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49-795: Screenplay writer Fehrenbach is a German locational surname , originating from German-language toponym Fehrenbach ; first mentioned on 1244 as " Verinbach " in Baden-Württemberg. Notable people with the name include: Charles Fehrenbach (disambiguation) , multiple people Constantin Fehrenbach (1852–1926), German politician Franz Fehrenbach (born 1949), German businessman T. R. Fehrenbach (1925–2013), American historian and writer See also [ edit ] 3433 Fehrenbach , main-belt asteroid Fahrenbach (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

98-501: A hyphen ("-"), implying that equal importance is given to both families, do not indicate nobility. For example, the hyphenated surname Suárez-Llanos does not indicate nobility. In Switzerland , de or von , depending on canton of origin, precedes a noble name, de showing a Romance language background and von showing a German or Allemanic background. In the Middle Ages, the words de , borrowed from Latin and French, and

147-408: A form that varies significantly from the toponym that gave rise to them. Examples include Wyndham, derived from Wymondham , Anster from Anstruther , and Badgerly from Badgworthy . One must be cautious to interpret a surname as toponymic based on its spelling alone, without knowing its history. A notable example is the name of Jeanne d'Arc , which is not related to a place called Arc but instead

196-527: A hyphen, e.g. David Lloyd George . In the United Kingdom, a multi-barrelled name was indicative of good pedigree and social standing, such that there was and remains a link between hyphenated names and nobility and gentry . This was to preserve the names of aristocratic families which had died out in the mainline. When this was to occur, it was generally possible for the last male member of his family to convey his "name and arms" ( coat of arms ) with

245-477: A person to add a de to their surname if it does not already have it. The law does allow for one exception: a de may be added in front of a surname that could be otherwise misunderstood as a forename. Conclusive proof of the nobility of a surname can be determined by establishing whether that surname is associated with a blazon , since for centuries coats of arms have been borne legally only by persons of noble condition. Surnames composed of two names linked by

294-607: A place name follow on from a family surname, as in the name "Aeneas MacDonell of Glengarry". If the place name is identical to the surname, it is sometimes rendered as "that Ilk", e.g. " Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk ". Recognition of a territorial designation is granted in Scotland by the Lord Lyon to Scottish armigers (those entitled to bear a coat of arms ) who own or were born in or are associated with named land, generally in

343-429: A rural area not forming part of a town. The Lord Lyon advises that for a territorial designation to be recognised there must be "ownership of a substantial area of land to which a well-attested name attaches, that is to say, ownership of an 'estate', or farm or, at the very least, a house with policies extending to five acres or thereby". The territorial designation in this case is considered to be an indivisible part of

392-457: Is a "patronymic- de - toponymic " formula, as used by, among others, the fifteenth-century general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , the fourteenth-century chronicler and poet Pero López de Ayala , the European discoverer of the eastern Pacific, Vasco Núñez de Balboa , and many other conquistadors . The second style is use of the particle de before the entire surname. This style resembles but

441-411: Is a distinction between (1) nobiliary particles in family names and (2) prepositions denoting an individual person's place of residence. Nobiliary particles like af , von , and de (English: of ) are integrated parts of family names. The use of particles was not a particular privilege for the nobility. On the other hand, particles were almost exclusively used by and associated with them. Especially in

490-438: Is a distorted patronymic (see " Name of Joan of Arc "). Likewise, it has been suggested that a toponymic cannot be assumed to be a place of residence or origin: merchants could have adopted a toponymic by-name to associate themselves with a place where they never resided. In Polish, a toponymic surname may be created by adding "(w)ski" or "cki" at the end. For example, Maliszewski is a toponymic surname associated with one of

539-423: Is a substitute for all previous surnames' prepositions except the first one, and cannot ever be used without a previous preposition to justify it. An exception to this rule is only shown with duplicate surnames linked by e , for instance maternal surnames that come before the paternal ones: Diogo Afonso da Conceição e Silva (name and mother's duplicate surname) Tavares da Costa (paternal duplicate surname). From

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588-482: Is also significant that both "de" and "of" were used simply to show geographical origin in the names of people of all classes, so that in England and Wales neither word should be looked on as in themselves nobiliary. Despite the lack of official significance of the words "de" or "of" in names, there was sometimes a perception that they connoted nobility. For example, on 8 October 1841, a month after Thomas Trafford

