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58-1057: Feingold is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Benjamin Feingold (1899–1982), American pediatric allergist Feingold diet , named after Benjamin David Sidney Feingold (1922–2019), an American biochemist and winner of the Israel Prize Eleanor Feingold , American statistical geneticist Kenneth Feingold (born 1952), American artist Leon Feingold (born 1973), American baseball player Marco Feingold (1913–2019), Austrian Holocaust survivor Michael Feingold (1945–2022), American critic, translator, lyricist, and playwright Russ Feingold (born 1953), American politician McCain-Feingold Bill , see Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Sharon Feingold , American voice actress [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

116-533: A cost of more than $ 6 billion, by 2010, it was the largest civilian electronic medical record system, serving more than 8.6 million Kaiser Permanente members, implemented at a cost exceeding a half million dollars per physician. As of 2020 KP HealthConnect supports 12.2 million members. Early in the 21st century, the NHS and UK Department of Health became impressed with some aspects of the Kaiser operation and initiated

174-787: A friendship which lasted until Kaiser's death. In 1939, the Kaiser Company began work on several huge shipbuilding contracts in Oakland, and by the end of 1941 would control four major shipyards on the West Coast. During 1940, the expansion of the American defense-industrial complex in preparation for entrance into World War II resulted in a massive increase in the number of employees at the Richmond shipyard. In January 1941, Henry Kaiser asked Garfield to set up an insurance plan for

232-609: A job at U.S. Steel , but on the morning of December 5, 1953, with internal tensions worsening day by day, Garfield met with Keene at the Mark Hopkins Hotel in San Francisco and asked him to turn around the organization. It took Keene 15 years to realize that Kaiser had forced Garfield to ask Keene to become his replacement. Due to the chaos on the board, Keene at first took control with the vague title of Executive Associate, but it soon became clear to everyone that he

290-521: A nonprofit group practice to create its Mid-Atlantic region, encompassing the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. In 1985, Kaiser Permanente expanded to Georgia. By 1990, Kaiser Permanente provided coverage for about a third of the population of the cities of San Francisco and Oakland; total Northern California membership was over 2.4 million. Elsewhere, Kaiser Permanente did not do as well, and its geographic footprint changed significantly in

348-529: A novel by KP Historical Society President and Medical Director Emeritus of KP San Diego Paul Bernstein, MD , is based on the story of Garfield's life, his struggles with the AMA, and the origins of Kaiser Permanente. In 1943, Henry J. Kaiser and Dr. Sidney R. Garfield opened a 50-bed hospital, housing six physicians for the 3000 employees and their families at the new Kaiser Steel Mill in Fontana, California, offering

406-578: A pre-paid health care plan for $ 0.60/week for adults, and $ 0.30/week for children. In 1945, the Kaiser Permanente health plan was opened to the public. In 1948, Kaiser established the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (also known as Kaiser Family Foundation ), a U.S.-based nonprofit, private operating foundation focusing on the major health care issues facing the nation. The Foundation, not associated with Kaiser Permanente or Kaiser Industries ,

464-563: A series of studies involving several health care organizations in England. Visits occurred and suggestions of adopting some KP policies are currently active. The management of hospital bed-occupancy by KP, by means of integrated management in and out of hospital and monitoring progress against care pathways has given rise to trials of similar techniques in eight areas of the UK. In 2002, a controversial study by California-based academics published in

522-680: A simple project, and only a last-minute intervention by Keene and Trefethen in August 1960 prevented the total disintegration of the Hawaii organization. By that year, Kaiser membership had grown to 808,000. Having overseen Kaiser Permanente's successful transformation from Henry Kaiser's health care experiment into a large-scale self-sustaining enterprise, Keene retired in 1975. By 1976, membership reached three million. In 1977, all six of Kaiser Permanente's regions had become federally qualified health maintenance organizations . In 1980, Kaiser acquired

