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53-533: The term "Federal Peronism," as opposed to "metropolitan Peronism" (mainly from Greater Buenos Aires ), was informally used since the 1980s to identify the more traditional and conservative Peronists from the Provinces of Argentina , whose governors grew in number and influence during the administration of President Carlos Menem . "Dissident Peronism" is more properly used to refer to the Peronist opposition to

106-494: A bill delineating as such an area covering 14 municipalities surrounding the City of Buenos Aires. The term is also related to other expressions that are not necessarily well-defined: the "Buenos Aires' conurbation" ( Conurbano Bonaerense ), the "Greater Buenos Aires Agglomeration" ( Aglomerado Gran Buenos Aires ), and the "Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires" ( Área Metropolitana Buenos Aires , AMBA). In colloquial speech, people refer to

159-508: A presidential election in 2015. In the presidential election of 2019, Kirchnerism returned to power with the election of Alberto Fernández as President and Cristina Kirchner as Vice President. In the 2021 legislative elections on 14 November 2021, the Frente de Todos lost its majority in Congress for the first time in almost 40 years in midterm legislative elections . The election victory of

212-511: A redistributive agenda based on promoting the interests of organized labor. Just like classical Peronism, Kirchnerism relies on the support of the informal sector workers and the unemployed (the piqueteros), the poor, and trade unions. Kirchnerism promoted fair redistribution of income and nationalization - to this end, Kirchnerism "openly defied the IMF and international creditors", restored price controls and state ownership of public utilities, increased

265-440: A running mate from outside PRO ranks, but ultimately withdrew his bid for the presidency. Trailing in the polls ahead of the 2011 elections, Federal Peronists remained divided between Duhalde's Popular Front and Alberto Rodríguez Saá 's Federal Commitment even after the national August primaries, with Rodríguez Saá attracting upscale voters, and Duhalde, older, mainly working-class voters. They finished third and fourth place in

318-416: A “neoliberal” force. Kirchner’s agenda, contrary to Menem’s, was in tune with the traditional state-centered Peronist preferences. Kirchner was therefore able to return Peronism to its political tradition." Kirchnerism came to be seen as a movement that "represents the current version of left Peronism, modernised for the times". Internationally, Kirchnerism has strongly supported Mercosur and vice versa, to

371-455: Is "clearly part of the anti-imperialist left". Political scientists Gary Prevost and Carlos Oliva Campos state that Kirchnerism represents a return of Peronism "to its traditional center-left stance" under Juan Perón, and note that under Kirchnerisms, "Peronists have returned to a progressive orientation, distancing themselves almost completely from the decade-long neoliberal detour under Carlos Menem." Economically, Kirchnerist governments pursued

424-414: Is an Argentine political movement based on populist ideals formed by the supporters of spouses Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , who consecutively served as Presidents of Argentina . Although considered a branch of Peronism , it is opposed by some factions of Peronists and generally considered to fall into the category of left-wing populism . It is considered a representative of

477-627: Is seen as a response and a counter to neoliberalism; some political scientists propose the term ‘Pink Tide neopopulism’ to describe such movements, as opposed to the neoliberal populism of the 1990s. On foreign policy, Kirchnerism displays nationalist and anti-Western tendencies, denouncing the United States and the IMF. Kirchnerist governments were an ally of the Venezuelan presidents Hugo Chávez and Nicolas Maduro , and pursued economic and political ties with Venezuela as well as Cuba. This

530-704: The 2007 presidential elections , where Mrs. Kirchner was elected to succeed her husband with 45% of the vote (twice that of the runner-up, and six times that of Rodríguez Saá). Dissident Peronism was united by its opposition to Kirchner's Front for Victory (FpV), which became the leading vehicle for left-wing Peronists and incorporated much of the official Peronist structure. Among the early leaders in Dissident Peronism also included Misiones Province Senator Ramón Puerta , Buenos Aires Province Congressman Carlos Ruckauf , and union leader Luis Barrionuevo  [ es ] . Barrionuevo, unlike most members of

