Misplaced Pages

#255744

75-444: Denis ruled Portugal for over 46 years. He worked to reorganise his country's economy and gave an impetus to Portuguese agriculture. He ordered the planting of a large pine forest (that still exists today) near Leiria to prevent the soil degradation that threatened the region and to serve as a source of raw materials for the construction of the royal ships. He was also known for his poetry, which constitutes an important contribution to

150-659: A diocese . The Cathedral of Leiria was built in the second half of the 16th century in a mix of late manueline and mannerist styles. Compared to the Middle Ages, the subsequent history of Leiria is of relative decay. The city was stormed by the Peninsular War , namely in the French Invasions of 1808 (the killing of Portela, by the troops of Gen. Margaron ) and the Great Fire of 1811, caused by

225-703: A capacity for 23,000 people and was built for the UEFA Euro 2004 . Efforts were made to sell it, as its debt (nearly €50M) overburdens the city finances, União de Leiria rents the stadium, but played the 2011-12 season in Estádio Municipal da Marinha Grande due to a rent dispute. The district football in Leiria is managed by the Leiria Football Association , overseeing the regional leagues. Regarding other sports, Leiria has

300-483: A culturally vibrant city, offering the busiest calendars of events. In recent years, Leiria has seen much redevelopment on the banks of the Lis River , with the creation of several new parks, public spaces, children's play areas, skateboard parks and a series of themed bridges. A long riverside promenade was built which is popular with walkers and joggers. Since 2010, Associação FADE IN organizes ENTREMURALHAS, one of

375-435: A devotee of the arts and sciences, Denis studied literature and wrote several books on topics ranging from government administration to hunting, science and poetry, as well as ordering the translation of many literary works into Galician-Portuguese (Portuguese had not yet fully evolved into a distinct language), among them the works attributed to his grandfather Alfonso X. He patronised troubadours , and wrote lyric poetry in

450-732: A notable women's handball team, Juve Lis , which plays in the Women's Handball League , and also participated in EHF competitions. Since 2013 Leiria has had a chess academy (Academia de Xadrez) offered as an activity for young people by the Corvos do Lis. Enrolled students have won titles in National Competitions: second place by teams under 12 years old in 2014 and 2015 and a National Champion, (Blitz, 2013, Under 8) and (Super Rapid play, 2015, under 10). They work with many primary schools in

525-553: A rarity for the time, something that even today continues to be fairly unusual. A distinctive feature of his physiognomy revealed by examination of the body was that his hair and beard were auburn. This is a curious fact, as he was the first of the Portuguese royal line up to that time to have that hair color. This genetic trait could have been passed on the maternal side, as his uncle Ferdinand , called "La Cerda", or "the bristly one", had red hair as well. Denis may have inherited

600-473: A realm where the two regions complemented each other. The great manors were closer together in the north, and the vast dominions conquered from the Muslims in the south, as well as the large areas of unclaimed land there, expanded the domain of the crown, and much of the territory of the extreme south came under the control of the military orders. Denis promoted development of the rural infrastructure, earning

675-450: A remarkably accelerated pace to investigate land ownership and identify cases where abuses were committed. Denis revealed early on his ability as an effective strategist in the pursuit of his goals, and as an innovator of proactive legislative policy. With the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that his administrative decisions were not made randomly or without consideration of his ideal of a well-governed nation. The wide range of his policies

750-420: A restoration in 1938. It was discovered that the legend of a figure of towering height was not an accurate one as he was only about 1.65 metres (5 feet 5 inches) tall. Denis made his will when he was 61 and died at age 63. He apparently enjoyed excellent health throughout his life, as he traveled frequently, got involved in wars from an early age and at age 60 still hunted. He died with complete dentition,

825-502: A son and a daughter. Like other monarchs of the time, he had several illegitimate children as well. Leiria Leiria ( European Portuguese pronunciation: [lɐjˈɾi.ɐ] ) is a city and municipality in the Central Region of Portugal . It is the 2nd largest city in that same region, with a municipality population of 128,640 (as of 2021) in an area of 565.09 square kilometres (218.18 sq mi). It