637-430: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Locational surname Some toponymic surnames originated as personal by-names that later were used as hereditary family names. The origins of toponymic by-names have been largely attributed to two non-mutually exclusive trends. One linked the nobility to their places of origin and feudal holdings and provided a marker of their status. The other related to

686-430: Is justified, they can be used together ( von und zu ): the ruler of Liechtenstein as of 2022, for example, is Johannes Adam Ferdinand Alois Josef Maria Marko d'Aviano Pius von und zu Liechtenstein . In some cases – although unusually, and perhaps introduced to distinguish collateral branches of the same family – these more common particles might be supplemented with auf (i.e., residing at yet another place different from

735-454: Is more ambiguous than the French one, since there is no convention for a different spelling when the de is simply a prepositional particle in non-noble toponymic names such as De la Rúa (literally, "of the street") or De la Torre ("of the tower"). Examples of the nobiliary particle de without patronymic include the names of the sixteenth-century Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz and

784-420: Is not made good until receiving official recognition; Learney comments: "mere assumption is not sufficient to warrant these territorial and chiefly names". A person bearing a Scottish territorial designation is either a Feudal Baron , Chief or Chieftain or a Laird , the latter denoting "landowner", or is a descendant of one of the same. The Lord Lyon is the ultimate arbiter as to determining entitlement to

833-603: Is placed behind a person's full name in order to denote his or her place of residence, for example Sigurd Jonsson til Sudreim . In France —and in England , largely as a result of the Norman Conquest —the particle de precedes a nom de terre ('name of land') in many families of the French nobility: for example, Maximilien de Béthune . A few do not have this particle: for example, Pierre Séguier , Lord Chancellor of France . The particle can also be du ('of the' in

882-552: The Earls Spencer are prominent, and the illustrious background of the Churchills, who hark back to their founder-hero, the prominent military leader John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and whose descendants had died out in the male line (typically the male line descent would be placed last, so that it would have been 'Churchill-Spencer' had the royal licence not specified that it would be 'Spencer-Churchill'). Some of

931-412: The aristocratic societies of Europe, both nobiliary and non-nobiliary forms of toponymic surnames exist, as in some languages they evolved differently. In France, non-nobiliary forms tended to fuse the preposition, where nobiliary forms tended to retain it as the discrete particle , although this was never an invariable practice. Issues such as local pronunciation can cause toponymic surnames to take

980-480: The surname Fehrenbach . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fehrenbach&oldid=1073463227 " Categories : Surnames German-language surnames German toponymic surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

1029-625: The 13th century, the use of toponymic surnames became dominant. Some forms originally included a preposition —such as by , in , at ( ten in Dutch, zu in German), or of ( de in French, Italian and Spanish, van in Dutch, von in German)—that was subsequently dropped, as in "de Guzmán" (of Guzman) becoming simply Guzmán. While the disappearance of the preposition has been linked to toponymic by-names becoming inherited family names, it (dropping

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1078-470: The 18–34 demographic hyphenating their surnames as of 2017. In modern times, a nobiliary particle (as the term is widely understood on the Continent) is rarely used. More usual is the territorial designation , which in practice is almost identical. In Scotland, there is strictly no nobiliary particle, but the use of the word of as a territorial designation has a long history. In this usage, "of" and

1127-485: The 19th century on, it became customary for Portuguese titled nobility to indicate their titles as subsidiary surnames, as, for instance, in the name of Diana Álvares Pereira de Melo, 11th Duchess of Cadaval who goes by Diana de Cadaval after her title. This social rule does not apply to members of the Portuguese royal house . In Spain , the nobiliary particle de is also used in two different styles. The first

1176-644: The Counts Zichy, having received donations of the two estates of Zichy and Vásonkeő (the first located in Somogy County and the second in Veszprém county ), used de Zichy and de Vásonkeő ; as this family used two nobiliary particles, the construction in Latin for the whole family name is Comes Zichy de Zichy et Vásonkeő : the Latin conjunction et (and) connects the estate's names. In Hungarian ,

1225-459: The English of , were often used in names in England and Wales , as in " Simon de Montfort " and " Richard of Shrewsbury ". The usage of "de" is often misunderstood, as in most cases it was used only in documents written in Latin or French. At the time, in translating into English, "de" was sometimes converted into "of" and sometimes omitted; only rarely was it used in the English form of a name. It