583-560: The 2011 elections by agreeing to a primary election for April 3, thereby uniting behind a single candidate. Among the candidates running in the Federal Peronist primary were: former President Eduardo Duhalde; Senators Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Juan Carlos Romero, and Carlos Reutemann ; Congressmen Felipe Solá and Francisco de Narváez; and Governor Mario Das Neves . An alliance with PRO was also actively considered; Buenos Aires Mayor Mauricio Macri expressed unwillingness to accept

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636-671: The ALCA and disobeyed the IMF’s guidelines, thereby enhancing national pride and connecting Argentina to the Latin American community." Unlike his predecessor Eduardo Duhalde , Kirchner was a Peronist that distrusted the Justicialist Party as a support for his government. He proposed instead a "transversalist" policy, seeking the support of progressive politicians regardless of their party. Thus he got support from factions of

689-623: The Broad Front and supported as Kirchnerist; and Julio Cobos , governor of Mendoza for the UCR and elected as Vice President of Fernández de Kirchner in 2007. The transversalist project was eventually dismissed. Kirchner took control of the Justicialist Party and some "Radicales K", slowly returned to the "anti-K" faction of their party, most notably Vice President Julio Cobos and Governor of Catamarca province Eduardo Brizuela del Moral , while other very prominent Radical politicians remained in

742-608: The Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area ( Spanish : Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires , AMBA ), refers to the urban agglomeration comprising the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the adjacent 24 partidos (districts) in the Province of Buenos Aires . Thus, it does not constitute a single administrative unit. The conurbation spreads south, west and north of Buenos Aires city. To the east,

795-562: The CGT , was allied with Menem, who arguably remained the most prominent spokesman for neo-liberal policies in Argentina. The 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector over a proposed rise in export tariffs led to a sharp drop in presidential approval ratings, and numerous FpV lawmakers from more agrarian provinces broke with the party. The defections, which included 16 Lower House members and 4 Senators, thus resulted in

848-648: The Radical Civic Union and the Socialist Party ). In parties which are divided along Kirchnerist/Anti-Kirchnerist lines, the members of the Kirchnerist faction are often distinguished with the letter K (for instance " peronistas / justicialistas K", " radicales K" or " socialistas K") while the anti-Kirchnerist factions, those opposing Kirchnerism, are similarly labelled with the expression "anti-K". Both Kirchner and Fernández come from

901-489: The River Plate serves as a natural boundary. Urban sprawl , especially between 1945 and 1980, created a vast metropolitan area of over 3,800 km² (1,500 mi²) - or 19 times the area of Buenos Aires proper. The 24 suburban partidos (counties) grew more than six-fold in population between the 1947 and 2022 censuses - or nearly 2.5% annually, compared to 1.4% for the nation as a whole. While annual growth for

954-637: The center-right PRO /Federal Peronism list headed by de Narváez; the loss in Buenos Aires Province, though narrow, was significant as the province had helped maintain Kirchnerism as the dominant force in Argentine politics since 2003. Federal Peronism emerged from the 2009 mid-term elections with 45 Congressmen and 10 Senators, becoming the fourth and third-largest caucus in each house, respectively. The alliance began preparations for

1007-653: The runoff candidates, but the former President withdrew on May 14 as he anticipated a landslide defeat (the polls favored Kirchner 70%–30%), and Kirchner became the president-elect. The alliance between President Kirchner and Duhalde had been dissolved by the 2005 mid-term elections . Kirchner and Duhalde fielded their respective wives (each an influential lawmaker in her own right), Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Hilda González de Duhalde , as leaders of their party lists in Buenos Aires Province (the nation's largest constituency). The landslide victory of

1060-626: The socialism of the 21st century , although similarly to Peronism and in contrast to other left-wing ideologies, it is highly nationalist and populist rather than class-based. Although originally a section in the Justicialist Party , Kirchnerism later received support from other smaller Argentine political parties (like the Communist Party or the Humanist Party ) and from factions of some traditional parties (like

1113-480: The "Buenos Aires' conurbation" as the set of municipalities that surround the City of Buenos Aires, and which are mostly populated by working-class or middle-class communities. The National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC) has defined Greater Buenos Aires. There are three main groups within the Buenos Aires conurbation. The first two groups (24 partidos ) comprise the traditional conurbation, or