580-489: A strong emphasis on preventive care, reducing costs later on. Second, its doctors are salaried rather than paid per service, which removes the main incentive for doctors to perform unnecessary procedures. Thirdly, KP attempts to minimize the time patients spend in high-cost hospitals by carefully planning their stay and by shifting care to outpatient clinics. This practice results in lower costs per member, cost savings for KP and greater doctor attention to patients. A comparison to

638-582: A time when jobs were scarce; he was able to secure a contract with Industrial Indemnity to care for 5,000 construction workers building the Colorado River Aqueduct in the Mojave Desert . Soon enough, Garfield's new hospital was in a precarious financial state (with mounting debt and the staff of three going unpaid), due in part to Garfield's desire to treat all patients regardless of ability to pay, as well as his insistence on equipping

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696-726: Is an American integrated managed care consortium , based in Oakland, California , United States, founded in 1945 by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser and physician Sidney Garfield . Kaiser Permanente is made up of three distinct but interdependent groups of entities: the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (KFHP) and its regional operating subsidiaries; Kaiser Foundation Hospitals; and the regional Permanente Medical Groups. As of 2023, Kaiser Permanente operates in eight states ( Hawaii , Washington , Oregon , California , Colorado , Maryland , Virginia , Georgia ) and

754-527: Is an independent voice and source of facts and analysis for policymakers, the media, the health care community, and the general public. The end of World War II brought about a huge plunge in Kaiser Permanente membership; for example, 50,000 workers had left the Northern California yards by July 1945. Membership bottomed out at 17,000 for the entire system but then surged back to 26,000 within six months as Garfield aggressively marketed his plan to

812-716: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Module:Interwiki extra: additional interwiki links Benjamin Feingold Feingold received a BS degree in 1921, and an MD in 1924, from the University of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He performed his internship at Passavant Hospital , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1924 to 1925. He did a fellowship in Pathology at the University of Göttingen , Germany in 1927. Between 1928 and 1929, he worked under Professor Clemens von Pirquet . Feingold worked as

870-712: Is primarily funded by reimbursements from its respective regional Kaiser Foundation Health Plan entity. KFHP is one of the largest not-for-profit organizations in the United States. KP's quality of care has been highly rated and attributed to an emphasis on preventive care, its doctors being salaried rather than paid on a fee-for-service basis, and an attempt to minimize the time patients spend in high-cost hospitals by carefully planning their stay. However, Kaiser has had disputes with its employees' unions; repeatedly faced civil and criminal charges for falsification of records and patient dumping ; faced action by regulators over

928-698: The British Medical Journal compared Kaiser to the British National Health Service , finding Kaiser to be superior in several respects. Subsequently, a group of health policy academics who were experts on the NHS published a competing analysis claiming that Kaiser's costs were actually substantially higher than the NHS and for a younger and healthier population. From October 4 to 7, 2023, more than 75,000 Kaiser Permanente workers went on strike . This has been regarded as

986-508: The District of Columbia , and is the largest managed care organization in the United States. Kaiser Permanente operates 40 hospitals and more than 616 medical offices, with over 300,000 personnel, including more than 98,000 physicians and nurses. Each Permanente Medical Group operates as a separate for-profit partnership or professional corporation in its individual territory, and while none publicly reports its financial results, each

1044-500: The nonprofit Kaiser Foundation Health Plan and Kaiser Foundation Hospitals entities reported an operating loss of $ 1.3 billion in net income on $ 95.4 billion in operating revenues. The two types of organizations which make up each regional entity are: In addition, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (despite the plural name, a single legal entity) operates medical centers in California, Oregon, and Hawaii, and outpatient facilities in

1102-539: The surname Feingold . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feingold&oldid=1258441541 " Categories : Surnames Surnames of Jewish origin Yiddish-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

