and passes, along with two flashers, multi-tone siren, loud speaker and horn. This variant also has a passenger capacity of ten. The Fahd 280-30 is an IFV variant of the Fahd, first announced in 1990. It features
588-513: A dummy gun installed where the turret would normally go. Early ARVs in WWII were often repurposed tanks, with the turret and armament removed and replaced with some type of winch. In the 2010s, ARVs are generally factory-built. Even so, ARVs often use a shared chassis that is used on an army's other fighting vehicles, as this facilitates repair and maintenance of the ARV (since the same parts can be used on
672-427: A hull superstructure to accommodate repair and recovery equipment. Many of the latter type of ARV had an A-frame or crane to allow the vehicle's crew to perform heavy lifting tasks, such as removing the engine from a disabled tank. After World War II, most countries' MBT models also had corresponding ARV variants. Many ARVs are also equipped with a bulldozer blade that can be used as an anchor when winching or as
756-413: A large area needs to be heated. It is so-called because the flame at the end looks like a rose bud . A welding torch can also be used to heat small areas such as rusted nuts and bolts. A typical oxy-fuel torch, called an equal-pressure torch, merely mixes the two gases. In an injector torch, high-pressure oxygen comes out of a small nozzle inside the torch head which drags the fuel gas along with it, using
840-439: A large bulletproof windscreen that can be covered by a shutter hinged at the top. The rear part of the hull has been raised compared to the original version of the Fahd, offering more internal volume for the troop compartment. Troops can enter and leave the vehicle via a door located at the rear of the hull, the upper part of which folds upwards and the lower part downwards to form a step. At EDEX 2023, an ambulance variant known as
924-427: A mainstay heat source for manual brazing , as well as metal forming , preparation, and localized heat treating. In addition, oxy-fuel cutting is still widely used, both in heavy industry and light industrial and repair operations. In oxy-fuel welding , a welding torch is used to weld metals. Welding metal results when two pieces are heated to a temperature that produces a shared pool of molten metal. The molten pool
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#17327836575691008-469: A maximum height of 0.5 m, and it has a steering radius of 8 m. The Fahd APC is relatively lighter, smaller, and better armed than other modern wheeled APCs and IFVs such as the BTR-90 which weighs 20.9 tons, about twice the weight of the Fahd, yet provides similar armament. A LAV-25 costs 900,000 US dollars, and carries less passengers. Below is a comparison of some modern wheeled IFVs including
1092-413: A more stable platform. The vehicle is 13 tons in weight, and 2.8 meters in height. The vehicle includes the following specialized equipment for repair duties: an air compressor, electric power unit, battery charger, testing unit, portable drill and grinder, tire repair set, radiator set, tool set, greasing equipment, hydraulic jack, oxy acetylene set, recovery equipment and a tent. The ambulance variant
1176-433: A pressure roughly equivalent to 33 ft (10 m) underwater, water-submerged cutting and welding is reserved for hydrogen rather than acetylene. Tests showed that an oxy-gasoline torch can cut steel plate up to 0.5 in (13 mm) thick at the same rate as oxy-acetylene. In plate thicknesses greater than 0.5 in (13 mm) the cutting rate was better than that of oxy-acetylene; at 4.5 in (110 mm) it
1260-406: A range of 700 km. It has average speed of 65 km/h (40 mph) off-road with a range of 450 km. The engine is a Mercedes-Benz Diesel OM 366 LA 4-Stroke turbocharged water-cooled diesel engine, capable of providing 280 hp at 2,200 rpm. The vehicle is able to negotiate slopes up to 80%, and side slopes up to 30%, trenches with a width of up to 0.8 m, and vertical obstacle with
1344-562: A single tank (oxy-fuel cutting requires two isolated supplies, fuel and oxygen). Most metals cannot be melted with a single-tank torch. Consequently, single-tank torches are typically suitable for soldering and brazing but not for welding. Oxy-fuel torches are or have been used for: In short, oxy-fuel equipment is quite versatile, not only because it is preferred for some sorts of iron or steel welding but also because it lends itself to brazing, braze-welding, metal heating (for annealing or tempering, bending or forming), rust, or scale removal,