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1166-427: The "K" wing of the Radical Civic Union such as provincial governors Gerardo Zamora of Santiago del Estero , Ricardo Colombi of Corrientes and Miguel Saiz of Río Negro . After the 2011 general elections , several K radicals regretted having been part of that political space, turning once again to the opposition UCR. Such is the case of Miguel Saiz , former governor of Río Negro, who declared: "My commitment to

1219-435: The "conurbation proper", while the third group of six partidos is in the process of becoming fully integrated with the rest. As urbanization continues and the conurbation grows, six additional partially urbanized partidos (totaling 1,062,991 population of as the 2022 census) are now fully connected with the conurbation : Kirchnerism Kirchnerism ( Spanish : Kirchnerismo [kiɾʃneˈɾismo] )

1272-544: The Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers during the first five years of Kirchnerism and former President of Argentina , they followed five tenets regarding the economy, which explained the perceived early success of the movement: According to Fernández, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner moved away from these five tenets after her husband's death, causing an economic crisis that resulted in the first political defeat of Kirchnerism in

1325-661: The Concertación ended in December 2011". In March 2015, dissatisfied with the UCR's alliance with Mauricio Macri 's Republican Proposal (PRO), the National Alfonsinist Movement (MNA) led by Leopoldo Moreau joined the Front for Victory. For this reason, Ernesto Sanz , the president of the UCR, announced the expulsion of Moreau from the party. Professor Gustavo Melella was reelected as mayor of

1378-704: The Federal Alternative space, led by the Governor of Salta, Juan Manuel Urtubey , the Governor of Cordoba, Juan Schiaretti , the leader of the Renewal Front Sergio Massa , and the Senator for Río Negro, Miguel Ángel Pichetto . After several round trips, and the failure of negotiations between said space and the former Minister of Economy and presidential candidate Roberto Lavagna , Federal Alternative began to crack. In June 2019,

1431-419: The IMF and the United States, denouncing both for interventionist policies and promoting austerity measures. Under Kirchner, the national economy started recovering, which resulted in economic growth and declining unemployment by 2003. This allowed Kirchnerism to become the dominant force of modern Peronism. Political scientists Bonvecchi and Zelaznik wrote: "Menem had converted Peronism from a labor-based party to

1484-525: The Justicialist Party, the Radical Civic Union (which were called " Radicales K ") and small centre-left parties. Kirchner neglected the internal politics of the Justicialist Party and kept instead the Front for Victory party, which was initially an electoral alliance in his home province of Santa Cruz and in the 2003 elections premiered in the federal political scene. Some politicians favored by this policy were Aníbal Ibarra , mayor of Buenos Aires for

1537-509: The Kirchnerist economic model "complicating relationships and multiplying difficulties" in bilateral commerce. Kirchnerism, in particular former minister of health Ginés González García , has shown a liberal attitude to birth control and sexuality, including the legalization of same-sex marriage , both of which have provoked the opposition of the Catholic Church and other conservative sectors. According to Alberto Fernández ,

1590-517: The Kirchnerist candidates combined the traditional elements of Peronism - nationalism, anti-imperialism, and economic redistribution. Similarly to classical Peronism, the support base of Kirchnerism became the working class, unemployed, and the new social movement. Kirchnerism is considered to be a part of the larger Pink Tide in Latin America - a rise of left-wing populist movements. Initially, Kirchnerism has shown itself to be concerned with

1643-539: The Kirchners did push for trial against human rights violators during the dictatorship, although late in that period in 1983, when its end was already in sight. Economically, Kirchnerism has pursued an economic policy of industrialist developmentalism , and tariffs to protect the local industry and employment. The movement was also characterized by actively developing economic relations with Brazil and Venezuela; Kirchnerism also took an antagonistic position towards

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1696-473: The Kirchners were never fully committed to human rights, especially during the period of the last military dictatorship, and that it was only when Kirchner became President and began to make alliances with the left-wing parties in Congress and with the Madres de Plaza de Mayo that he started to campaign about these rights in order to promote his own platform and gain popular favor. It is documented nevertheless that