SECTION 10

#1732772939256

900-496: A source of raw materials for construction of a naval fleet. This forest, known as the Pinhal de Leiria (Leiria Pinewood), still exists, and is an important conservation area. The latter part of Denis' generally peaceful reign was nevertheless marked by internal conflicts. The contenders were his two sons: Afonso , the legitimate heir, and Afonso Sanches , his bastard son, who quarreled frequently among themselves for royal favour. At

975-449: A student of human nature, he knew how to go about "opposing and appeasing alternately the secular and the ecclesiastical manorial interests. He confiscated the properties of the clergy, but made the concordat [of 1289] with the Portuguese bishops; he restricted the comedoria (victuals) rights of the monasteries, but replaced those rights with a fixed annual sum of money. His actions were sufficiently [statesmanlike, and his political position

1050-516: A warrior king. He went to war with the kingdom of Castile in 1295, relinquishing the villages of Serpa and Moura. In 1297, he signed the Treaty of Alcañices with Castile, which defined the current borders between the two Iberian countries, and reaffirmed Portugal's possession of the Algarve . The treaty also established an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between

1125-497: Is composed by 9 lines connecting surrounding neighbourhoods and parishes of Leiria with the city centre. This includes two bus loops and a specific line (uMob) that connects the city centre with Campus 1 and 2 of the Instituto Politécnico de Leiria . There is a small airfield ( Aérodromo José Ferrinho ), used for sports and recreation. Leiria hosts a national public polytechnic institution of higher education ,

1200-407: Is indicated by a few examples: the concomitant creation of new towns and trade fairs, the fortification of the country's borders and the increasing dependence of the military orders on the royal power. He was recognized as an intelligent, perceptive ruler with demonstrated success, both by contemporaries and by later historians. Denis was not lacking in political skill. Being adroit in negotiation and

1275-635: Is the seat of its own district and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leiria-Fátima . The city is part of the historical province of Beira Litoral . The region around Leiria has long been inhabited although its early history is obscure. The first evident inhabitants were the Turduli Oppidani , a Celtici tribe (akin to the Lusitanians ), who established a settlement near (around 7 km) present-day Leiria. This settlement

1350-575: The Cancioneiro da Vaticana . A spectacular find in 1990 by American scholar Harvey Sharrer brought to light the Pergaminho Sharrer , which contains, albeit in fragmentary form, seven cantigas d'amor by King Denis with musical notation . These poems are found in the same order in the two previously known codices. King Denis was fond of hunting and in 1294 was hunting around Beja, when a bear attacked him and his horse, bringing them to

1425-520: The Christians . In 1142 Afonso Henriques gave Leiria its first foral (compilation of feudal rights) to stimulate the colonisation of the region. Both Afonso I of Portugal and Sancho I rebuilt the walls and the Leiria Castle to avoid new enemy incursions. Most of the population lived inside the protective city walls, but already in the 12th century part of the population lived outside

1500-455: The Instituto Politécnico de Leiria which has 5 campuses, 3 of them located in Leiria. There is also a private institution, o Instituto Superior de Línguas e Administração (ISLA). In Secondary education , Leiria has the following schools, the first two in the center, the last in the outskirts. In Primary education , Leiria has the following schools, teaching from the 5th grade until 9th grade. Besides this there are multiple schools in

1575-586: The Napoleonic troops retreating from the Lines of Torres Vedras . In the 20th century, however, its strategic position in the Portuguese territory favoured the development of a diversified industry . Leiria is located in western Central Portugal . The municipality borders the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest, Marinha Grande to the west, Alcobaça to the southwest, Batalha to the south, Ourém to

SECTION 20

#1732772939256

1650-624: The Polytechnical Institute of Leiria ), health (the district hospital Hospital de Santo André ) and general public administration, are an important part of Leiria's economy. Monte Real Air Base , a major Military airbase of the Portuguese Air Force in Monte Real , where all Portuguese F16 fighter squadrons are stationed, is also notable employer in the region. Leiria is connected to its suburbs and

1725-484: The 20th century. John I also sponsored the rebuilding in late gothic style of the old Church of Our Lady of the Rock ( Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Pedra ), located inside the castle. Towards the end of the 15th century the town continued to grow, occupying the area from the castle hill down to the river Lis. King Manuel I gave it a new foral in 1510, and, in 1545, it was elevated to the category of city and became see of

