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55-403: Genealogical data can be represented in several formats, for example, as a pedigree or ancestry chart . Family trees are often presented with the oldest generations at the top of the tree and the younger generations at the bottom. An ancestry chart, which is a tree showing the ancestors of an individual and not all members of a family, will more closely resemble a tree in shape, being wider at

110-526: A tree-sequence , which has been described as the largest "human family tree". Pedigree chart A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next, most commonly humans , show dogs , and race horses . The word pedigree is a corruption of the Anglo-Norman French pé de grue or "crane's foot", either because

165-566: A tree in the strict sense used in graph theory , since distant relatives can mate. Therefore, a person can have a common ancestor on both their mother's and father's side. However, because a parent must be born before their child, an individual cannot be their own ancestor, and thus there are no loops. In this regard, ancestry forms a directed acyclic graph . Nevertheless, graphs depicting matrilineal descent (mother-daughter relationships) and patrilineal descent (father-son relationships) do form trees. Assuming no common ancestor, an ancestry chart

220-620: A certain office, such as the Kings of Germany , which represents the reliance on marriage to link dynasties together. The passage of time can also be included to illustrate ancestry and descent. A time scale is often used, expanding radially across the center, divided into decades. Children of the parent form branches around the center and their names are plotted in their birth year on the time scale. Spouses' names join children's names and nuclear families of parents and children branch off to grandchildren, and so on. Great-grandparents are often in

275-399: A horizontal line and a vertical line leads to their offspring. The offspring are connected by a horizontal sibship line and listed in birth order from left to right. If the offspring are twins then they will be connected by a triangle. If an offspring dies then its symbol will be crossed by a line. If the offspring is still born or aborted it is represented by a small triangle. Each generation

330-826: A red mantle with the Imperial Crown , and before the throne is the Lion of the Tribe of Judah . The Lion of Judah was the central emblem of the Ethiopian tricolour during the reign of the monarchy, and now serves as the chief symbol of the Ethiopian monarchist movement . The Lion of Judah has also been adopted as the leading religious symbol for the Rastafari movement (a Western , African diasporic religious movement ) that regards Emperor Haile Selassie as divine. The phrase "Moa Ambassa ze imnegede Yehuda" ( Conquering Lion of

385-428: A trait is dominant or recessive. When a pedigree shows a condition appearing in a 50:50 ratio between men and women it is considered autosomal . When the condition predominantly affects males in the pedigree it is considered x-linked . Some examples of dominant traits include: male baldness , astigmatism , and dwarfism . Some examples of recessive traits include: small eyes, little body hair, and tall stature. In

440-465: A tree structure, there are other notable systems used to illustrate and document ancestry and descent. An Ahnentafel ( German for "ancestor table") is a genealogical numbering system for listing a person's direct ancestors in a fixed sequence of ascent: and so on, back through the generations. Apart from the subject or proband , who can be male or female, all even-numbered persons are male, and all odd-numbered persons are female. In this scheme ,

495-459: Is a perfect binary tree , as each person has exactly one mother and one father; these thus have a regular structure. A Descendant chart, on the other hand, does not, in general, have a regular structure, as a person can have any number of children or none at all. Family trees have been used to document family histories across time and cultures throughout the world. In Africa, the ruling dynasty of Ethiopia claimed descent from King Solomon via

550-429: Is a family history, and details about an earlier generation may be uncertain as memories fade. If the sex of the person is unknown a diamond is used. Someone with the phenotype in question is represented by a filled-in (darker) symbol. Heterozygotes , when identifiable, are indicated by a shade dot inside a symbol or a half-filled symbol. Relationships in a pedigree are shown as a series of lines. Parents are connected by

605-583: Is currently held by his direct heir in the male line, Prince Zera Yacob, and by the Crown Council of Ethiopia . The arms are composed of an Imperial Throne flanked by two angels, one holding a sword and a pair of scales, the other holding the Imperial sceptre. The throne is often shown with a globus cruciger and a Star of David , representing the Christian and Jewish traditions. It is surmounted by

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660-665: Is his legal heir and therefore the current head of the Imperial dynasty. The Shewan branch has several sub-branches, most notably the Selalle line established by Menelik II's uncle Ras Darge. The oldest junior cadet branch of the Solomonic Dynasty is the Gojjam branch which traces its ancestry through various lines of the main branch of the Solomonic dynasty. One of the more prominent lines comes from Princess Walata Israel,