1749-425: The Kirchners' FpV consolidated their leadership role in the Justicialist Party, and this in turn forced Duhalde to break with the official Peronist body, the Justicialist Party, in which Kirchnerism had become the dominant force. He thus established Federal Peronism on November 4, 2005, and gathered a caucus of 25 Congressmen in its support. They later backed Alberto Rodríguez Saá's conservative Peronist candidacy in

1802-555: The October general election with 8% and 6% of the total vote, respectively. Governor José Manuel de la Sota of Córdoba Province formally became a dissident Peronist in September 2012 by establishing a local Justicialist Party faction opposed to Kirchnerism. Between 2017 and 2019, Federal Peronism sought to consolidate itself as a third force other than the ruling party and Kirchnerism , bringing together several of its members in

1855-407: The administrations and party leadership of left-leaning Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . The term gained currency since the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector , when a number of party leaders, governors and legislators (mainly from the agroexporter provinces) withdrew their support of the national government. Following the crisis that precipitated

1908-472: The center-right PRO in Buenos Aires Province and the city of Buenos Aires for the 2009 elections . The elections resulted in a setback for the governing, center-left Front for Victory and its allies, which lost their absolute majorities in both houses of Congress. Former President Néstor Kirchner stood as head of the FpV party list in the important Buenos Aires Province. Kirchner's list was defeated, however, by

1961-536: The center-right coalition, Juntos por el Cambio (Together for Change), meant a tough final two years in office for President Alberto Fernandez. Losing control of the Senate made it difficult for him to make key appointments, including to the judiciary. It also forced him to negotiate with the opposition every initiative he sends to the legislature. Ronaldo Munck described Kirchnerism as close to Chavismo , including left-wing nationalism . Munck wrote that Kirchnerism

2014-579: The city of Río Grande in 2015, through the FORJA Concertación Party . During the presidency of Alberto Fernández , Ricardo Alfonsin was appointed as the Ambassador to Spain. Kirchnerism has encountered opposition from various sectors of Argentine society, which tend to criticize its personalism. In 2012, there was a massive anti-Kirchnerism protest in several cities within Argentina and also in several Argentinian embassies around

2067-665: The defense of human rights , particularly in prosecuting those who committed human rights violations during the Dirty War and were later made immune from prosecution by the governments of Carlos Menem (1989–1999). The willingness of the Kirchner government to revoke these immunities has led many Argentine pressure groups, such as the Madres de Plaza de Mayo and Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo , to take an actively Kirchnerist position. This has led to many controversies and to allegations that

2120-533: The following view about the situation in Argentina: Argentina needs change. As Ms Fernández slips out of office the economy is starting to crumble. Currency controls and trade restrictions [...] are choking productivity; inflation hovers at around 25%. [...] Argentina cannot seek external financing until it ends its standoff with creditors who rejected a debt-restructuring plan. Unless the new president quickly reverses Ms Fernández's populist policies,

2173-484: The hinterland provinces, from where the informal designation of Federal Peronism originated. He resigned a week later, however, after failing to gain support from other factions of Peronism, from organized labor , and other sectors of Argentine society. The former Governor of Buenos Aires Province and runner-up in the 1999 general election , Eduardo Duhalde was elected by the Congress as interim President of Argentina on January 2, 2002. Eduardo Duhalde, who counted on

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2226-526: The interests of the international creditors and global markets, not of the Argentinians"; because of this, Kirchnerism frequently targets "IMF, foreign and domestic capitalists, bondholders and the military" in both policies and rhetoric. Raimundo Frei Toledo argues that Kirchnerism "broke the ‘Washington consensus’ when, together with other leftist Latin American leaders (e.g. Chavez, Lula), he rejected

2279-479: The left-wing of Peronism and both began their political careers as members of the Peronist Youth ( Juventud Peronista ). Many of the Kirchners' closest allies belong to the Peronist left. Anti-Kirchnerists often criticize this ideological background with the term setentista ("seventies-ist"), suggesting that Kirchnerism is overly influenced by the populist struggle of the 1970s. In its electoral campaigns,