1800-481: The Catholic Church at the time, Afonso having been excommunicated in 1277, and only being absolved in 1279 when he acceded to Rome's demands on his deathbed. Consequently, the church was favorably inclined to reach an agreement with the new monarch upon his accession to the throne. In 1284, however, Denis emulated the example of his grandfather and father, and launched a new series of inquiries to investigate

1875-740: The Municipality for the 1st cycle, from 1st grade until 4th grade. The city of Leiria has its own football team, the União Desportiva de Leiria , commonly called just União de Leiria . It currently plays at the second level of Portuguese football, in Liga 2 , but recently spent 16 seasons in the Primeira Liga . An important facility is the Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , situated close to Leiria castle. The modern stadium has

1950-406: The Portuguese crown. As king, Denis travelled around the country to resolve various problems. He ordered the construction of numerous castles, created new towns, and granted the privileges due cities to several others. He declared in 1290 that 'the language of the people' was to become the language of the state, and officially known as Portuguese . Denis also decreed that Portuguese replace Latin as

2025-420: The Portuguese king, Denis , who wrote lyric poetry in the troubadour tradition, and briefly the home of the modern realist writer Eça de Queiroz , whose first novel, O Crime do Padre Amaro ("Father Amaro's Sin"), published in 1875, is set in the city. In October 2012, Leiria opened the city's "Centro Cívico", a modern architecture building, designed to have social impact on the community. This building has

2100-614: The Theatre Miguel Franco in the Mercado de Sant'Ana (Saint Anne's Market) and the Theatre José Lúcio da Silva are venues for theatrical, musical, cinematic and dance performances. Today the central square, Praça Francisco Rodrigues Lobo , named after the Portuguese poet Francisco Rodrigues Lobo , is home to a thriving café culture, regularly used for cultural events. The city was the principal residence of

2175-430: The brothers signed a peace treaty, arranged by Afonso IV's mother Queen Elizabeth . Bearing in mind the many centuries that separate Denis from the present, an impression of his personality can be gathered from the historical record: he was determined, even obstinate, in his attempts to systematically centralise the government and consolidate royal power. For example, he launched general inquiries ( Inquirições gerais ) at

2250-712: The cities of Marinha Grande , Pombal as well the municipalities/town seats of Batalha , Alcobaça and Porto de Mós located nearby. The city of Leiria has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb ) with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Its location near the Atlantic coast keeps temperature variation relatively minimal. The average annual temperature is around 16 °C (61 °F), varying between 11 °C (52 °F) in January, to 21 °C (70 °F) in August. Winters are mild and wet. On average, around 50% of

2325-414: The city the most viable choice for a national centre of administration. Its geographical situation between the ancient divisions of the country, i.e., the north and the south, enhanced Lisbon's status as the most practical centre for an emergent united Portuguese nation, the south now receiving as much royal attention as the north and becoming the residence of the monarchy. Their different characters created

Denis of Portugal - Misplaced Pages Continue

2400-500: The civil war of 1322–1324. Infante Afonso greatly resented the king, whom he accused of favouring Afonso Sanches. Denis had little popular support in the war because of the many privileges he had granted to the nobles in the last years of his reign, while the Infante had the support of the county's cities; these circumstances were rooted in the longstanding conflict between the upper and lower classes of Portuguese society. Repulsed to

2475-489: The coast. Later, the wood from this forest would be used to build the ships used in the Portuguese Navigations of the 15th and 16th centuries. In the late 14th century, King John I built a royal palace within the walls of the castle of Leiria . This palace, with elegant gothic galleries that offered wonderful views of the town and surrounding landscape, was totally in ruins but was partially rebuilt in

2550-532: The creation of numerous towns and trade fairs. He advanced the interests of the Portuguese merchants, and set up by mutual agreement a fund called the Bolsa de Comércio , the first documented form of marine insurance in Europe, approved on 10 May 1293. Always concerned with development of the country's infrastructure, he encouraged the discovery and exploitation of sulphur , silver , tin and iron mines and organised