715-455: Is identified by a Roman numeral (I, II, III, and so on), and each individual within the same generation is identified by an Arabic numeral (1, 2, 3, and so on). Analysis of the pedigree using the principles of Mendelian inheritance can determine whether a trait has a dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance. Pedigrees are often constructed after a family member afflicted with a genetic disorder has been identified. This individual, known as

770-407: Is often very limited. Forms of family trees are also used in genetic genealogy . In 2022, scientists reported the largest detailed human genetic genealogy, that unifies human genomes from many sources for insights about human history , ancestry and evolution and demonstrates a novel computational method for estimating how human DNA is related via a series of 13 million linked trees along the genome,

825-690: Is that of the Lurie lineage—which includes Sigmund Freud and Martin Buber —and traces back to Lurie, a 13th-century rabbi in Brest-Litovsk, and from there to Rashi and purportedly back to the legendary King David , as documented by Neil Rosenstein in his book The Lurie Legacy . The 1999 edition of the Guinness Book of Records recorded the Lurie family in the "longest lineage" category as one of

880-574: The Ethiopian Highlands . The Empire expanded and contracted over the centuries, sometimes incorporating parts of modern-day Sudan and South Sudan, and coastal areas of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden . Southern and eastern regions were permanently incorporated during the last two centuries, some by Shewan kings and some by Emperors Menelik II and Haile Selassie; although much of the central and southern regions were previously incorporated into

935-667: The House of Solomon , was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. The dynasty was founded by Yekuno Amlak , who overthrew the Zagwe dynasty in 1270. His successors claimed he was descended from the legendary king Menelik I , the supposed son of the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba , in order to legitimize the dynasty's assumption of power. Although this claimed ancestry gave

990-519: The Kebra Nagast's imaginative and emotive account of a line of descent from Solomon and Sheba to the kings of Aksum and the new Solomonic dynasty is highly improbable and unsupported by evidence. It is a myth. Although the story originated as a medieval political myth, it nevertheless became embedded in the Ethiopian sense of nationhood. This and the dynasty's continued propagation of the myth

1045-656: The Keita dynasty of Mali, for example, have had their pedigrees sung by griots during annual ceremonies since the 14th century. Meanwhile, in Nigeria, many ruling clans—most notably those descended from Oduduwa —claim descent from the legendary King Kisra . Here too, pedigrees are recited by griots attached to the royal courts. In some pre-contact Native American civilizations , genealogical records of ruling and priestly families were kept, some of which extended over several centuries or longer. There are extensive genealogies for

1100-654: The Queen of Sheba . Through this claim, the family traced their descent back to the House of David . The genealogy of Ancient Egyptian ruling dynasties was recorded from the beginnings of the Pharaonic era c.  3000 BC to the end of the Ptolomaic Kingdom ; although this is not a record of one continuously linked family lineage, and surviving records are incomplete. Elsewhere in Africa, oral traditions of genealogical recording predominate. Members of

1155-852: The Tree of Jesse in medieval art, used to illustrate the Genealogy of Christ in terms of a prophecy of Isaiah (Isaiah 11:1). Possibly the first non-biblical use, and the first to show full family relationships rather than a purely patrilineal scheme, was that involving family trees of the classical gods in Boccaccio 's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium ("On the Genealogy of the Gods of the Gentiles"), whose first version dates to 1360. In addition to familiar representations of family history and genealogy as

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1210-513: The proband , is indicated on the pedigree by an arrow. These changes may occur yearly or monthly. In England and Wales pedigrees are officially recorded in the College of Arms , which has records going back to the Middle Ages, including pedigrees collected during roving inquiries by its heralds during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The purpose of these heraldic visitations

1265-504: The Aksumite royal house was descended from Solomon (or that any Aksumite king even claimed such an ancestry) or that Yekuno Amlak was descended from the Aksumite royal house. Solomon is dated to the 10th century BCE, hundreds of years before the founding of Aksum. Historian Harold G. Marcus describes the stories of the Kebra Nagast as a "pastiche of legends" created to legitimize Yekuno Amlak's seizure of power. David Northrup notes that