1428-462: A spade component to anchor the vehicle when it is towing or lifting. Since most ARVs are based on tank or APC chassis, they have an armoured crew cockpit and engine, which means that ARVs can be operated in combat conditions. Rarely, an ARV may be armed, such as some M32s, which have an 81 mm mortar for screening purposes, and the M88, which has a .50 cal heavy machine gun. One WWII M4 Sherman -based ARV had
1512-531: A special wheeled trolley . There have been examples of oxyhydrogen cutting sets with small ( scuba -sized) gas cylinders worn on the user's back in a backpack harness, for rescue work, and similar. There are also examples of both non-pressurized and pressurized liquid fuel cutting torches, usually using gasoline (petrol). These are used for their increased cutting power over gaseous fuel systems and also greater portability compared to systems requiring two high pressure tanks. The regulator ensures that pressure of
1596-412: A spring. Gas flow one way pushes the ball out of the way, and a lack of flow or a reverse flow allows the spring to push the ball into the inlet, blocking it. Not to be confused with a flashback arrestor, a check valve is not designed to block a shock wave. The shock wave could occur while the ball is so far from the inlet that the wave will get past the ball before it can reach its off position. The torch
1680-470: A stabiliser when lifting, a pump to transfer fuel to another vehicle, and more. Some can even carry a spare engine for field replacement, such as the German Leopard 1 ARV. ARVs are normally built on the chassis of a main battle tank (MBT), but some are also constructed on the basis of other armoured fighting vehicles , mostly armoured personnel carriers (APCs). ARVs are usually built on
1764-518: A tank or bulldozer, enabling the ARV to operate on uneven ground. The term "armoured repair and recovery vehicle" (ARRV) is also used. ARVs may have winches, jibs, cranes, and/or bulldozer blades to aid in tank recovery. Typically, any specialized lifting and recovery equipment replaces the turret and cannon found on a battle tank. ARVs may in some cases have electric generators, blowtorches, chainsaws and fuel pumps to help with recovery operations, or spare parts, to facilitate field repairs. Some ARVs have
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#17327836575691848-483: A turret increases the vehicle height to 2.85 meters. Power from the vehicle's 24V DC supply is delivered through an electric slip ring, which features tracks for intercom circuits between gunner and other crew members. The vehicle uses ventilator extraction of firing gases and fumes. The Anti-Riot variant is based on the Fahd 280. The dual weapons installed in the turret are replaced with a water cannon actuated at 180 L/min pump to jet plain, colored or mixed water at
1932-400: Is unstable and may explode . There is about 1,700 kPa (247 psi) pressure in the tank when full. When combined with oxygen , acetyline burns at 3,200 to 3,500 degrees Celsius (5,790 to 6,330 degrees Fahrenheit ), the highest among commonly used gaseous fuels. As a fuel, acetylene's primary disadvantage in comparison to other fuels is its high price. As acetylene is unstable at
2016-424: Is $ 254,246. The gas-operated gun is a dual feed multipurpose small caliber weapon, that has a dual rate of fire with a minimum rate of 200-300 or 550 rounds per minute (rds/min), where the rapid fire mode assures 800 rds/min. The sustained rate of fire is 200 rds/min, though. The gun is intended for engaging materiel, low flying aircraft, light vehicles, and dismounted infantry. With a muzzle velocity of 960 m/s,
2100-475: Is a list of ARVs by country, either designer/manufacturer or user. The Russian acronym BREM ( cyr . БРЭМ) stands for "бронированная ремонтно-эвакуационная машина", literally "armoured repair and recovery vehicle". The British tested their first ARV designs in early 1942. The decision at the time was to focus on the Churchill infantry tank as the basis, but cruiser tank based ARVs were also produced. When
2184-433: Is a single-piece, rear-opening hatch cover. The driver has a forward-facing, roof-mounted day periscope, which can be replaced by a passive periscope for night driving. The troop compartment is at the rear of the hull with the infantry entering via a door in the rear, the upper part of which folds upwards and the lower part downwards to form a step. Over the top of the troop compartment are two rectangular roof hatches hinged in