1274-464: The French nobility have often been composed of a combination of patronymic names, titles, or noms de terres ('names of lands' or estates) joined by the preposition de , as in " Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord ". The use of this particle began to be an essential appearance of nobility. Following the end of the Kingdom of France , however, the use of de did not invariably denote nobility. In

1323-592: The Norman article "de", signifying that a family originated from a particular place, was generally dropped in England. The resumption of such older versions of family names was a Romantic trend in 19th-century England, encouraged by a mistaken belief that the article "de" indicated nobility. As in Spain, English and Welsh surnames composed of two names linked by a hyphen ("-") do not necessarily indicate nobility, e.g. Rees-Jones ; not all double barrelled names require

1372-523: The bearer. Modern Portuguese law recognises any citizen's right not to sign these particles, even if they are present in that citizen's identification documents, and the opposite right, i.e. to sign one's name with such particles even if not present in one's documents, is also recognized. In fact, articles and prepositions are considered in Portuguese nomenclature an embellishment to any name. Traditionally, good taste made Portuguese nobility cut down on

1421-407: The common people and are among the most common Portuguese surnames today, so the de particle and its variations have not indicated nobility for centuries. Furthermore, Portuguese nobility, irrespective of any noble name with or without particle, is traditionally recognised only in people both of whose grandfathers and grandmothers are noble. Portuguese surnames do not indicate nobility, as usually

1470-519: The conquistador Hernando de Soto . This is a common tradition in Spanish culture. Unlike French, Spanish lacks elision , and so no contraction is used when the surname starts with a vowel (though exceptionally we find Pedro Arias Dávila ), but contraction is used when the surname includes the article el as in Baltasar del Alcázar . A Spanish law on names from 1958 and still in force does not allow

1519-504: The country, language and period of time. In some languages, it is the same as a regular prepositional particle that was used in the creation of many surnames . In some countries, it became customary to distinguish the nobiliary particle from the regular one by a different spelling, although in other countries these conventions did not arise, occasionally resulting in ambiguity. The nobiliary particle can often be omitted in everyday speech or certain contexts. In Denmark and Norway , there

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1568-446: The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some middle-class families simply adopted the particle without being ennobled; Maximilien Robespierre 's family, for example, used the particle for some generations. In Germany and Austria , von (descending from ) or zu (resident at ) generally precedes the surname of a noble family (in, for example, the names of Alexander von Humboldt and Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim ). If it

1617-662: The grandest members of the British aristocracy have triple-barrelled names, for instance the Vane-Tempest-Stewart family, who hold the marquessate of Londonderry ; for a while, the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos bore five surnames: Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville. In contemporary Britain this correlation has weakened, as more middle and lower-class families have started hyphenating their names on marriage, and/or passing it to their issue, with 11% of newly-weds in

1666-438: The growth of the burgher class in the cities, which partly developed due to migration from the countryside to cities. Also linked was the increased popularity of using the names of saints for naming new-borns, which reduced the pool of given-names in play and stimulated a popular demand (and personal desire) for by-names—which were helpful in distinguishing an individual among increasing numbers of like-named persons. In London in

1715-579: The late 17th and 18th centuries, a person would often receive a particle along with his or her old or new family name when ennobled. Examples are families like de Gyldenpalm (lit. 'of Goldenpalm') and von Munthe af Morgenstierne (lit. 'of Munthe of Morningstar'). Otherwise, particles would arrive together with immigrants. Examples are families like von Ahnen . Prominent non-noble families having used particles are von Cappelen , von der Lippe , and de Créqui dit la Roche . The preposition til (English: to , but translates as of ; comparable with German zu )

1764-520: The main surname element in the 19th century, such as von Werden → Vonwerden . In the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary Latin was the official language in which royal decrees and all kinds of legal documents were issued. Hungarian noble families used the nobiliary particle de with the name of an estate granted by the King as a royal donation. For instance, the aristocratic Hungarian family of

1813-515: The masculine form), d' (used, per the rules of orthography , when the nom de terre begins with a vowel; for example, Ferdinand d'Orléans ), or des ('of the' in the plural). In French, de indicates a link between the land and a person—either landlord or peasant . The nobleman was always designated escuyer , for ' squire ' in English form ( dapifer in Latin), or chevalier for ' knight ' ( equites in Latin). Only knights were designated by

1862-419: The name, not in itself necessarily indicating historical feudal nobility, but recognition in a territorial designation is usually accorded alongside the grant or matriculation of a Scottish coat of arms , which effectively confers or recognises minor nobility status, even if not ancient. Despite this, the right to bear a territorial designation can also exist for landowners who are not armigerous , but this right