1160-484: The "Governance Administrator" of Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. since 2025 . The history of Kaiser Permanente dates to 1933 and a tiny hospital in the town of Desert Center, California . At that time, Henry J. Kaiser and several other large construction contractors had formed an insurance consortium called Industrial Indemnity to meet their workers' compensation obligations. Sidney Garfield had just finished his residency at Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center at

1218-844: The 1990s. The organization spun off or closed outposts in Texas , North Carolina , and the Northeast . In 1998, Kaiser Permanente sold its Texas operations, where reported problems had become so severe that the organization directed its lawyers to attempt to block the release of a Texas Department of Insurance report. This prompted the state attorney general to threaten to revoke the organization's license. Kaiser Permanente closed health plans in Charlotte and Raleigh-Durham in North Carolina four years later. The organization also sold its unprofitable Northeast division in 2000. The Ohio division

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1276-711: The Portland area. On April 26, 2023, Kaiser announced it would acquire Geisinger Health System . As part of the deal, Geisinger would operate as an independent subsidiary, folded into a new non-profit group called Risant Health . On June 21, 2024, it was announced that Risant Health would acquire Cone Health , a hospital system based in Greensboro, North Carolina. In 2002, Kaiser Permanente abandoned its attempt to build its own clinical information system with IBM , writing off some $ 452 million in software assets. This information technology failure led to major changes in

1334-509: The Richmond workers (this was merely contract negotiation with insurance companies), and a year later Kaiser asked Garfield to duplicate at Richmond what he had done at Desert Center and Mason City. Unlike the two other projects, the resulting entity lived on after the construction project that gave birth to it, and it is the direct ancestor of today's Kaiser Permanente. On March 1, 1942, Sidney R. Garfield & Associates opened its offices in Oakland to provide care to 20,000 workers, followed by

1392-440: The U.S. population could not afford fee-for-service health care. Kaiser Permanente membership soared to 154,000 in 1950, 283,000 in 1952, 470,000 in 1954, 556,000 in 1956, and 618,000 in 1958. From 1944 onward, both Kaiser Permanente and Garfield fought off numerous attacks from the AMA and various state and local medical societies. Henry Kaiser came to the defense of both Garfield and the health plans he had created. In 1951,

1450-620: The UK's National Health Service found that patients spend 2–5 times as much time in NHS hospitals as compared to KP hospitals. In June 2013, the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC) levied a $ 4 million fine, the second largest in the agency's history, against Kaiser for not providing adequate mental health care to its patients. Alleged violations of California's timely access laws included failures to accurately track wait times and track doctor availability amid evidence of inconsistent electronic and paper records. It

1508-560: The books Introduction to Clinical Allergy , Why your child is hyperactive , and the Feingold cookbook for hyperactive children. To treat or prevent hyperactivity, Feingold suggested a diet that was free of salicylates , artificial colors, artificial flavors, BHA , and BHT . Although the diet was popular, scientific research found no good evidence that it was effective. Kaiser Permanente Kaiser Permanente ( / ˈ k aɪ z ər p ɜːr m ə ˈ n ɛ n t eɪ / ; KP )

1566-724: The chairman and CEO until his retirement in December 2013. On November 5, 2012, the board of directors announced that Bernard J. Tyson , Kaiser's president and chief operating officer for the last two years, would replace Halvorson, marking the first time an African American was appointed as chairman. Tyson died in November 2019. Greg A. Adams assumed the role of chairman and CEO in December 2019. As of 2022, Kaiser Permanente had 12.6 million health plan members, 216,776 employees, 23,597 physicians, 63,847 nurses, 39 medical centers, and 724 medical facilities. As of December 31, 2022,

1624-598: The families of shipyard workers. In 1944, Kaiser decided to continue the program after the war and to open it up to the general public. Meanwhile, during the war years, the American Medical Association (AMA) (which opposed managed care organizations from their very beginning) tried to defuse demand for managed care by promoting the rapid expansion of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield preferred provider organization networks. Courage to Heal ,