2268-488: Is based on a new Tatra chassis offering more mobility in all-terrain conditions, and powered by a Cummins turbodiesel engine. The Fahd 300 can reach a maximum speed of 105 km/h, with a maximum cruising range of 700 km. It has a new V-shaped hull design with a new armor offering more protection against ballistic and IEDs (Improvised Explosive Device) threats. The Fahd 300 can accommodate 13 military personnel including driver, commander and gunner. Driver and vehicle commander have
2352-414: Is based on the basic Fahd APC design, with modifications for its specialized purpose. The vehicle has the ability to serve four laying patients, and another four sitting patients. The vehicle has a crew of three, these are: driver, physician, and a dresser. The ambulance variant additional external flasher, and a search light mounted on the rear door for emergency. Along with one tent and dual interior lights,
2436-415: Is equipped with air conditioning. The driver sits at the front of the vehicle on the left side with the commander to the right. Both have forward observation via large bulletproof windows, which can be rapidly covered by an armored shutter hinged at the top, and a side door that opens to the front, featuring a window in its upper part that can also be covered by a shutter as well. Above the commander's position
2520-404: Is equipped with three-four wireless communication set with antennas and six terminals intercom system, a 10-line telephone exchange and two field telephones powered from a 1.5 kW electrical generator. This IFV variant is essentially a Fahd 240, fitted with a dual-weapon turret that has a 12.7 mm machine gun and a 7.62 mm machine gun. The addition of a turret requires a third crewman,
2604-403: Is first heated by the flame until it is cherry red. Once this temperature is attained, oxygen is supplied to the heated parts by pressing the oxygen-blast trigger. This oxygen reacts with the metal, producing more heat and forming an oxide which is then blasted out of the cut. It is the heat that continues the cutting process. The cutting torch only heats the metal to start the process; further heat
Fahd (armored personnel carrier) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-481: Is generally supplied with additional metal called filler. Filler material selection depends upon the metals to be welded. In oxy-fuel cutting , a torch is used to heat metal to its kindling temperature . A stream of oxygen is then trained on the metal, burning it into a metal oxide that flows out of the kerf as dross . Torches that do not mix fuel with oxygen (combining, instead, atmospheric air) are not considered oxy-fuel torches and can typically be identified by
2772-471: Is green and the fuel hose is red. In the UK and other countries, the oxygen hose is blue (black hoses may still be found on old equipment), and the acetylene (fuel) hose is red. If liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel, such as propane , is used, the fuel hose should be orange, indicating that it is compatible with LPG. LPG will damage an incompatible hose, including most acetylene hoses. The threaded connectors on
2856-418: Is high, about 2,000 °C for hydrogen gas in air at atmospheric pressure, and up to 2800 °C when pre-mixed in a 2:1 ratio with pure oxygen (oxyhydrogen). Hydrogen is not used for welding steels and other ferrous materials, because it causes hydrogen embrittlement . For some oxyhydrogen torches the oxygen and hydrogen are produced by electrolysis of water in an apparatus which is connected directly to
2940-492: Is more volatile, with a boiling point of -42 °C. Vaporization is rapid at temperatures above the boiling points. The calorific (heat) values of the two are almost equal. Both are thus mixed to attain the vapor pressure that is required by the end user and depending on the ambient conditions. If the ambient temperature is very low, propane is preferred to achieve higher vapor pressure at the given temperature. Propane does not burn as hot as acetylene in its inner cone, and so it
3024-473: Is not recommended for cutting applications, because beads of molten metal given off by the process can become lodged between the hoses where they are held together, and burn through, releasing the pressurized gas inside, which in the case of fuel gas usually ignites. The hoses are color-coded for visual identification. The color of the hoses varies between countries. In the United States, the oxygen hose
