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30-503: Fairlie–Poplar contains many commercial and office buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Local interpretations of prevailing national architectural styles, including Chicago , Renaissance revival , neoclassical , commercial, art deco , Georgian revival , and Victorian styles, are found here. The buildings of the district also represent the shift in building technology from load-bearing masonry and timber walls to steel and concrete framing. Individual buildings listed in

60-495: A broad spectrum of consumer goods and services. Public agencies and many of Atlanta's business offices were also located there. Building materials included brick , stone , cast iron , wood, pressed metal, glazed terra-cotta , and plate glass . The buildings in the district range in height from two to 16 stories , the taller ones constructed with concrete or steel frames , while the smaller buildings were built with load-bearing masonry and timber structural systems. A few of

90-720: A different sculpture commemorating the artist in Chopin Park . In the 21st century, Chicago has become an urban focus for landscape architecture and the architecture of public places. 19th-20th century Chicago architects included Burnham, Frederick Olmsted , Jens Jensen and Alfred Caldwell , modern projects include Millennium Park , Northerly Island , the 606 , the Chicago Riverwalk , Maggie Daley Park , and proposals in Jackson Park . Frank Lloyd Wright 's Prairie School influenced both building design and

120-633: A grey stone or red brick facade. The apartments typically have the same layout with a large living and dining room area at the front, the kitchen at the back and the bedrooms running down one side of the unit. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 's Illinois Institute of Technology campus in Chicago influenced the later Modern or International style . Van der Rohe's work is sometimes called the Second Chicago School. Many organizations, including Preservation Chicago and Landmarks Illinois , promote

150-477: A new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction . The tube structure, formed by closely spaced interconnected exterior columns, resists "lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation." About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply

180-591: A single central pane was usually fixed, while the two surrounding panes were operable. These windows were often deployed in bays, known as oriel windows , that projected out over the street. Architects whose names are associated with the Chicago School include Henry Hobson Richardson , Dankmar Adler , Daniel Burnham , William Holabird , William LeBaron Jenney , Martin Roche , John Root , Solon S. Beman , and Louis Sullivan . Frank Lloyd Wright started in

210-591: Is also known as Commercial Style . A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems , such as the tube-frame structure . While the term "Chicago School" is widely used to describe buildings constructed in the city during the 1880s and 1890s, this term has been disputed by scholars, in particular in reaction to Carl Condit 's 1952 book The Chicago School of Architecture . Historians such as H. Allen Brooks , Winston Weisman and Daniel Bluestone have pointed out that

240-938: Is also located on Luckie Street and is one of the most modern lecture buildings on the campus. The Aderhold Center also provides retail and restaurant space on the street level surrounding it, causing it to further blend into the district. The Georgia State University School of Music occupies the Standard Building on the corner of Fairlie St. and Luckie St., as well as the Haas-Howell Building on Poplar St. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service 33°45′25″N 84°23′25″W  /  33.7569°N 84.3902°W  / 33.7569; -84.3902  ( Fairlie–Poplar historic district ) Chicago school (architecture) The Chicago School refers to two architectural styles derived from

270-469: Is home to one of the largest and most diverse collections of skyscrapers in the world. Beginning in the early 1880s, architectural pioneers of the Chicago School explored steel-frame construction and, in the 1890s, the use of large areas of plate glass. These were among the first modern skyscrapers . William LeBaron Jenney 's Home Insurance Building was completed in 1885 and is considered to be

300-962: The National Register of Historic Places that lie within the Fairlie–Poplar Historic District include the Flatiron Building , the Empire/C&;S Building , the Healey Building , the Prudential/W.D. Grant Building , the Retail Credit Company Home Office Building , the Elbert P. Tuttle United States Court of Appeals Building . Fairlie–Poplar developed during the late 19th century, when Atlanta emerged as

330-584: The architecture of Chicago . In the history of architecture , the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism . Much of its early work

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360-409: The preservation of historic neighborhoods and buildings in Chicago. Chicago has suffered from the same problems with sinking property values and urban decline as other major cities. Many historic structures have been threatened with demolition. 1836–1900 1900–1939 : 1940 to the present : Chicago architects used many design styles and belonged to a variety of architectural schools. Below

390-448: The amount of exterior ornamentation. Sometimes elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers . Many Chicago School skyscrapers contain the three parts of a classical column . The lowest floors functions as the base, the middle stories, usually with little ornamental detail, act as the shaft of the column, and the last floor or two, often capped with a cornice and often with more ornamental detail, represent

420-656: The buildings that make up the Georgia State University campus are woven into the Fairlie–Poplar district. The first building that was acquired in Fairlie–Poplar was the former C&S Bank Building on Marietta Street in 1993, which became the J. Mack Robinson College of Business Administration Building . The Rialto Center for the Arts and the Haas-Howell Building followed in 1996 on the corner of Forsyth St. and Luckie St. The Helen M. Aderhold Learning Center

450-405: The capital. The " Chicago window " originated in this school. It is a three-part window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows. The arrangement of windows on the facade typically creates a grid pattern, with some projecting out from the facade forming bay windows . The Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation;