1682-477: The health care system created for him by Garfield and began to directly manage Kaiser Permanente and Garfield. This resulted in a financial disaster when Kaiser splurged on the new Walnut Creek hospital; his constant intermeddling led to significant friction at every level of the organization. The situation was not helped by Kaiser's marriage to Garfield's head administrative nurse (who had helped care for Kaiser's first wife on her deathbed), convincing Garfield to marry

1740-541: The hospital adequately so that critically injured patients could be stabilized for the long journey to full-service hospitals in Los Angeles. However, Garfield won over two Industrial Indemnity executives, Harold Hatch and Alonzo B. Ordway. It was Hatch who proposed to Garfield the specific solution that would lead to the creation of Kaiser Permanente: Industrial Indemnity would prepay 17.5% of premiums, or $ 1.50 per worker per month, to cover work-related injuries, while

1798-756: The house officer at the children's clinic of the University of Vienna , Austria from 1928 to 1929. From 1929 to 1932, he was clinical instructor of Pediatrics at the Northwestern University School of Medicine. From 1932 to 1958, he worked as attending physician in Pediatrics and in Infectious Diseases at Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles . He also worked as attending physician in Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital , Los Angeles from 1932 to 1941, and at Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1932 to 1951. He

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1856-582: The idea of a contract between the medical groups and the health plans and hospital foundations that would set out roles, responsibilities, and financial distribution. Trefethen, already a successful attorney, went on to a successful career with Kaiser Permanente and in retirement became a famous vintner . While Keene and Trefethen struggled to fix the damage from Kaiser's micromanagement and Garfield's ineffectual management, Henry Kaiser moved to Oahu in 1956 and insisted on expanding Kaiser Permanente into Hawaii in 1958. He quickly ruined what should have been

1914-652: The intent of entering private practice. However, in March 1938, Consolidated Industries (a consortium led by the Kaiser Company) initiated work on a contract for the upper half of the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state, and took over responsibility for the thousands of workers who had worked for a different construction consortium on the first half of the dam. Edgar Kaiser, Henry's son, was in charge of

1972-894: The largest health care worker strike in U.S. history. A new four-year contract would later be ratified by 98.5% of the 85,000 members of the Coalition of Kaiser Permanente Unions on November 9, 2023. In the California Healthcare Quality Report Card 2013 Edition, Kaiser Permanente's Northern California and Southern California regions, KP received four out of four possible stars in Meeting National Standards of Care. KP North and South also received three out of four stars in Members Rate Their HMO. KP's performance has been attributed to three practices: First, KP places

2030-439: The name. An abandoned Oakland facility was modernized as the 170-bed Permanente Hospital opened on August 1, 1942 (this facility evolved over the decades into today's flagship Kaiser Oakland Medical Center ). Three weeks later, the 71-bed Richmond Field Hospital opened. Six first aid stations were set up in the shipyards to treat industrial accidents and minor illness. Each first aid station had an ambulance ready to rush patients to

2088-507: The new millennium, competition in the managed care market increased dramatically, raising new concerns. The Southern California Permanente Medical Group saw declining rates of new members as other managed care groups flourished. In 2017, Kaiser acquired Group Health Cooperative , which serves clients in the state of Washington outside of Southwest Washington. Group Health was started in part from funds from longshoremen in Washington state, who were left out when Kaiser chose not to expand north of

2146-911: The opening of the Permanente Health Plan on June 1. From the beginning, Kaiser Permanente strongly supported preventive medicine and attempted to educate its members about maintaining their own health. In July, the Permanente Foundation formed to operate Northern California hospitals that would be linked to the outpatient health plans , followed shortly thereafter by the creation of Northern Permanente Foundation for Oregon and Washington and Southern Permanente Foundation for California. The name Permanente came from Permanente Creek , which flowed past Henry Kaiser's Kaiser Permanente Cement Plant on Black Mountain in Cupertino, California . Kaiser's first wife, Bess Fosburgh, liked