3108-439: Is often a substantial advantage to cutting with an injector torch (see the propane section) rather than an equal-pressure torch when using propylene. Quite a few North American suppliers have begun selling propylene under proprietary trademarks such as FG2 and Fuel-Max. Butane , like propane , is a saturated hydrocarbon. Butane and propane do not react with each other and are regularly mixed. Butane boils at 0.6 °C. Propane
3192-432: Is provided by the burning metal. The melting point of the iron oxide is around half that of the metal being cut. As the metal burns, it immediately turns to liquid iron oxide and flows away from the cutting zone. However, some of the iron oxide remains on the workpiece, forming a hard "slag" which can be removed by gentle tapping and/or grinding. A rose bud torch is used to heat metals for bending, straightening, etc. where
3276-446: Is rarely used for welding. Propane, however, has a very high number of BTUs per cubic foot in its outer cone, and so with the right torch ( injector style ) can make a faster and cleaner cut than acetylene, and is much more useful for heating and bending than acetylene. The maximum neutral flame temperature of propane in oxygen is 2,822 °C (5,112 °F). Propane is cheaper than acetylene and easier to transport. The following
3360-426: Is specifically forbidden in the UK and other countries. Acetylene is not just flammable; in certain conditions it is explosive . Although it has an upper flammability limit in air of 81%, acetylene's explosive decomposition behaviour makes this irrelevant. If a detonation wave enters the acetylene tank, the tank will be blown apart by the decomposition. Ordinary check valves that normally prevent backflow cannot stop
3444-474: Is the fuel of choice for repair work and general cutting and welding. Acetylene gas is shipped in special cylinders designed to keep the gas dissolved. The cylinders are packed with porous materials (e.g. kapok fibre, diatomaceous earth , or (formerly) asbestos ), then filled to around 50% capacity with acetone , as acetylene is soluble in acetone. This method is necessary because above 207 kilopascals (30 pounds per square inch ) (absolute pressure), acetylene
Fahd (armored personnel carrier) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3528-411: Is the tool that the welder holds and manipulates to make the weld. It has a connection and valve for the fuel gas and a connection and valve for the oxygen, a handle for the welder to grasp, and a mixing chamber (set at an angle) where the fuel gas and oxygen mix, with a tip where the flame forms. Two basic types of torches are positive pressure type and low pressure or injector type. A welding torch head
3612-612: Is therefore much less dangerous than acetylene. Further, more of it can be stored in a single place at one time, as the increased compressibility allows for more gas to be put into a tank. MAPP gas can be used at much higher pressures than acetylene, sometimes up to 40 or 50 psi in high-volume oxy-fuel cutting torches which can cut up to 12-inch-thick (300 mm) steel. Other welding gases that develop comparable temperatures need special procedures for safe shipping and handling. MPS and MAPP are recommended for cutting applications in particular, rather than welding applications. On 30 April 2008
3696-408: Is used to weld metals. It can be identified by having only one or two pipes running to the nozzle, no oxygen-blast trigger, and two valve knobs at the bottom of the handle letting the operator adjust the oxygen and fuel flow respectively. A cutting torch head is used to cut materials. It is similar to a welding torch, but can be identified by the oxygen blast trigger or lever. When cutting, the metal
3780-467: Is using air bubbled through a gasoline container by a foot-operated air pump, and burning the fuel-air mixture in a specialized welding torch. Diesel is a new option in the liquid fuel cutting torch market. Diesel torches claim several advantages over gaseous fuels and gasoline. Diesel is inherently safer and more powerful than gasoline or gaseous fuel such as acetylene and propane, and will cut steel faster and cheaper than either of those gases. In addition,
3864-492: The Venturi effect . Oxy-fuel processes may use a variety of fuel gases (or combustible liquids), the most common being acetylene . Other gases that may be used are propylene , liquified petroleum gas (LPG), propane, natural gas , hydrogen , and MAPP gas . Liquid fuel cutting systems use such fuels as Gasoline (Petrol) Diesel, Kerosene and possibly some aviation fuels. Acetylene is the primary fuel for oxy-fuel welding and
