Sokoto victory
59-609: Kafanchan ( Tyap : Fantswam ; Nikyob : Manɡyanɡ ) is a town located in the southern part of Kaduna State , Nigeria . The town owes much of its development to the railway development in the area. The railway is situated at a particular junction of the Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) station built in 1927. It sits on the railtrack connecting Port Harcourt , Enugu , Kafanchan, Kuru , Bauchi and finally Maiduguri . As of 2007, Kafanchan had an estimated population of 83,092. James (2000) asserted that
118-665: A collection centre for ginger and other agricultural harvest. Daily Trust accounted that passenger railway traffic across the North-Central District with Kafanchan as administrative headquarters generated about 30 percent of [the country's] railway revenue in the late 1980s. Around the town is a waterfall known as Ka̱byek tityong (Hausa: Matsirga , English: River Wonderful ) located around Batadon (Madakiya) of Bajju chiefdom and Aduwan District of Fantswam chiefdom, with underdeveloped tourist attraction potentials, although an indigenously owned resort, Fantswam Resort
177-511: A crossbar would be laid after the labourer widens his leg, pushing a leg forward. Hence, the name Kafanchan. The above account, however, seems to be false, as the name "Kafanchan" was mentioned by A.J.N. Tremearne in his notes published in 1912, over a decade before the railway construction began in the area. In the words of the Agwam Fantswam I, Musa Didam : latter-day settlers corrupted Fantswam to Kafanchan. In addition, he viewed
236-455: A manner that allowed their subjects to live as good Muslims while criticizing corruption, hypocrisy, oppression of fellow Muslims, and tolerance of beliefs and practices in conflict with Islam. Originally, dan Fodio's preaching received the support of the leadership of Gobir; however, as his influence increased and as he began to advocate for self-defense arming by his followers, his favor with the leadership decreased. King Nafata of Gobir , placed
295-892: A number of dialects, including: The Tyap alphabet ( Zwunzwuo A̱lyem Tyap ji ) had 39 letters, as drafted by the Tyap Literacy Committee (TLC) during the early 1990s: However, a current development as of 2018, has the Tyap Basic Alphabetical Chart reduced to 24, as follows: The letter "ch" would henceforth be represented by the symbol "c", without the "h". All others remain the same. The seven vowels of Tyap may either be short or long monophthongs sounds. The language has five (or six) diphthongs : /ei(/əi) ea əu ai oi/ . The language has over 80 monographic and digraph labialized and palatalized consonant sounds, classified into fortis and lenis modifications. The following table contains
354-531: A railway junction town in the early 20th century. This fact brings another claim as to how the name Kafanchan came into existence. It was said that the name originated during the Nigeria railway construction period in the 1920s. Then, when the railtrack crossbars were being laid, the white man would say in Hausa kafa chan (which sounds "Kafanchan!") which literally means "leg there," i.e. "put your leg there," then
413-737: A reconstruction of the branch, assigning it as "proto-Plateau". Again in 1989, Gerhardt placed Tyap and Jju under the South-Central subgroup, Central group, Plateau branch of Platoid, a division of the Benue-Congo languages. Achi (2005) stated that the Atyap speak a language in the Kwa group of the Benue-Congo language family. However, according to Bitiyong, Y. I., in Achi et al. (2019:44),
472-468: A series of restrictions on preaching by dan Fodio's followers and by Usman himself. In 1801, Sarkin Gobir Yunfa, a former pupil of dan Fodio, replaced Nafata as king and increased the restrictions on dan Fodio, exiling him from Gobir to the village of Degel . A crisis developed later in 1803 when Yunfa attacked and captured many of the followers of a group associated with dan Fodio. Yunfa then marched
531-511: Is gbang far A̱li nung ka shyia̱ gbang Fulani War The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio was a religio-military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon . The war began when Usman dan Fodio , a prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from Gobir by King Yunfa , one of his former students. Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic army to lead a jihad against Gobir and other Hausa Kingdoms of northern Nigeria. The forces of Usman dan Fodio slowly took over more and more of