1911-502: The names of their manors, and in a few cases nicknames, into their names. For instance, Egas Gomes, lord of Sousa, became Egas Gomes de Sousa . King Alfonso X 's son Fernando was said to be born with a hairy mole and was called Fernando de la Cerda ("Fernando of the Bristle"), and his son Fernando kept the nickname as his second name and was also called Fernando de la Cerda . In the 15th and 16th centuries, these surnames were adopted by

1960-642: The one zu refers to and meaning [up]on in English): Von A-dynasty/place, zu B-town, auf C-ville/location/residence . Rarer variants are "von der", "von dem", "zum", "zur", etc. As in France and Spain, not all noble families use a nobiliary particle. The names of the most ancient nobility, the Uradel , but also names of some old untitled nobility, often do not contain either von or zu , such as Grote , Knigge or Vincke . Conversely,

2009-497: The places in Poland named Maliszew , Maliszewo , or Maliszów . In anthroponymic terminology, toponymic surnames belong among topoanthroponyms (class of anthroponyms that are formed from toponyms). Nobiliary particle#France A nobiliary particle is a type of onomastic particle used in a surname or family name in many Western cultures to signal the nobility of a family. The particle used varies depending on

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2058-608: The prefix von occurs in the names of 200 to 300 non-noble families, much like van in the Netherlands. Especially in northwestern Germany, e.g. Bremen, Hamburg, Holstein, Lower Saxony, Schleswig, Westphalia, and in German-speaking Switzerland, the particles von , zu , etc., may be elements in non-noble surnames and usually designate the place of origin. In Austria and Bavaria, non-noble surnames containing von were widely altered by compounding it to

2107-430: The preposition) predates the trend of inherited family surnames. In England, this can be seen as early as the 11th century. And although there is some regional variation, a significant shift away from using the preposition can be seen during the 14th century. In some cases, the preposition coalesced (fused) into the name, such as Atwood (at wood) and Daubney (originating as de Albigni, from Saint-Martin-d'Aubigny ). In

2156-400: The prepositions linking their many surnames, and they would sign just one at the beginning of the name; the last surname would be preceded by e (and). For instance, the name João Duarte da Silva dos Santos da Costa de Sousa should be signed just as João Duarte da Silva Santos Costa e Sousa . In the present day, it may also legally be signed João Duarte Silva Santos Costa Sousa . The last e

2205-562: The relevant county or town of origin is represented with the suffix -i at its end: so, in the case of this family, the place names would be written as zicsi and vásonkeői and would be placed before the family name; the two place names are connected by the Hungarian és (and). So the result would be zicsi és vásonkeői Zichy . Starting in the High Middle Ages, West Iberian nobles, who had only used patronyms, started adding

2254-426: The rest of his estate via his will, usually to a male descendant of one of his female relatives, who would then apply for a royal licence to take the name. Royal licences could similarly be obtained where the applicant's mother was a heraldic heiress , although this was less common. For instance, Sir Winston Spencer Churchill 's surname evidences his descendancy from both the aristocratic Spencer family , amongst whom

2303-624: The same surnames exist in noble and non-noble families. The restriction to nobility and the clergy of bearing arms at the beginning of the 16th century, when king Manuel I extinguished the previous bourgeoisie armorial, usually shows someone to be noble if he or she bears personal or family arms. But nobility in Portugal was never restricted to the bearers of arms, and many Portuguese nobles did not or do not have arms at all. The preposition de and its different orthographic forms ( do , dos , da and das ), as in France, do not indicate nobility in

2352-433: The spoken style monseigneur or messire for ' sir ' ( dominus in Latin), as, for example, "monseigneur Bertrand du Guesclin , chevalier"—in English form, "Sir Bertrand du Guesclin, knight". By convention, surnames with the non-noble use of the particle de are spelled as a single word (e.g., " Pierre Dupont "), though many such surnames conserved the de as a separate word. Since the sixteenth century, surnames among

2401-414: Was created the 1st Baronet de Trafford , Queen Victoria issued a royal licence to "Sir Thomas Joseph Trafford ... that he may henceforth resume the ancient patronymic of his family, by assuming and using the surname of De Trafford, instead of that of 'Trafford' and that such surname may be henceforth taken and used by his issue." The anglicisation to Trafford had probably occurred in the 15th century, when

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