2625-505: The crown's jurisdiction, and in exercising royal power in the realm. The restrictions he placed on the actions of alvazis (local council officials), judges, as well as proctors and advocates in the courts, show that a merely nominal power of the monarchy over all the inhabitants of the kingdom, as was typical in the Middle Ages , was not compatible with his effort to assert a royal prerogative to scrutinise legal procedures or moralise on

2700-409: The days receive some form of precipitation in this season. Average temperatures range between 15 °C (59 °F) during the day and 7 °C (45 °F) at night and can go below freezing (< 0 °C (32 °F)) on colder days, favoring the onset of frost or ice. Springs are pleasant, but usually rainy during the month of April. This season, though wet, is slightly drier than winter, with

2775-464: The development of Portuguese as a literary language. In 1290, Denis began to pursue the systematic centralisation of royal power by imposing judicial reforms, decreeing Portuguese "the official language of legal and judicial proceedings", creating the first university in Portugal, and ridding the military orders in the country of foreign influences. His policies encouraged economic development with

2850-414: The early 14th century, the king restored the keep tower of the citadel of the castle, as can be seen in an inscription in the tower. He also built a royal residence in Leiria (now lost), and lived for long periods in the town, which he donated as feud to his wife, Elizabeth of Portugal (Rainha Isabel). The king also ordered the plantation of the famous Pine Forest of Leiria ( Pinhal de Leiria ) near

2925-597: The estates of recruits to the orders. In 1288, Denis managed to persuade Pope Nicholas IV to issue a papal bull that separated the Order of Santiago in Portugal from that in Castile, to which it had been subordinate. With the extinction of the Knights Templar, he was able to transfer their assets in the country to the Order of Christ, specially created for this purpose. Denis was essentially an administrator and not

3000-438: The exact reason for this condemnation is unknown. Nevertheless, Denis is described in contemporary chronicles as a wise and able ruler. Although most of the legislative work of his reign focused on procedural juridical issues, the purpose of much of this new legislation was to avoid excessive delays and court costs and to prevent abuse by attorneys and prosecutors. The personal determination that allowed Denis to achieve so much in

3075-501: The exercise of justice. The appointment of magistrates clearly marks the start of the process of the crown claiming territorial jurisdiction, thus expanding the royal domain, along with the growing importance of Lisbon as the nation's de facto capital. The preference for Lisbon as a venue of the royal court was accentuated during Denis's long reign. There was as yet no official capital of the country, but Lisbon's location, as well as its advanced urban, economic and commercial development, made

Denis of Portugal - Misplaced Pages Continue

3150-586: The export of excess production of agricultural crops, salt, and salted fish to England, Flanders, and France. Denis signed the first Portuguese commercial agreement with England in 1308, and secured a contract in 1317 for the services of the Genoese merchant sailor Manuel Pessanha (Portuguese form of the Italian "Pezagno") as hereditary admiral of his fleet , with the understanding that Pessanha and his successors should provide twenty Genoese captains to command

3225-413: The expropriation of royal property; this was to the detriment of the church. The next year he took further steps against ecclesiastical power when he promulgated amortisation laws. These prohibited the church and religious orders from buying lands, and required that they sell or forfeit any they had purchased since the start of his reign. Several years later he issued another decree forbidding them to inherit

3300-542: The first paralympic inclusive venue of its kind in Portugal. Leiria was chosen as one of the European Cities of Sport in 2022. Cancioneiro da Vaticana The Cancioneiro da Vaticana ( Portuguese: [kɐ̃sjuˈnɐjɾu ðɐ vɐtiˈkɐnɐ] , Galician: [kanθjoˈnejɾʊ ðɐ βatiˈkanɐ] ; Vatican Songbook ) is a compilation of troubadour lyrics in Galician-Portuguese . It

3375-410: The ground. It is said that he attacked the beast single-handedly and killed him with a dagger. To commemorate the incident, the king had a live bear captured and taken to his palace of Fuellas for the amusement of the gentlemen and ladies of his court. As heir-apparent to the throne, Denis was summoned by his father Afonso III to share governmental responsibilities. The country was again in conflict with