590-559: Is Agwam (Dr.) Josiah Kantiyok , Agwam Fantswam II. A sword, considered of great antiquity serves as the instrument of office or symbol of power of the monarch, given by the "Makatanak" (an electoral college consisting of members of a sub-clan of traditional priests of the Fantswam with a spiritual right to initiate a new monarch) after the king-to-be had been identified. Sun Travels reported palace sources in Zikpak, stating that no member of
649-627: Is a vassal state of the Zaria Emirate . In addition to the colonial officers and missionaries who came in the 1900s, the completion of the busy railway line linking the Kaduna station with the Kuru and the Port Harcourt railway stations in 1927, enabled Kafanchan to experience a heavy influx of migrants from all over the country in search for job and trading opportunities, most notably,
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#1732798463422708-454: Is a regionally important dialect cluster of Plateau languages in Nigeria 's Middle Belt , named after its prestige dialect . It is also known by its Hausa exonym as Katab or Kataf. It is also known by the names of its dialectical varieties including Sholyio, Fantswam , Gworok , Takad, "Mabatado" (Tyap 'proper'), Tyeca̱rak and Tyuku (Tuku). In spite of being listed separately from
767-1048: Is located southwest of the Jos Plateau escarpment on the windward region. The relief consists of two main rivers, Sanga (same as the Kogum River) and Amere (same as the Mada River and River Wonderful), both sourced from the plateau, with the former merging with the latter close to the Kogum River Station and finally emptying into the Benue River . There lie in addition, numerous hills, valleys streams. The undulating lands also provide fertile grounds for agricultural activities. The town has an altitude of 742m. Kafanchan has an average annual temperature of about 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) with average yearly highs of about 28.6 °C (83.5 °F) and lows of 18.8 °C (65.8 °F). The town has zero rainfalls at
826-510: Is the exclamation, "Kwot!" (What?!). Today, majority of the Fantswam are Christians. Nevertheless, from time past before accepting Christianity , the Fantswam people had believed in the existence of an omnipotent and Almighty God they call "Gwam-tazwa," (or Gwaza), translatable to "King of Heaven", as narrated the monarch. The people also worshipped the Abwoi/Aboi , in whose rite of passage all males aged 14 year and above were initiated. In
885-819: The Amir al-Mu'minin "Commander of the Faithful" and renounced their allegiance to Gobir. The earliest recorded mention of the Fulani in Kanem-Bornu dates back to the arrival of a group of Fulani envoys from the Emperor of Mali at the court of the Mai (ruler) of Kanem during the reign of Kashim Biri (r. 1242–1262). A steady flow of Fulani pastoralists and Islamic scholars continued to settle in Hausaland and Kanem-Bornu. By
944-572: The Gworok hills with available wild bananas natively called tsuntswan , whereat they adopted the name "Fantswam". Being hunters, they pursued it until they met where it fell within the plains. They finally settled there and became the aboriginal inhabitants of the present-day Kafanchan plains. A wave of migration caused by human and environmental factors such as the Fulani Jihad and slave raids and famine resulted in other kin sub-groups such as
1003-602: The Igbo people from Nigeria's southeast, many of whom left before the Nigerian Civil War in 1967, although some later returned. Yorubas mainly from Ibadan , Ogbomosho and Offa in the southwest also came and settled in considerable amounts in the expanding town, some of whom brought with them their handworks and trades. A good number of the Igbos were engine drivers or rail engine mechanics. M. G. Smith noted that
1062-767: The Makatanak was permitted to aspire to the throne of the Agwam's, which serves as a check and balance mechanism. The Fantswam (Kafanchan) chiefdom comprises five ruling houses, namely: Manyii, Takau , Takum, Zibyin (Kajibyin) and Zikpak. There are six District Heads, seven districts and 32 Village Heads. The Fantswam in the pre-colonial times were said to have fallen under Kauru/Kajuru rule. Under Kauru, there were at least five chiefs, namely: Yabiliyok, Dodo Jinjirim, Kadong Manza, Abwui Duniya and Dari. There are three traditional stools present within Kafanchan town, recognised by
1121-672: The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), a General Hospital (Sir Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa Memorial Hospital). The town also houses the headquarters of a Christian ministry, Throneroom (Trust) Ministry. Kafanchan's railway station is the headquarters of one of the Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) seven national districts and hubs, the North Central District, comprising states such as Benue , Kaduna , Nasarawa and Plateau States , whose rail network links Nigeria's south and north. The town lies at