3948-434: The 7.62 mm machine gun, and another 100 for the 12.7 mm machine gun. Elevation limits are -8 and +45, the turret provides 360 degrees of traversion for the weapons. The vehicle has a rotating seat, and an armored hatch for the turret. The machine guns can be fired by means of a foot pedal, freeing the gunner's hands. A central console groups control switches and warning lights governing weapon selection. The addition of
4032-628: The ARV and the vehicles it supports). Some ARVs are operated in tandem with armoured bulldozers. ARVs generally can only tow an equivalent-class vehicle or one that is lighter in weight. As such, an APC chassis-based ARV can only tow and recover an APC, but not a much heavier tank. While most ARVs are made from or based on APC or tank chassis, more rarely, an ARV may be based on an artillery tractor chassis. Some ARVs have specialized equipment that enables them to operate on beaches or in shallow water. During World War I, some British Mark IV heavy tanks were fitted with jibs to produce " salvage tanks ", but
4116-569: The Fahd 300-MD was presented. The Fahd have been used by eight countries including Egypt, and also served under the United Nations. It has seen service as a part of SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina , and as a part of UNOSOM in Somalia . The vehicle was originally designed to fit Egyptian requirements by Rheinmetall Landsysteme (then Thyssen-Henschel , part of Rheinmetall DeTech ) under
4200-470: The Fahd : The Fahd 240 is based upon the latest Mercedes-Benz LAP 1424/32 chassis. This variant includes a far more powerful engine and a slight increase in armor. It has the same engine as the Fahd. All original Fahds have been updated to this standard, and it is the main variant in service with the Egyptian Army. It weighs 11.6 tons. The seating arrangement and design characteristics are similar to
4284-728: The Fahd for border patrolling , where these vehicles are equipped with extra periscopes, and night vision equipments. The Fahd is also used by the Egyptian National Police and the Central Security Forces ; these vehicles are usually the Anti-riot version or the standard APC variant provided with a box-type shield around the commander's hatch. The vehicle has been used by Egyptian forces in peace keeping missions, and have served with SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The military, and paramilitary users of
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#17327836575694368-629: The Fahd in Egypt are: Egypt sold Kuwait 110 vehicles. Kuwait has been reported to operate about 100 units in 1988, where most of the vehicles were captured and/or destroyed by the Iraqi forces. Currently, Kuwait has 60 vehicles; some more vehicles were received in 1994. A report of the secretary general of the United Nations Security Council shows that most of the units that were captured by Iraq were returned to Kuwait as part of
4452-555: The Petromont Varennes plant closed its methylacetylene/propadiene crackers. As it was the only North American plant making MAPP gas, many substitutes were introduced by companies that had repackaged the Dow and Varennes product(s) - most of these substitutes are propylene, see below. Propylene is used in production welding and cutting. It cuts similarly to propane. When propylene is used, the torch rarely needs tip cleaning. There
4536-659: The UK received supplies of US medium tanks – first the M3, then M4 Sherman, conversions were made of these to operate alongside and so simplify support. Oxy-fuel welding and cutting Oxy-fuel welding torch (commonly called oxyacetylene welding , oxy welding , or gas welding in the United States) and oxy-fuel cutting are processes that use fuel gases (or liquid fuels such as gasoline or petrol, diesel, biodiesel, kerosene , etc) and oxygen to weld or cut metals. French engineers Edmond Fouché and Charles Picard became
4620-415: The basis of a vehicle in the same class as they are supposed to recover; a tank-based ARV is used to recover tanks, while an APC-based one recovers APCs (it does not have the power to tow a much heavier tank). ARVs with a crane can be used to lift and place concrete fortifications in place and help with other battlefield engineering. Some combat engineering vehicles (CEVs) are based on ARVs. The following