3450-484: The history of the Iberian Peninsula in the 13th and the beginning of the 14th centuries, Denis was first called "father of his country" ( Pai da Pátria ) by the historian Duarte Nunes de Leão in 1600. The historical sources of King Denis's time, as well as later authors, failed to provide any detailed physical description of the monarch. The information known comes from an accidental opening of his tomb during

3525-723: The king's galleys, thus effectively founding the Portuguese Navy . In 1289 Denis had signed the Concordat of Forty Articles with Pope Nicholas IV , swearing to protect the Church's interests in Portugal. When Pope Clement V allowed the annihilation of the Knights Templar throughout most of Europe on charges of heresy, Denis created in 1319 a Portuguese military order, the Order of Christ , for those knights who survived

3600-540: The king. King Denis died on 7 January 1325 at Santarém , and was buried in the Monastery of Saint Denis in Odivelas , near Lisbon. Afonso then became king, whereupon he exiled his rival to Castile , and stripped him of all the lands and fiefdoms bestowed by their father. From Castile, Afonso Sanches orchestrated a series of attempts to usurp the crown. After he failed several times to mount an invasion of Portugal,

3675-407: The language of the law courts in his kingdom. His wife Elizabeth donated much of the large income generated by her lands and properties to charities, inspiring Denis to help improve the life of the poor and found several social institutions. The frequent procedural issues that arose when he issued his decrees increasingly occupied Denis in his quest to frame the common law as being within the scope of

3750-425: The life of Eça de Queiroz as a theme. In here, there's senior classes and Associação Fazer Avançar runs SPEAK, with support from EDP and Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation , among others. The city has several cultural entities like Leiria's Public Library Afonso Lopes Vieira , Arquivo, Ateneu, Leirena and O Nariz (theatre groups), Associação Fazer Avançar, FADE IN, Metamorfose, ECO and many others which make Leiria

3825-406: The majority of days receiving no precipitation. Average temperatures range between 20 °C (68 °F) at day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night. Summers bring high temperatures and sunshine. Precipitation, when present, mostly occurs in the form of drizzle , and accounts for only around 20% of days between June and September. Sunshine hours reach their maximum in August (which is sunny 70% of

SECTION 50

#1732772939256

3900-860: The most important gothic festivals in the world ( List of gothic festivals ). Leiria's gastronomy offers a good variety of Portuguese dishes including fresh fish dishes and the famous "Leitão" da Boavista (barbecued piglet/ suckling pig ). The nearby village of Cortes is known for " Migas ", a dish of corn bread with spinach, garlic and olive oil which is eaten as an accompaniment to fish or meat. Typical Dishes : Morcela de Arroz; Lentriscas; Bacalhoada com migas; Bacalhau com feijão frade; Ossinhos; Fritada; Cabrito; Feijoada ; Leitão; Chanfana; Fritada dos peixinhos; Bacalhau com Chícharos. Traditional sweet pastry : Brisas do Lis ; Lampreia de Ovos; Ovos Folhados; Bolinhos de Pinhão ; Tarte de Chícharos (Alvaiázere); Canudos de Leiria; Doce de amêndoa; Broas Doces de Batata; Merendeiras dos Santos; Filhós de abóbora. Wines of

3975-491: The nickname of "the Farmer" ( o Lavrador ). He redistributed land, founded agricultural schools to improve farming techniques, and took a personal interest in the expansion of exports. He set up regular markets in a number of towns and regulated their activities. One of his principal achievements was to protect agricultural lands from advancing coastal sands by ordering the planting of a pine forest near Leiria , which also provided

4050-429: The political realm could sometimes harden into obstinacy and arrogance. He was described occasionally as cruel, especially in family relations, shown for example in the way he dealt with his legitimate son and rightful heir, Afonso (never his favourite), and his wife, Elizabeth, to whom he turned over the children born of his infidelities, leaving her the responsibility of their care and education. An inescapable figure in

4125-573: The purge. The new order was designed to be a continuation of the Order of the Temple . Denis negotiated with Clement's successor, John XXII , for recognition of the new order and its right to inherit the Templar assets and property. During Denis' reign, Lisbon became one of Europe's centres of culture and learning. The first university in Portugal, then called the Estudo Geral (General Study),