1180-731: The Nikyob (Hausa: Kaninkon), the Bajju and the Atyap ("Mabatado") settling among the Fantswam. In the early years of the Fulani Jihad of the early 1800s, the Fulani ran being annihilated by the Kajuru Hausa chief. Usman Yabo led his people from Kajuru to settle in a place they named Jama'a Dororo meaning "people of Dororo" and founded an emirate amidst the people who gave him and his people
1239-524: The Roman Catholic Mission (RCM) School, New Saint Peter Claviers. As of 2007, Kafanchan housed public educational institutions in the state such as: Kaduna State University (KASU), Kafanchan Campus; Kaduna State College of Education (KSCOE), Gidan Waya; Kaduna State College of Nursing and Midwifery; a Federal Science and Technical College; and at least eight primary schools. The town has two main markets. The old market site located in
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#17327984634221298-541: The battle of Alkalawa , and destroying large parts of the city. Furthermore, Abdullahi dan Fodio also took over the Kebbi Emirate the same year. With the capture of Gobir, the jihadists saw that they were part of a wider regional struggle. They continued with battles against several Hausa kingdoms, and the Sokoto Caliphate expanded over the next two years. The last major expansion of the jihadists
1357-699: The 20th-century imposition of the Fantswam people and her kins under emirate rule. However, the Jema'an emirate remains an institution of the Hausa-Fulani inhabitants. Today, Kafanchan is a melting pot of many Nigerians from parts of southern Kaduna such as the Gwong and the Ham , and other parts of Nigeria . The town lies within the Southern Guinea Zone, consisting of forests and savannah lands, and
1416-452: The Fantswam funeral tradition in the ancient times, the deceased were buried regardless of age or gender, immediately after death occurred, but may be kept for up to three days in the modern day. The demise of the aged is celebrated within a longer period among the Fantswam, however, the corpse of a youth or child by traditions, is interred immediately with a short period of mourning to lessen the grief. The monarch ( Agwam Fantswam ) as of 2021
1475-600: The Fantswam had been regarded by the British colonial government and writers like C. K. Meek as the part of the Agworok (H. Kagoro ) under the Jema'a emirate, not until about the late 1950s were they recognized as a distinct political group. Their town served as the site of the British Divisional Headquarters for Jema'a. After the death of the emir of Jama'a in 1998, there was resentment toward
1534-481: The Fulani in the 18th-century. In the late 18th-century, the Galadima of Bornu , Dunama, administered a large district in western Bornu, which contained numerous Fulani groups and encompassed portions of what later became the emirates of Hadejia , Katagum , Jamaare , and Misau . Three figures led the jihad in this area: Bi Abdur, Lerlima, and Ibrahim Zaki. Bi Abdur lived near Hadejia and, around 1800, persuaded
1593-749: The Gobirawa and Dan Fodio armies were ethnically mixed. The Gobirawa had some Tuaregs and Fulanis from the Sullubawa clan while the Muslims had Hausa, Fulani and a few Iwellemmedan Tuaregs. The Tuaregs of the Muslim army consisted of Agali and Adagh muslims and possibly the sons of the Emir of Adagh . Although outnumbered, dan Fodio's troops were able to prevent Yunfa from advancing on Gunu and thus convince larger numbers of people to join his forces. In 1805,
1652-1160: The Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and executing Yunfa. The war resulted in the creation of the Sokoto Caliphate , initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa. The ancient Kanem–Bornu Empire was losing power by the mid-18th century. There was large-scale immigration by Fulani pastoralists, leading to resource competition with more settled Hausa communities despite their shared religion. Several Hausa kingdoms previously tributary to Kanem-Bornu became independent and fought with each other. Rulers enforced harsh systems of conscription and taxation, while war caused social disruption, economic hardship, and enslavement of war captives. Fulani communities felt especially victimized by Hausa rulers' taxation and land control. Two prominent Hausa kingdoms that were central in
1711-474: The Jihad were Gobir, where Usman dan Fodio's parents settled in his childhood and where he lived until 1804, and Zamfara . Usman dan Fodio , born in 1754, joined a growing number of traveling Islamic scholars through the Hausa kingdoms in the 1770s and became quite popular in the 1790s. Much of his preaching focused on the obligations of Muslim rulers to promote Islam and to rule ethically and generously in