1320-476: The Aksumite royal house, it was also claimed that Yekuno Amlak was a descendant of the biblical king, Solomon . The canonical form of the claim was set out in legends recorded in the Kebra Nagast , a 14th century text. According to this, the Queen of Sheba , who supposedly came from Aksum, visited Jerusalem where she conceived a son with Solomon. On her return to her homeland of Ethiopia, she gave birth to

1375-545: The Solomonic Prince Melmal Iyasu. Its most recent members include Tekle Haimanot, King of Gojjam ; his son Leul Ras Hailu Tekle Haimanot , who was the most senior Ethiopian noble who submitted to the Italian occupation of 1936–1941; and his nephew Ras Hailu Belew, who was a noted figure in the resistance against the Italian occupation. The Imperial coat of arms was adopted by Haile Selassie I, and

1430-858: The Torah, the Kohanim are descended from Aaron . Genetic testing performed at the Technion has shown that most modern Kohanim share common Y-chromosome origins, although there is no complete family tree of the Kohanim. In the Islamic world, claimed descent from Muhammad greatly enhanced the status of political and religious leaders; new dynasties often used claims of such descent to help establish their legitimacy. Elsewhere, in many human cultures, clan and tribal associations are based on claims of common ancestry, although detailed documentation of those origins

1485-563: The Tribe of Judah ) appeared on the arms, and always preceded the Emperor's official style and titles. The official Imperial Dynastic motto was "Ityopia tabetsih edewiha habe Igziabiher" ( Ethiopia stretches her hands unto God ), a quote from the Psalm 68:31 . The full title of the Emperor of Ethiopia was Negusa Nagast and Seyoume Igziabeher ( Ge'ez : ሥዩመ እግዚአብሔር; "Elect of God"). The title Moa Anbessa Ze Imnegede Yehuda ("Conquering Lion of

1540-421: The Tribe of Judah") always preceded the titles of the Emperor. It was not a personal title but rather referred to the title of Jesus and placed the office of Christ ahead of the Emperor's name in an act of Imperial submission. Until the reign of Yohannes IV , the Emperor was also Neguse Tsion ( Ge'ez : ንጉሠ ጽዮን, ' nəgusä tsiyon)' , "King of Zion"), whose seat was at Axum , and which conferred hegemony over much of

1595-643: The Zagwe throne, his reign was meant to be a unification of both dynasties in the enthronement of a king bearing both lineages. Tekle Giyorgis II fought a battle with the Tigrean claimant Kassai Mercha (Yohannes IV), and the latter, who had retrieved superior weaponry and armament from the British in return for his assistance in the defeat of Tewodros II, would be able to defeat Tekle Giyorgis II's army, imprisoning and killing him. The Tigrean line came to power briefly with

1650-431: The center to portray four or five generations, which reflect the natural growth pattern of a tree as seen from the top but sometimes there can be great-great-grandparents or more. In a descendant tree, living relatives are common on the outer branches and contemporary cousins appear adjacent to each other. Privacy should be considered when preparing a living family tree. The image of the tree probably originated with that of

1705-406: The child, Menelik I . He and his descendants (which included the Aksumite royal house) ruled Ethiopia until overthrown by the Zagwe usurpers. Yekuno Amlak, as a supposed direct descendant of Menelik I, was therefore claimed to have "restored" the Solomonic line. However, there is no historical evidence supporting the legends or Yekuno Amlak's ancestry. There is no credible basis to the claims that

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1760-514: The coming to power of Tewodros II , whose later claims of Solomonic descent were never widely accepted. Following Tewodros, Wagshum Gobeze claimed the throne linking himself to the last independent Gondarine emperors through his mother, Aychesh Tedla, a descendant of Iyasu I , and reigned as emperor of Ethiopia with the title Tekle Giyorgis II for some years, highly investing in the renovation of churches and monuments in Gondar. Being also an heir to

1815-569: The daughter of Melmal Iyasu and Empress Mentewab. She married Dejazmach Yosedek, who gave rise to the Gojam Imperial House by means of their child "Talaku" Ras Hailu. The Princes of Gojam, which include Ras Merid Hailu (son of Ras Hailu Yosedek), Ras Goshu Zewde, Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam , Dejazmach Tadla Gwalu and Ras Desta Tadla all claim royal blood through the main Gonder Imperial House through Empress Mentewab and