2204-503: The organization acquired its current name when Henry Kaiser unilaterally directed the trustees of the health plans, hospital foundations, and medical groups to add his name before Permanente. However, the physicians in the Permanente Medical Group were proud professionals who deeply resented the implication that they were directly controlled by Kaiser, and successfully forced him to back off with respect to their part of

2262-444: The organization's approach to digital records. Under George Halvorson's direction, Kaiser looked closely at two medical software vendors, Cerner and Epic Systems , ultimately selecting Epic as the primary vendor for a new system, branded KP HealthConnect. Although Kaiser's approach shifted to "buy, not build," the project was unprecedented for a civilian system in size and scope. Deployed across all eight regions over six years and at

2320-478: The organization. That same year, Kaiser Permanente also began experiments with large-scale multiphasic screening to identify unknown conditions and to facilitate treatment of known ones. Simultaneously, although no one questioned his medical competence, Garfield's deficiencies as an executive were becoming apparent as the organization expanded far beyond his ability to manage it properly. With his wartime glory receding into history, Henry Kaiser became fascinated with

2378-405: The positive, and to experiment with providing a broader range of services to the workers besides pure emergency care. By the time work on the aqueduct concluded and the project was wrapped up, Garfield had paid off all of his debts, was supervising ten physicians at three hospitals, and controlled a financial reserve of $ 150,000. Garfield returned to Los Angeles for further study at County-USC with

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2436-401: The power to appoint or elect board members, meaning that the board itself nominates and appoints new members . James A. Vohs was appointed CEO in 1978 and chairman in 1980, and he would serve until his retirement in 1992. He was the first chairman to not be a member of the Kaiser family. David M. Lawrence served as chairman and CEO until his retirement in 2002. George Halvorson became

2494-606: The project. To smooth over relations with the workers (who had been treated poorly by their earlier employer), Hatch and Ordway persuaded Edgar to meet with Garfield, and in turn Edgar persuaded Garfield to tour the Grand Coulee site. Garfield subsequently agreed to reproduce at Grand Coulee Dam what he had done on the Colorado River Aqueduct project. He immediately spent $ 100,000 on renovating the decrepit Mason City Hospital and hired seven physicians. Unlike

2552-472: The public. Sidney Garfield & Associates had been a sole proprietorship , but in 1948, it was reorganized into a partnership, Permanente Medical Group. During this period, a substantial amount of growth came from union members; the unions saw Kaiser Permanente care as more affordable and comprehensive than what was available at the time from private physicians under the fee-for-service system. For example, Fortune magazine had reported in 1944 that 90% of

2610-409: The quality of care it provided, especially to patients with mental health issues; and faced criticism from activists and action from regulators over the size of its cash reserves. Kaiser Permanente provides care throughout eight regions in the United States. Two or three (four, in the case of California) distinct but interdependent legal entities form the Kaiser system within each region. This structure

2668-400: The regional entities, in 1997, the then-twelve Permanente Medical Groups created The Permanente Federation LLC , a separate entity, which focuses on standardizing patient care and performance under one name and system of policies. Around the same time, The Permanente Company was also chartered as a vehicle to provide investment opportunities for the for-profit Permanente Medical Groups. One of

2726-535: The remaining Kaiser Permanente regions. The hospital foundation entity is not-for-profit and relies on the Kaiser Foundation Health Plans for funding. It also provides infrastructure and facilities that benefit the for-profit medical groups. Kaiser Permanente is administered through eight regions, including one parent and six subordinate health plan entities, one hospital entity, and nine separate, affiliated medical groups: In addition to

2784-410: The sister of that nurse, and then having Garfield move in next door to him. Clifford Keene (who would eventually serve as president of Kaiser Permanente) later recalled that this arrangement resulted in a rather dysfunctional and combative family in charge of Kaiser Permanente. Keene was an experienced Permanente physician whom Garfield had personally hired in 1946. During 1953 he had been trying to get