4200-753: The region : Caves Vidigal, S.A./ Vale da Mata, Cortes / Quinta da Serrinha (Vin Bio), Barreira / Santos & Santos, Torres Vedras / Quinta da Sapeira, Serra d'Aire / Paço Côrtes, Lda. IGP Lisboa, Sub-região Alta Estremadura. These wines are labeled D.O.C. ( Denominação de Origem Controlada ) which secures a superior quality. Also parte of the Portuguese wine region Encostas de Aire (DOC) . Leiria has an economy concentrated on services and light industries. It has several industries related with plastics and moulds, as well as animal food, milling, cement, and civil construction, among other light industries. Agriculture, tourism, and state-run public services, such as education (including

4275-498: The region teaching chess, considering it a useful complement to developing intellectual skills. Leiria also holds other facilities that can host different sport activities. They are Campo Futebol Aldeia do Desporto, Centro Nacional de Lançamentos, Pavilhão Gimnodesportivo dos Pousos (and adjacent Campo da Charneca), and Pavilhão do Lis. The latter was recognized by the Portuguese Paralympic Committee has

4350-417: The rest of Portugal by a motorway network. There are four motorways passing the city; There is a railway Linha do Oeste (west railway line linking Cacém ( Sintra /Lisbon area) to Figueira da Foz ) which serves the central western coast of Portugal. Leiria railway station is a few km from the city centre (about 2 km). The main bus station service is in the city centre. The bus service, called Mobilis,

4425-415: The southeast, and Pombal to the north and northeast. The city is located about halfway between Lisbon and Porto . The distance to Lisbon is 137 kilometres (85 miles), to Coimbra 70 kilometres (43 miles) and to Porto 177 kilometres (110 miles). The historic city centre spreads between the castle hill and the river Lis . Leiria is also the seat of its own sub-region, Região de Leiria , which includes

4500-408: The subject of research. A physiognomic report of the king is expected to be published in the future. Among other artefacts, the king's sword was retrieved from the tomb; it was found to be in a good state of preservation, except that the point had broken off. Denis' only wife was Isabel or Elizabeth of Aragon , daughter of Peter III of Aragon and Constance of Sicily . They married in 1282 and had

4575-582: The texts were meant to be sung, there is no musical notation—nor space left for it (see Cancioneiro da Ajuda ). The Cancioneiro da Vaticana , together with the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional (kept in Lisbon ), were copied from an earlier manuscript (or manuscripts) around 1525, in Rome Italy at the behest of the Italian humanist Angelo Colocci. The two songbooks are either sister manuscripts or cousins. This Medieval music -related article

SECTION 60

#1732772939256

4650-476: The time of Denis' death in 1325, he had placed Portugal on an equal footing with the other Iberian Kingdoms. Afonso, born in Lisbon , was the rightful heir to the Portuguese throne. However, he was not Denis' favourite son, the old king preferring Afonso Sanches, his illegitimate son by Aldonça Rodrigues Talha. The notorious rivalry between the half brothers led to civil war several times. Elizabeth would serve as intermediary between her husband and Afonso during

4725-441: The time). Average temperatures range between 27 °C (81 °F) at day and 15 °C (59 °F) at night, the maximum can reach 35 °C (95 °F) on the hottest days. Autumn, although mild, is the rainiest season of the year. Average temperatures range between 21 °C (70 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F). Snowfalls in the city of Leiria typically occur once every 20 to 30 years. The last time it snowed in Leiria

4800-512: The town of Alenquer , which supported the Infante , Denis was prevented from killing his son through the intervention of the Queen. As legend holds, in 1323, Elizabeth, mounted on a mule, positioned herself between the opposing armies on the field of the Battle of Alvalade in order to prevent the combat. Peace returned in 1324 when Afonso Sanches was sent into exile and the Infante swore loyalty to

4875-562: The trait from Henry II of England , who was his ancestor on both the paternal and maternal sides, or even possibly from his maternal great-grandmother Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen , granddaughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (" barbarossa " means "red beard" in Italian). In 2016, the tomb of the king was opened for the first time since 1938. Initially a restoration work, the tomb became