1870-485: The dynasty its name, there is no credible evidence that the dynasty was descended from Solomon or the Davidic line . The Solomonic dynasty remained in power until 1974, when its last emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a coup d'état . The Solomonic dynasty is the name given by modern historians to the line of Ethiopian Orthodox Christian monarchs that ruled Ethiopia from the late 13th century to 1974. The dynasty

1925-480: The dynasty were released by the regime from prison in 1989, and the men were released in 1990. Several members were then allowed to leave the country in mid-1990, and the rest left in 1991 upon the fall of the communist régime . Many members of the Imperial family have since returned to live in Ethiopia. During much of the dynasty's existence, its effective realm was the northwestern quadrant of present-day Ethiopia,

1980-424: The empire under Amda Seyon I and Zara Yaqob , peripheral areas were lost after the invasion of Ahmad Gragn . In the modern era, the Imperial dynasty has several cadet branches . The elder Gondarine Amhara line, starting with Susenyos I in 1606 (although often credited to his son Fasilides who established his capital at Gondar) ended its rule with the fall of the largely powerless Yohannes III in 1855 and

2035-582: The enthronement of Yohannes IV in 1872, and although this line did not persist on the Imperial throne after the Emperor was killed at the Battle of Gallabat with the Mahdists in 1889, the heirs of this cadet branch ruled Tigray until the revolution of 1974 toppled the Ethiopian monarchy. The Tigrean Cadet branch (along with its various sub-branches) traces its lineage to the main Solomonic line of Emperors through at least two female lines. The more recent link

2090-515: The female line, Lij Iyasu through his mother Shewarega Menelik, and Haile Selassie through his paternal grandmother, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie). The male line, through the descendants of Menelik's cousin Dejazmatch Taye Gulilat, still existed, but had been pushed aside largely because of Menelik's personal distaste for this branch of his family. The Solomonic Dynasty continued to rule Ethiopia with few interruptions until 1974, when

2145-824: The first millennium BC; with claimed or mythological origins reaching back further. Roman clan and family lineages played an important part in the structure of their society and were the basis of their intricate system of personal names. However, there was a break in the continuity of record-keeping at the end of Classical Antiquity . Records of the lines of succession of the Popes and the Eastern Roman Emperors through this transitional period have survived, but these are not continuous genealogical histories of single families. Refer to descent from antiquity . Many noble and aristocratic families of European and West Asian origin can reliably trace their ancestry back as far as

2200-602: The general public without payment of a fee. More visible, therefore, are the pedigrees recorded in published works, such as Burke's Peerage and Burke's Landed Gentry in the United Kingdom and, in continental Europe by the Almanach de Gotha . A pedigree may be used to establish the probability of a child having a particular disorder or condition. It may be used to discover where the genes in question are located (x, y, or autosome chromosome), and to determine whether

2255-418: The grandson of Dawit II by his youngest son Abeto Yaqob. The direct male line ended with Menelik II, who was succeeded first by the son of his daughter Lij Iyasu from 1913 to 1916, then by his daughter Zewditu until 1930, and finally by the son of a first cousin in the female line, Haile Selassie. Haile Selassie's reign lasted until 1974, when the dynasty was removed from power. His grandson Prince Zera Yacob

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2310-413: The last emperor, Haile Selassie, was deposed. The Imperial family is currently non-regnant. Members of the family in Ethiopia at the time of the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution were imprisoned; some were executed and others exiled. In 1976, ten great-grandchildren of Haile Selassie were extracted from Ethiopia in an undertaking later detailed in a book by Jodie Collins, titled Code Word: Catherine . The women of

2365-507: The mid to late first millennium AD; some claiming undocumented descent from Classical Antiquity or mythological ancestors. In Europe, for example, the pedigree of Niall Noígíallach would be a contender for the longest, through Conn of the Hundred Battles ( fl. 123 AD); in the legendary history of Ireland, he is further descended from Breogán , and ultimately from Adam, through the sons of Noah. Another very old and extensive tree