4704-498: The calibration of the adjustment knob. The cheaper single-stage regulators may sometimes omit the cylinder contents gauge, or replace the accurate dial gauge with a cheaper and less precise "rising button" gauge. The hoses are designed for use in welding and cutting metal. A double-hose or twinned design can be used, meaning that the oxygen and fuel hoses are joined. If separate hoses are used, they should be clipped together at intervals approximately 3 feet (1 m) apart, although that
4788-405: The case of gas tungsten arc welding , the capability of welding very reactive metals such as titanium . Oxy-acetylene welding is still used for metal-based artwork and in smaller home-based shops, as well as situations where accessing electricity (e.g., via an extension cord or portable generator) would present difficulties. The oxy-acetylene (and other oxy-fuel gas mixtures) welding torch remains
4872-401: The center that can be locked vertically. The infantry sits on individual bucket seats down the center of the vehicle facing outwards. In either side of the troop compartment are four firing ports with a vision block above so that the troops can fire their weapons from within the vehicle. Either side of the rear door has a firing port with a vision block above. Optional equipment may be fitted on
4956-492: The cylinder falling as the gas in it is consumed. This is similar to the first stage of a scuba-diving regulator . The adjustable second stage of the regulator controls the pressure reduction from the intermediate pressure to the low outlet pressure. The regulator has two pressure gauges, one indicating cylinder pressure, the other indicating hose pressure. The adjustment knob of the regulator is sometimes roughly calibrated for pressure, but an accurate setting requires observation of
5040-713: The designation TH 390. The first prototypes of the vehicle were built in Germany for Egypt. Production was undertaken by the Kader Factory for Developed Industries , part of the Arab Organization for Industrialization . The production commenced in 1985. The first vehicles have been completed in 1986 to enter service with the Egyptian Army . The Egyptian Army is believed to have placed an initial order for 300 vehicles with an option of further 110. Egypt uses
5124-556: The early 20th century, before the development and availability of coated arc welding electrodes in the late 1920s that were capable of making sound welds in steel, oxy-acetylene welding was the only process capable of making welds of exceptionally high quality in virtually all metals in commercial use at the time. These included not only carbon steel but also alloy steels, cast iron , aluminium , and magnesium . In recent decades it has been superseded in almost all industrial uses by various arc welding methods offering greater speed and, in
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#17327836575695208-428: The equipment or causing a cylinder to explode. European practice is to fit flashback arrestors at the regulator and check valves at the torch. US practice is to fit both at the regulator. The flashback arrestor prevents shock waves from downstream coming back up the hoses and entering the cylinder, possibly rupturing it, as there are quantities of fuel/oxygen mixtures inside parts of the equipment (specifically within
5292-575: The first to develop oxygen- acetylene welding in 1903. Pure oxygen, instead of air , is used to increase the flame temperature to allow localized melting of the workpiece material (e.g. steel) in a room environment. A common propane /air flame burns at about 2,250 K (1,980 °C; 3,590 °F), a propane/oxygen flame burns at about 2,526 K (2,253 °C; 4,087 °F), an oxyhydrogen flame burns at 3,073 K (2,800 °C; 5,072 °F) and an acetylene /oxygen flame burns at about 3,773 K (3,500 °C; 6,332 °F). During
5376-407: The gas from the tanks matches the required pressure in the hose. The flow rate is then adjusted by the operator using needle valves on the torch. Accurate flow control with a needle valve relies on a constant inlet pressure. Most regulators have two stages. The first stage is a fixed-pressure regulator, which releases gas from the cylinder at a constant intermediate pressure, despite the pressure in
5460-433: The gauge. Some simpler or cheaper oxygen-fuel regulators have only a single-stage regulator, or only a single gauge. A single-stage regulator will tend to allow a reduction in outlet pressure as the cylinder is emptied, requiring manual readjustment. For low-volume users, this is an acceptable simplification. Welding regulators, unlike simpler LPG heating regulators, retain their outlet (hose) pressure gauge and do not rely on