1770-558: The Kataf Group (an old classification) to which Tyap language belongs, is a member of the eastern Plateau. He went further to suggest that by utilizing a glotochronological time scale established for Yoruba and Edo languages and their neighbours, the separation of the Kataf Group into distinguishable dialects and dialect clusters would require thousands of years. Also mentioned was that, Between Igala and Yoruba language, for example, at least 2,000 years were required to develop
1829-527: The Sarkin Hadejia (ruler of Hadejia) to appoint him as the leader of the local Fulani. He had considerable animosity towards the Galadima, who was responsible for his father's death. Lerlima, Bi Abdur's maternal cousin, was married to the Galadima's daughter and served in his administration, possibly as a tax collector. Ibrahim Zaki was a widely travelled mallam (Islamic teacher) and was familiar with
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1888-749: The Tyap cluster, Jju 's separation, according to Blench R.M. (2018), seems to be increasingly ethnic rather than a linguistic reality. Native Tyap speakers are primarily found in the local government areas of Jema'a , Kaura and Zangon Kataf , although pockets of speakers are also found in Kachia and Kauru in southern Kaduna state, and Riyom (especially Takad speakers ) in Plateau State of Nigeria . There are also large speaking communities in Kaduna South and Chikun Local Government Areas of
1947-421: The above, due to the linguistic and cultural similarities shared by them. Murdock (1959) classified Kagoro (Gworok) and other dialects comprising the current Tyap language group as "Plateau Nigerian", in his "Semi-Bantu" branch of "Bantoid subfamily" of "Negritic Stock". Tyap and Jju were placed by Greenberg (1963) under the "Plateau II" branch of the Benue-Congo language family. Later on, Gerhardt (1974) made
2006-464: The distinction, while 6,000 years were needed for the differences observable in a comparison of Idoma and Yoruba language clusters noting further that this indicates that even within dialect clusters, a period of up to 2,000 years was needed to create clearly identifiable dialect separation and that it is thus a slow process of steady population growth and expansion and cultural differentiation over thousands of years. He thereafter summarized that
2065-1011: The empire. These men were often veterans of the Fulani wars. Bello succeeded Usman dan Fodio as ruler of Sokoto and in 1817 adopted the title of sultan , an office that still exists, albeit stripped of most of its power by the British colonial government of Nigeria in 1903. The success of the jihad inspired a number of later West African jihadists, including Massina Empire founder Seku Amadu , Toucouleur Empire founder Omar Saidou Tall , Wassoulou Empire founder Samori , Adamawa Emirate founder Modibo Adama and Zabarma Emirate founder Babatu (warlord) . The consequences of this Jihad reached far beyond West Africa, influencing regions as far as South America. Many recently enslaved individuals taken from these areas, who were already trained in military tactics, were highly able to stage numerous revolts in Portuguese Brazil that occurred during
2124-494: The ends and beginnings of the year with a yearly precipitation of about 28.1 mm (1.11 in) on average, and an average humidity of 53.7%, similar to that of Kagoro . Fantswam, otherwise known as "Kafanchan" is a dialect of Tyap , alongside six or seven others: Gworok, Sholyio, Takad, "Mabatado" Tyap, Tyeca̱rak and Tyuku, and also Jju seems to be a dialect of Tyap. One word you are sure to find funny if you visit Fantswam (Kafanchan) and surroundinɡ areas of southern Kaduna
2183-625: The existing 10 in Jema'a Local Government Area (LGA), namely: Kafanchan A and Kafanchan B, each with a District Head. Today, other wards such as Takau , Kadajya ( H. Maigizo), Atuku, Nikyob (H. Kaninkon), and Gidan-Waya have fully and partly become part of the town. The other eight wards in the LGA have four District Heads. [REDACTED] Media related to Kafanchan at Wikimedia Commons 9°34′N 8°18′E / 9.567°N 8.300°E / 9.567; 8.300 Tyap language Tyap
2242-544: The forces of dan Fodio, the jihadists , captured the Hausa kingdom of Kebbi. In 1807, the jihadists had taken over Katsina whose ruler, Magajin Halidu, committed suicide following the defeat. They then captured the Sultanate of Kano whose king ( Muhammad Alwali II ) was forced to flee to Zazzau , then the village of Burum-Burum where he was soon killed in battle. In 1808, the jihadists assaulted Gobir, killing Yunfa in