2420-519: The number of any person's father is double the person's number, and a person's mother is double the person's number plus one. This system can also be displayed as a tree: A fan chart features a half circle chart with concentric rings: the subject is the inner circle, the second circle is divided in two (each side is one parent), the third circle is divided in four, and so forth. Fan charts depict paternal and maternal ancestors. While family trees are depicted as trees, family relations do not in general form

2475-469: The oldest-known living families in the world today. Family trees and representations of lineages are also important in religious traditions. The biblical genealogies of Jesus also claim descent from the House of David, covering a period of approximately 1000 years. In the Torah and Old Testament, genealogies are provided for many biblical persons, including a record of the descendants of Adam. Also according to

2530-525: The practice of selective breeding of animals, particularly in animal fancy and livestock , including horses , pedigree charts are used to track the ancestry of animals and assist in the planning of suitable breeding programs to enhance desirable traits. Breed registries are formed and are dedicated to the accurate tracking of pedigrees and maintaining accurate records of birth, death and identifying characteristics of each registered animal. Solomonic dynasty The Solomonic dynasty , also known as

2585-498: The ruling dynasties of China, but these do not form a single, unified family tree. Additionally, it is unclear at which point(s) the most ancient historical figures named become mythological. In Japan, the ancestry of the Imperial Family is traced back to the mythological origins of Japan. The connection to persons from the established historical record only begins in the mid-first millennium AD. The longest family tree in

2640-417: The top than at the bottom. In some ancestry charts, an individual appears on the left and his or her ancestors appear to the right. Conversely, a descendant chart, which depicts all the descendants of an individual, will be narrowest at the top. Beyond these formats, some family trees might include all members of a particular surname (e.g., male-line descendants). Yet another approach is to include all holders of

2695-491: The typical lines and split lines (each split leading to different offspring of the one parent line) resemble the thin leg and foot of a crane or because such a mark was used to denote succession in pedigree charts. A pedigree results in the presentation of family information in the form of an easily readable chart. It can be simply called as a " family tree ". Pedigrees use a standardized set of symbols, squares represent males and circles represent females. Pedigree construction

2750-512: The world is that of the Chinese philosopher and educator Confucius (551–479 BC), who is descended from King Tang (1675–1646 BC). The tree spans more than 80 generations from him and includes more than 2 million members. An international effort involving more than 450 branches around the world was started in 1998 to retrace and revise this family tree. A new edition of the Confucius genealogy

2805-464: Was founded by Yekuno Amlak , a noble from Shewa , who overthrew the last ruler of Ethiopia's Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and seized power. The dynasty later claimed that Yekuno Amlak was a direct male line descendant of the royal house of the Kingdom of Aksum . The Aksumite kings had ruled much of Ethiopia from the 1st to the 10th centuries AD when they had been replaced by the Zagwe dynasty. Through

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2860-681: Was printed in September 2009 by the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee , to coincide with the 2560th anniversary of the birth of the Chinese thinker. This latest edition was expected to include some 1.3 million living members who are scattered around the world today. Before the Dark Ages , in the Greco-Roman world, some reliable pedigrees dated back perhaps at least as far as the first half of

2915-505: Was reflected in the 1955 Ethiopian constitution , which declared that the emperor "descends without interruption from the dynasty of Menelik I, son of Queen of Ethiopia, the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon of Jerusalem". Menelik II , and later his daughter Zewditu , would be the last Ethiopian monarchs who could claim uninterrupted direct male descent from Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba (both Lij Iyasu and Haile Selassie were in

2970-609: Was through Woizero Aster Iyasu (wife of Ras Mikael Sehul , daughter of Mentewab and her lover, Melmal Iyasu, a Solomonic prince and nephew of Mentewab's late husband Bakaffa ). The Shewan line was next on the Imperial throne with the coronation of Menelik II, previously Menelik King of Shewa, in 1889. The Shewan Branch of the Imperial Solomonic dynasty, like the Gondarine line, could trace uninterrupted male line descent from King Yekonu Amlak, though Abeto Negassi Yisaq,

3025-475: Was to register and regulate the use of coats of arms . Those who claimed the right to bear arms had to provide proof either of a grant of arms to them by the College, or of descent from an ancestor entitled to arms. It was for this reason that pedigrees were recorded by the visitations. Pedigrees continue to be registered at the College of Arms and kept up to date on a voluntary basis but they are not accessible to

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