2842-601: The surgical field hospital if required. Stabilized patients could be moved to the larger hospital for recuperative care. The Northern Permanente Hospital opened two weeks later to serve workers at the Kaiser shipyard in Vancouver, Washington . Shipyard workers paid seven cents per day for comprehensive health care coverage, and within a year, the shipyard health plan employed sixty physicians with salaries between $ 450 and $ 1,000 per month. These physicians established California Physicians Service to offer similar health coverage to

2900-580: The ventures of the Permanente Company is Kaiser Permanente Ventures, a venture capital firm that invests in emerging medical technologies. A mutual benefit corporation named "Kaiser Foundation for the Advancement of Integrated Health Care" was established on December 27, 2017. The specific purpose of the corporation is "to advocate for and promote the integrated models of health care". The corporation's founder, Maryann Bodayle, has served as

2958-460: The workers on Garfield's first project, many workers at Grand Coulee Dam had brought dependents with them. The unions soon forced the Kaiser Company to expand its plan to cover dependents, which resulted in a dramatic shift from industrial medicine into family practice and enabled Garfield to formulate some of the basic principles of Kaiser Permanente. It was also during this time that Henry Kaiser personally became acquainted with Garfield and forged

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3016-474: The workers would each contribute five cents per day to cover non-work-related injuries. Later, Garfield also credited Ordway with coming up with the general idea of prepayment for industrial health care and explained that he did not know much at the time about other similar health plans except for the Ross-Loos Medical Group . Hatch's solution enabled Garfield to bring his budget back into

3074-499: Was Chief Emeritus, Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center. He married Lois Maxine Adler November 18, 1930. They had four children, all born in Los Angeles, California. From 1941 to 1945, he was a commander in the US Naval Reserve. He and Lois were divorced in 1950. He married Helene Samuels on June 21, 1951. Besides numerous technical publications in the fields of allergy and basic immunology, he published

3132-723: Was Chief of Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital , Los Angeles, and an Associate in Allergy at the Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1945 to 1951. In 1951, he joined the Kaiser Foundation Hospital and Permanente Medical Group , and established all of the Departments of Allergy for Northern California. From 1952 to 1969, he was Kaiser's chief of Allergy, and the chairman of their central research committee. From then until his death in 1982, he

3190-552: Was actually in charge and Garfield was to become a lobbyist and "ambassador" for the HMO concept. However, even with Garfield relieved of day-to-day management duties, the underlying problem of Henry Kaiser's authoritarian management style continued to persist. After several tense confrontations between Kaiser and Permanente Medical Group physicians, the doctors met with Kaiser's top adviser, Eugene Trefethen, at Kaiser's personal estate near Lake Tahoe on July 12, 1955. Trefethen came up with

3248-460: Was adopted by Kaiser Permanente physicians and leaders in 1955. Each entity of Kaiser Permanente has its own management and governance structure, although all of the structures are interdependent and cooperative to a great extent. There are multiple affiliated nonprofits registered with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service . According to Form 990 governance questions, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan do not have members with

3306-693: Was also found by the DMHC that patients received written materials circulated by Kaiser dissuading them from seeking care, a violation of state and federal laws. DMHC also issued a cease and desist order for Kaiser to end the practices. DMHC conducted a follow-up investigation which published in April 2015. The report found Kaiser had put systems in place to better track how patients were being cared for but still had not addressed problems with actually providing mental health care that complied with state and federal laws. Kaiser's challenges on this front were exacerbated by

3364-537: Was sold to Catholic Health Partners in 2013. In 1995, Kaiser Permanente celebrated its fiftieth anniversary as a public health plan . Two years later, national membership reached nine million. In 1997, the organization established an agreement with the AFL-CIO to explore a new approach to the relationship between management and labor , known as the Labor Management Partnership. Going into

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