4950-484: The troubadour tradition himself. His best-known work is the Cantigas de Amigo , a collection of love songs as well as satirical songs, which contributed to the development of troubador poetry in the Iberian Peninsula. All told, 137 of the songs attributed to him, in the three main genres of Galician-Portuguese lyric , are preserved in the two early 16th-century manuscripts, the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional and

5025-682: The two nations. Denis pursued his father's policies on legislation and centralisation of power, and promulgated the nucleus of a Portuguese civil and criminal law code, protecting the lower classes from abuse and extortion. These edicts survived in the Livro das Leis e Posturas (Book of Laws and Postures), and the Ordenações Afonsinas (Afonsine Ordinances), proclaimed during the reign of Afonso V . These are not legislative "codes" as we understand them today, but rather compilations of laws and customary municipal law, as amended and restated by

5100-427: The walls. The oldest church of Leiria, the Church of Saint Peter ( Igreja de São Pedro ), built in romanesque style in the last quarter of the 12th century, served the parish located outside the walls. During the Middle Ages the importance of the village increased, and it was the setting of several cortes (feudal parliaments). The first of the cortes held in Leiria took place in 1245, under King Afonso II . In

5175-614: Was discovered c. 1840 in the holdings of the Vatican Library and was first transcribed by D. Caetano Lopes de Moura in 1847, sponsored by the Viscount of Carreira, and again by Ernesto Monaci in 1875. The songbook contains 228 folios with a total of 1205 lyrics that date from the 13th and 14th centuries. Nearly all the poems belong to the three principal genres of secular cantigas : the cantigas de amigo , cantigas de amor and cantigas de escárnio e maldizer . Even though

5250-565: Was elected for a full term following the 2021 local elections . In addition to being a site of historical interest, the castle of Leiria provides a venue for cultural events. Nearby is the Church of Saint Peter ( Igreja de São Pedro ), the site of the city's annual music festival. Leiria is home to the Museu da imagem em movimento (Museum of the Moving Image) as well as Portugal's restored first paper mill, Moinho do Papel (The Paper Mill),

5325-562: Was founded with his signing of the document Scientiae thesaurus mirabilis in Leiria on 3 March 1290. Lectures in the arts, civil law, canon law, and medicine were given, and on 15 February 1309, the king granted the university a charter, the Magna Charta Privilegiorum . The university was moved between Lisbon and Coimbra several times, and finally installed permanently in Coimbra in 1537 by order of King John III . As

5400-551: Was later occupied by the Romans , who expanded it under the original Celtiberian name Collippo . The stones of the ancient Roman town were used in the Middle Ages to build much of Leiria. The name "Leiria" in Portuguese derives from 'leira' (from the medieval Galician-Portuguese form 'laria', from proto-Celtic *ɸlār-yo-, akin to English 'floor(ing)', Old Irish 'làr' 'ground, floor', Breton 'leur' 'ground', Welsh 'llawr' 'floor') meaning an area with small farming plots. It

5475-758: Was occupied by the Suebi in 414 until they were forced by the Romans to retreat to Galicia and later incorporated by Leovigild into the Visigoths kingdom in 585 A.D. Later the Moors occupied the area until it was re-captured by the first King of Portugal, Afonso Henriques in 1135, during the Reconquista . South of Leiria in that period was the so-called "no-man's land", until regions further south (like Santarém and Lisbon ) were permanently taken and re-populated by

5550-463: Was on 29 January 2006, between 10 and 12 a.m., during which the temperature peaked at −3 °C (27 °F). The highest temperature recorded in Leiria was 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) on 4 August 2018. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 18 civil parishes ( freguesias ): Gonçalo Lopes took office as the Mayor of Leiria on 26 August 2019, after the resignation of his predecessor. He

5625-585: Was strong] enough, for him to secure the confiscation laws and check the erosion of the state patrimony". As administration of the royal properties became more efficient and he became richer, Denis gained fame for his wealth, even being mentioned in Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy , where he was called Dionysus Agricola, and described among those condemned by the Eagle, in the Sixth Sphere , though

#255744