5544-428: The gun is capable of defeating a light Armored Personnel Carrier at a range of 1,500 meters, a soft-skinned vehicle at 4,000 meters, and slow-flying aircraft at altitudes up to 2,000 meters and slant ranges of up to 2,500 meters. At EDEX 2018, the Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI) presented a new modernized version of the Fahd under the name of Fahd 300. The Fahd 300 benefits from many improvements and
5628-586: The gunner, but it does not affect the Fahd 240's passenger capacity. The turret is the French BTM-208 turret, produced under license from the French SAMM company. It is air-tight, and provides NBC protection. It incorporates and aiming telescopic periscope, forward–observation, rotating mirror periscope in co-axial alignment with weapons, and five or six bullet-proof glass ports insuring all-round vision and ballistic protection. 200 rounds are provided for
5712-471: The hoses are handed to avoid accidental mis-connection: the thread on the oxygen hose is right-handed (as normal), while the fuel gas hose has a left-handed thread. The left-handed threads also have an identifying groove cut into their nuts. Gas-tight connections between the flexible hoses and rigid fittings are made by using crimped hose clips or ferrules , often referred to as 'O' clips, over barbed spigots. The use of worm-drive hose clips or Jubilee Clips
5796-479: The liquid fuel vapor is about 5 times the density of a gaseous fuel, providing much greater "punch". A high velocity cutting flame is produced by the huge volume expansion when the liquid transitions to a vapor, so the cutting flame will easily cut across air voids between plates. A diesel/oxygen torch can cut through paint, dirt, rust and other surface contaminants on steel. This system provides almost 100% oxidation during cutting so it leaves virtually no molten steel in
5880-416: The loosening of corroded nuts and bolts, and is a ubiquitous means of cutting ferrous metals. The apparatus used in gas welding consists basically of an oxygen source and a fuel gas source (usually contained in cylinders ), two pressure regulators and two flexible hoses (one for each cylinder), and a torch. This sort of torch can also be used for soldering and brazing . The cylinders are often carried in
5964-489: The majority of their work was at the tank parks in aid of moving, maintaining, and repairing damaged tanks. The first true ARVs were introduced in World War II , often by converting obsolete or damaged tanks, usually by removing the turret and installing a heavy-duty winch to free stuck vehicles, plus a variety of vehicle repair tools . Some were also purpose-built in factories , using an existing tank chassis with
6048-421: The mixer and blowpipe/nozzle) that may explode if the equipment is incorrectly shut down, and acetylene decomposes at excessive pressures or temperatures. In case the pressure wave has created a leak downstream of the flashback arrestor, it will remain switched off until someone resets it. A check valve lets gas flow in one direction only. It is usually a chamber containing a ball that is pressed against one end by
6132-410: The original Fahd APC. It has a crew of two and can carry ten soldiers. On top of the passenger compartment are two large roof hatches, hinged at the center of the vehicle. They sit facing outward down the center of the vehicle. Each passenger has a firing port, giving four ports on either side of the vehicle. The armament is similar to the original Fahd. Based on the latest production Fahd-240, it shares
6216-517: The original ten. The turret is standard-equipped with passive IR and night vision sensors. It also has fire control and stabilization. As a result of the armament on the Fahd 280-30, the IFV can provide fire support to infantry and it is capable of engaging tanks, armored vehicles, low flying aircraft, helicopters and personnel, with the ability to engage in a stationary position, on the move, in day or nighttime conditions, with high accuracy. The unit price
6300-448: The position and entry doors for the commander and the driver with the APC variant. A 2.5 ton turnable-mounted hydraulic crane is mounted on the roof rear, with a telescopic jib that has 315 degrees of traverse, with the boom being elevated to +70 degrees. The vehicle contains two hydraulic stabilizers for the crane, in which they are lowered to the ground while the crane is being used to provide