2332-492: The little-known Governor of Santa Cruz Province , Néstor Kirchner . Federal Peronists, in turn, were represented in the elections by two factions, one headed by former President Carlos Menem and Governor of Salta Province José Luis Romero , identified with the policies spoused by Menem's 1989-99 presidency, and the other by Adolfo Rodríguez Saá and his brother, Alberto Rodríguez Saá , in an alliance with Radical Civic Union lawmaker Melchor Posse. Menem and Kirchner emerged as

2385-422: The main references joined other parties: Miguel Ángel Pichetto , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá and Juan Carlos Romero joined Juntos por el Cambio ; Sergio Massa allies joined the Frente de Todos and Juan Manuel Urtubey joined Federal Consensus . Carlos Menem sat in the Frente de Todos in the Senate. Greater Buenos Aires Greater Buenos Aires ( Spanish : Gran Buenos Aires , GBA ), also known as

2438-467: The minimum wage, and removed legal restrictions from collective labor strikes. Prevost and Campos argue that Kirchnerism was protectionist and state interventionist, much like Perón. The unique trait of Kirchnerism was its focus on anti-neoliberalism, postulating the need to move away from neoliberal Menemism and reverse its policies. It was also described as economically nationalist , and socialist . Kirchnerism, similarly to movements such as Lulism ,

2491-645: The point that the President of Mercosur, Carlos Álvarez , is a Kirchnerist. One of the most prominent aims of Kirchnerism is to strengthen Argentine relations with the countries of Latin America and to establish a South American economic axis. Recent economic measures posited by Fernández's government have nevertheless hurt Argentina's relationship with these countries, mainly Brazil and Uruguay , whose President José "Pepe" Mujica expressed worries regarding Argentina going towards an "autarkist" form of government and

2544-508: The reemergence of Federal Peronism. The conflict also prompted Luis Barrionuevo, whose alliance with Menem had cost him support in the CGT, to organize a splinter trade union confederation, the "Blue and White CGT," to challenge the center-left wing leadership of Secretary General Hugo Moyano , albeit unsuccessfully. A dissident Peronist who as an ally of Menem had never joined the FpV, businessman Francisco de Narváez , in turn formed an alliance with

2597-536: The resignation of President Fernando de la Rúa on December 21, 2001, the opposition Justicialist Party won a majority in both houses of the Argentine Congress in the October 2001 mid-term elections . The first interim President of Argentina elected by Congress after de la Rúa's resignation, San Luis Province Senator Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , had the support of a group of governors and legislators from

2650-412: The suburban area slowed to 0.8% between 2010 and 2022, the 14 million inhabitants in the entire 30-county area plus the City of Buenos Aires account for a third of the total population of Argentina and generate nearly half (48%) of the country's GDP. The term Gran Buenos Aires ("Greater Buenos Aires") was first officially used in 1948, when Governor of Buenos Aires Province Domingo Mercante signed

2703-419: The support of Buenos Aires Province Peronism and some labor union leaders, called elections for April 2003 , and persuaded the fractious Justicialist Party to present candidates directly to the general elections, without party primaries. After attempting to endorse other candidates ( Carlos Reutemann , who refused to run, and José Manuel de la Sota , who did badly at the polls), Duhalde threw his support behind

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2756-534: The world. It became known as 8N . In 2015, when Foreign Policy was discussing corruption in Latin America it was stated that: The viceroys of the colonial era set the pattern. They centralised power and bought the loyalty of local interest groups. [...] Caudillos , dictators and elected presidents continued the tradition of personalising power. Venezuela's chavismo and the kirchnerismo of Ms Fernández are among today's manifestations. In an editorial published in October 2015, The Economist expressed

2809-502: Was combined with an anti-American rhetoric, in which the Kirchnerist administrations accused the USA of interference in Latin American affairs, and strongly opposed the War on Drugs , especially in the aspect that spill over to Latin America. Similarly, both Nestor Kirchner and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner "moved to break the popular conception that political parties and the government mainly heed

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