2301-581: The heart of the town and the new market, Yakowa Main Market (the proposed Kafanchan New Market), along the Kafanchan-Kagoro road. The economic fortunes of Kafanchan grew as long as the Nigerian railway industry thrived. Its growth came to a decline, however, with the fall out of the railway. According to the town's monarch while recounting the good old days, as narrated by Sun Travels: Kafanchan
2360-503: The implication for Tyap is that it has taken thousands of years to separate, in the same general geographical location from its about six most closely related dialects and stated that as a sub-unit, they required probably more thousands of years earlier to separate from other members of the "Kataf group" like Gyong , Hyam , Duya and Ashe (Koro) who are little intelligible to them. The stability of language and other culture traits in this region of Nigeria has been recognized. Tyap has
2419-505: The indigenous inhabitants of the Kafanchan town and environs, the Fantswam people (who speak a dialect of Tyap ), usually add the prefix kwa to all names of peoples and places, hence, the phrase, "kwa Fantswam". However, the Hausa immigrant elements who interacted with them found it more convenient to pronounce the phrase, kwa-Fantswam as Kafanchan. The town developed as a result of British colonial commercial activities, that is,
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2478-543: The main basic consonant sounds of Tyap: Tyap has the SVO constituent order type as illustrated below in the first given example: Shyimfwuo Shyimfwuo wan cook. PST kyayak food hu DET Shyimfwuo wan kyayak hu Shyimfwuo cook.PST food DET ‘Shyimfwuo cooked the food.’ N I na will. MOD ngya eat bah NEG N na ngya bah I will.MOD eat NEG ‘I will not eat.’ A̱li House nung my ka DET shyia̱
2537-649: The middle of a railway line connecting Port Harcourt , Enugu , Kafanchan, Kuru , Bauchi , and finally Maiduguri . The closest airport to the town is the Yakubu Gowon Airport ( IATA : JOS), Jos . Kafanchan has a township stadium, located in its Takum district. The earliest educational institutions in the town include: the Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) Gin School, formerly Sudan Interior Mission (SIM) School; and
2596-415: The oral narrative given by the Agwam Fantswam I, reported by a writer for Sun Travels, the original home of the Fantswam (Kafanchan) people was traced to Inkil, a settlement in the eastern part of Bauchi State , 5 km from the modern city of Bauchi . The people were said to have left Inkil to settle at a riverine settlement called Bunga, and later on at Karge to the south. Having discovered that there
2655-516: The popularising of the word as a work of the British colonial authorities. The colonial writer Harold D. Gunn was also stated to have rendered the spelling as "Kabanchan" and accordingly gave names to related groups using their non-native words on pages 80–81 of his book Pagan Peoples of the Central Area of Northern Nigeria. His non-native names for related groups included: Kaje, Kagoro and Kaninkon instead of Bajju, A̱gworok and Ninkyob. In
2714-466: The portion of land where they stayed, south of Fantswam territory. After the formation of the Plateau province (1926), in 1933, the British colonial authorities encouraged the migration of the Hausa-Fulani community of about 955 from Jama'a Daroro to Kafanchan town. The new community settled in the area they called "Jama'a Sarari", a Hausa-Arabic phrase meaning "people of the plains". The Jama'a Emirate
2773-504: The prisoners through Degel, enraging many of dan Fodio's followers, who attacked the army and freed the prisoners. Yunfa gave dan Fodio the option of exile before destroying Degel, but Usman refused to abandon his followers, instead leading a large-scale hijra of the community to Gudu . So many people went with dan Fodio throughout the state that on February 21, 1804, Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio and threatened punishment to anyone joining him. Followers of dan Fodio declared him to be
2832-493: The scrapping of the emirate system on their soil, as it was an alien institution imposed on them by the British colonialists. A result could not be ascertained until the new democratic regime came into being. However, in the year 2001, the then-governor of Kaduna State, Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi , created the Fantswam and Nikyob-Nindem chiefdoms amidst over ten others in the Southern Kaduna area, thereby partially ending
2891-478: The state government. These include the Fantswam, Nikyob-Nindem and Hausa-Fulani stools held by: There are also the stools of the Eze Ndi-Igbo of the Igbo people and Oba of Yoruba in Kafanchan. The town has several public educational institutions including primary, secondary and tertiary schools, a High court, a Magistrates' court, police stations, multiple commercial bank buildings, a branch station of