6384-402: The range at which the Fahd 280-30 can engage armored targets such as tanks to nearly 4000 m. These turret-mounted missiles may be deployed away from the vehicle on a launching tripod. The Fahd-30 carries 500 30 mm rounds for the autocannon, 2,000 rounds for the 7.62 mm machine gun, and five AT-5 missiles. Smoke grenade launchers are standard on this vehicle, with four on each side of
6468-758: The return of property seized by Iraq hand over operations that have taken place from the second of March 1994 to 15 October 1996. A total of forty vehicles have been returned on three phases. See the table above for details. Not all of the vehicles are in active service with the Kuwaiti Army currently. Armoured recovery vehicle An armoured recovery vehicle ( ARV ) is typically a powerful tank or armoured personnel carrier (APC) chassis modified for use during combat for military vehicle recovery (towing) or repair of battle-damaged, stuck, and/or inoperable armoured fighting vehicles , such as tanks and armoured personnel carriers. Most ARVs have motorized tracks, like
6552-513: The slag to prevent "sticking" together cut material. Operating cost for a gasoline torch is typically 75-90% less than using propane or Acetylene. The gasoline can be fed either from a pressurized tank (whose pressure can be hand-pumped or fed from a gas cylinder) or a non-pressurized tank, with the fuel being drawn into the torch by a venturi action created by the pressurized oxygen flow. Another low cost approach commonly used by jewelry makers in Asia
6636-484: The slag, preventing the "sticking together" of the cut materials. The operating cost for a diesel torch is typically 75-90% less than using propane or acetylene. Growing use in the demolition or scrap industries Hydrogen has a clean flame and is good for use on aluminium . It can be used at a higher pressure than acetylene and is therefore useful for underwater welding and cutting. It is a good type of flame to use when heating large amounts of material. The flame temperature
6720-531: The torch. Types of this sort of torch: Methylacetylene-propadiene (MAPP) gas and LPG gas are similar fuels, because LPG gas is liquefied petroleum gas mixed with MPS. It has the storage and shipping characteristics of LPG and has a heat value a little lower than that of acetylene. Because it can be shipped in small containers for sale at retail stores, it is used by hobbyists and large industrial companies and shipyards because it does not polymerize at high pressures — above 15 psi or so (as acetylene does) and
6804-419: The turret. The BMP-2 turret may use appliqué armor . In terms of design it is similar to the Fahd 240, but this variant has three firing ports on each side of the vehicle. The Fahd 280-30 has a third crewman, a gunner positioned in the turret, in addition to the commander and driver. As a result of the relatively large turret this variant has a reduced passenger capacity; it can carry seven passengers instead of
6888-520: The vehicle is equipped with specialized medical instruments. Another conversion of the Fahd APC enables it to become a mine laying vehicle. The mine are of anti-tank type, where these vehicles are used as mobile systems with high maneuverability, and the ability to lay anti-tank mine fields in a short time. The mine laying system used on the Fahd is the Nather-2. The mine laying system is equipped with
6972-506: The vehicle, such as an NBC protection system and passive IR among others. Up to three weapons may be fitted on to the roof of the Fahd, one on each side of the roof hatches and one to the rear. The armament usually consists of three PK machine guns , each with 1,500 7.62 mm rounds, but other 7.62 mm machine guns can be fitted on the vehicle, such as the FN MAG . The Fahd APC has a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph) on-road with
7056-501: Was three times faster. Additionally the liquid fuel vapour is about 4x the density of a gaseous fuel. A high velocity cutting flame is produced by the huge volume expansion while the liquid transitions to a vapour so the cutting flame can cut across voids (air space between plates). Oxy-gasoline torches can also cut through paint, dirt, rust and other contaminating surface materials coating old steel. This system provides almost 100% oxidation during cutting, leaving almost no molten steel in
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