480-600: The city's history and multicultural heritage, featuring prominent buildings in a variety of styles. Most structures downtown were destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 (an exception being the Water Tower ). Chicago's architectural styles include the Chicago School primarily in skyscraper design, Chicago Bungalows , Two-Flats, and Greystones . The Loop is home to skyscrapers as well as sacred architecture including " Polish Cathedrals ". Chicago

510-522: The commercial center of Georgia and the Southeast . At the time, the area was promoted as "Atlanta's new modern fireproof business district". It constituted a major northward expansion of Atlanta's post- Civil War business district, which was largely concentrated along Peachtree and Alabama Street (now Underground Atlanta ) and along Marietta Street. The new business district contained a wide variety of wholesale and retail operations, which marketed

540-594: The course of American architecture back by two decades, but his work the Schlesinger and Meyer (later Carson, Pirie, Scott ) store was built in 1899 —five years after the "White City" and ten years before Burnham's Plan. Erik Larson 's history of the Columbian Exposition, The Devil in the White City , says that the building techniques developed during the construction of the many buildings of

570-421: The design of furnishings. In the early half of the 20th century, popular residential neighborhoods were developed with Chicago Bungalow style houses, many of which still exist. The two-flat apartment building, along with the larger three- and six-flat buildings, make up 30% of Chicago's housing stock. A two-flat includes two apartments, each of which occupies a full floor, usually with a large bay window and with

600-461: The design of the "White City" of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition which some historians claim led to a revival of Neo-Classical architecture throughout Chicago and the entire United States. Burnham developed the 1909 " Plan for Chicago " in a Neo-Classical style, although many skyscrapers were built after the Exposition closed, between 1894 and 1899. Louis Sullivan said that the fair set

630-468: The fair were entirely modern, even if they were adorned in a way Sullivan found aesthetically distasteful. Chicago's public art includes outdoor works by Chagall , Picasso , Miró and Abakanowicz . City sculptures additionally honor people and topics from the history of Chicago . There are monuments to: There are also plans to erect a 1:1-scale replica of Wacław Szymanowski 's statue of Frédéric Chopin along Chicago's lakefront. in addition to

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660-575: The firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his own Prairie Style of architecture. The Home Insurance Building , which some regarded as the first skyscraper in the world, was built in Chicago in 1885 and was demolished in 1931 . In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Mies sought to concentrate on neutral architectural forms instead of historicist ones, and

690-425: The first to use steel in its structural frame instead of cast iron . However, this building was still clad in heavy brick and stone. The Montauk Building , designed by John Wellborn Root Sr. and Daniel Burnham , was built from 1882 to 1883 using structural steel. Daniel Burnham and his partners, John Welborn Root and Charles B. Atwood , designed technically advanced steel frames with glass and terra cotta skins in

720-491: The mid-1890s, in particular the Reliance Building ; these were made possible by professional engineers, in particular E. C. Shankland, and modern contractors, in particular George A. Fuller . Louis Sullivan discarded historical precedent and designed buildings that emphasized their vertical nature. This new form of architecture, by Jenney, Burnham, Sullivan, and others, became known as the "Commercial Style," but

750-529: The phrase suggests a unified set of aesthetic or conceptual precepts, when, in fact, Chicago buildings of the era displayed a wide variety of styles and techniques. Contemporary publications used the phrase "Commercial Style" to describe the innovative tall buildings of the era, rather than proposing any sort of unified "school." Some of the distinguishing features of the Chicago School are the use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually terra cotta ), allowing large plate-glass window areas and limiting

780-480: The standard Miesian building is characterized by the presence of large glass panels and the use of steel for vertical and horizontal members. The Second Chicago School's first and purest expression was the 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. The structural engineer for the Lake Shore Drive Apartments project was Georgia Louise Harris Brown , who

810-620: The tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building , which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963. This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, including his own John Hancock Center and Willis Tower . Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical , art deco , modern , and postmodern . Architecture of Chicago The buildings and architecture of Chicago reflect

840-466: The way for the creation of supertall composite buildings such as Petronas Towers and the Jin Mao Building since the 1960s. Numerous architects have constructed landmark buildings of varying styles in Chicago. Among them are the so-called "Chicago seven": James Ingo Freed , Tom Beeby , Larry Booth , Stuart Cohen , James Nagle , Stanley Tigerman , and Ben Weese . Daniel Burnham led

870-716: Was called the "Chicago School" by later historians. In 1892, the Masonic Temple surpassed the New York World Building , breaking its two-year reign as the tallest skyscraper, only to be surpassed itself two years later by another New York building. Since 1963, a " Second Chicago School " has emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan were also influential in this movement. He introduced composite construction to tall tubular buildings, which in turn paved

900-645: Was the first African-American to receive an architecture degree from the University of Kansas, and second African-American woman to receive an architecture license in the United States. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , a Chicago-based architectural firm, was the first to erect buildings conforming to the features of the Second Chicago School. Myron Goldsmith , Bruce Graham , Walter Netsch , and Fazlur Khan were among its most influential architects. The Bangladeshi -born structural engineer Khan introduced

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