2950-564: The state. Skoggard (2014) presented the distribution of the Atyap (Katab) people in Nigeria to include: Niger , Nasarawa , Kaduna states and the FCT . Meek (1931:2) suggested that the Katab (Atyap), Morwa (Asholyio), Ataka (Atakad) and Kagoro (Agworok) speak a common tongue and may be regarded as one; and later on, McKinney (1983:290) commented that the Kaje ( Bajju ) should likewise be included with
3009-524: The teachings of Shehu Usman. To the south of the empire, a similar situation existed. The jihad was primarily led by Fulani groups centered at Deya (today in Gujba , Yobe State ). During the late 18th-century, the local ruler of Deya, Muhammad Lafia, "because of his recalcitrant ways" was deposed by the Mai of Bornu, Ahmad. He was replaced with his younger brother, Muhammad Saurima, who the Mai hoped would be more cooperative. The local Fulani leadership, including two learned men, al-Bukhari and Goni Mukhtar ,
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#17327984634223068-429: The thickly forested environment and thus chose to stay. A version by Simon Yohanna (in History of the Fantswam People ) has it that the Fantswam "by historical evidence and cultural treats" came from the Bauchi area alongside their Atyap kins, probably around the 17th century AD, from Mashan, split, venturing to Zali (Malagum) where a member of the migrants shot an elephant, which ran into the forested eastern fringe of
3127-414: The turbaning of his son as the next emir. In 1999, the son of the late emir was unpopularly turbaned, leading to a public uprising in Kafanchan. The Southern Kaduna indigenous people of the area, under the auspices of the Indigenous People of Jema'a (ICJ) responded to the turbaning by filing a suit against the Kaduna State government at the Kafanchan High Court. The Southern Kaduna people clamoured for
3186-403: The turn of the 19th-century, there were numerous Fulani groups living in Bornu. Before the jihad, most of these groups lived in relative peace with their Bornu neighbours. It was even customary for the Mais to go to war with other tribes to protect the Fulani from raids. However, perhaps due to the political ambitions of some of the Fulani, the Sayfawa princes developed a general hostility towards
3245-436: Was displeased with Lafia's deposition as he had maintained friendly relations with the Fulani. Several minor skirmishes preceded the forces meeting at the Battle of Tsuntua . Although Yunfa was victorious and dan Fodio lost men, the battle did not diminish his force. He retaliated by capturing the village of Matankari , which resulted in the Battle of Tabkin Kwatto , a major action between Yunfa and dan Fodio's forces. Both
3304-479: Was not enough game around Karge, being hunters, they moved across Zalan to the Jos Plateau , settling temporarily at the present abode of the Anaguta and Afizere (Jarawa) peoples, before proceeding through Rahama, Kauru and subsequently settling at Mashan in Atyap Chiefdom . A need birthed their advancement down to Magata, Kacecere, Zali (Malagum) and then to their present abode, Kafanchan, where they discovered enough games and protection from slave raiders, due to
3363-475: Was of late established around the waterfall area in Aduwan IV, Kafanchan. Kafanchan is home to some hotels such as: Wonderland Unity Hotel, New World Motel, Kasham Hotel, Afili Guest House, Golama Hotel, Leisure Castle and Royal Castle, and others. Various bank branches are located in Kafanchan, especially along the Kafanchan-Kagoro Road. Some of these banks include: Kafanchan also has some microfinance banks such as: The main town earlier comprised two wards of
3422-416: Was the toppling of the Sayfawa dynasty in 1846. Muhammed Bello , the son of Usman dan Fodio, transformed the semi-permanent camp of Sokoto into a city in 1809, during the Fulani war. Dan Fodio ruled from Sokoto as the religious leader of the Fulani jihad states from that point until 1815, when he retired from administrative duties. The Caliphate appointed various Emirs to govern the various states of
3481-413: Was very vibrant, while the railways functioned. Before the rise and even after the fall of the railways, the Fantswam people's major occupation is agriculture, and like the natives of Chori, Kwoi , Nok and other areas in Ham land, the Fantswam also grow high-quality ginger in abundance in addition to beans, guinea-corn, millet, maize, yam, cocoyam, rice and fonio (F. tson, H. acha). Their town served as
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