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84-438: Each population had a distinct ethnic, social, cultural and linguistic history. Members of these communities provided most of the labor that built and expanded the cocoa farming industry on Fernando Pó during the 1880s and 1890s. The Fernandino of Fernando Po were closely related to each other. Because of the history of labor in this area, where workers were recruited, effectively impressed, from Freetown , Cape Coast , and Lagos ,

168-512: A tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw / As ) with two long wet seasons – a heavier one from March to July and a lighter one from September to November – alongside two short dry seasons in January / February and in August . Cape Coast is a humid area with mean monthly relative humidity varying between 85% and 99%. The sea breeze has a moderating effect on the local climate. The crab

252-665: A Creole community usually converted to Christianity, the religion shared by nearly all Creoles. In 1787, the British helped 400 freed slaves, primarily African Americans freed during the American Revolutionary War who had been evacuated to London, and Afro-Caribbeans and Africans from London, to relocate to Sierra Leone to settle in what they called the "Province of Freedom." Some of these early settlers had been freed earlier and worked as servants in London. Most of

336-542: A Recipe for Conviviality (2020) Today, Creole communities have more in common with each other than they have with any African ethnic groups . On the islands of Africa, creole languages predominate while on the mainland, creole languages are lingua franca or national languages in Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia , and South Africa. In island communities, Creoles are found in many occupations ranging from agricultural workers to members of society's elite . In

420-452: A Scottish father, named Henry Hugh Gardner . He was beaten by Spanish police after he murdered his African-Catholic Cameroon-born common-law wife, Victoria Castellanos. At the bequest of his mother, Gardner refused to marry Castellanos because she refused religious conversion. She, then, became involved with a Catholic -convert which infuriated Gardener. Krio Fernandinos were, initially, unimpressed and indifferent to Spanish rule. However, by

504-548: A US colony in West Africa, in the antebellum years. Their numbers were also added to by Africans liberated from the slave trade along the west coast of Africa. Workers from both Sierra Leone and especially Liberia were transported as workers to Bioko Island . As English speakers with some Anglo culture, they became a dominant force in the evolution of local society and economy and took on leadership roles. They tended to marry among themselves, as they identified as separate from

588-488: A distinct ethnic group in Equatorial Guinea, their pidgin dialect is spoken in only six communities (Musola, Las Palmas, Sampaca, Basupu, Fiston and Balueri de Cristo Rey / Bottle Nose). In 1998 it was estimated that the number of fluent speakers of this Equatoguinean language was 5,000. About one-fifth of those 5,000 speakers have this Creole English as their only language. Up to 70,000 Equatoguineans may use it as

672-826: A newspaper proprietor and Creoles such as Macormack Easmon , Edna Elliott-Horton , and George T.O. Robinson , the founder of the Krio Descendants Union . Although Creoles are primarily Protestant , there are a small number of Creole Catholics who attend Catholic churches such as St. Anthony's Church in Brookfields and the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Freetown. Prominent Creole Catholics include Dr Monty Jones , Bertha Conton and Florence Dillsworth and, in previous generations, James C.E. Parkes . The official language of Sierra Leone

756-698: A trade language. In the 21st century, Fernando Po Creole English and Pichinglis have long been fused into one dialect. The majority of Krio Fernandinos are Christian . Krios have contributed to development of the Protestant church in Bioko . Descendants of Iberian parentage tend to be Catholic . Sierra Leone Krio people The Sierra Leone Creole people ( Krio : Krio pipul ) are an ethnic group of Sierra Leone . The Sierra Leone Creole people are descendants of freed African-American , Afro-Caribbean , and Liberated African slaves who settled in

840-551: A trading fort in the area. In 1650, the Swedes built a lodge that would later become better known as Cape Coast Castle , which is now a World Heritage Site . Most of the modern town expanded around it. The Dutch took over it in 1650 and expanded it in 1652. The British then took control of it in 1664. Trade was an important motivator in the creation of fortresses and settlements on Cape Coast. Traders from various European countries built these trading lodges, forts and castles along

924-504: Is English. In addition to English, the Sierra Leone Creoles also speak a distinctive creole language named after their ethnic group called Creole or Krio . Krio was strongly influenced by British English , Gullah , African American Vernacular English , Jamaican Creole , Akan , Igbo and Yoruba . Cape Coast Cape Coast is a city, a fishing port , and the capital of Cape Coast Metropolitan District in

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1008-459: Is dominated by batholith rock and is generally undulating with steep slopes. There are valleys of various streams between the hills, with Kakum being the largest stream. The minor streams end in wetlands, the largest of which drains into the Fosu Lagoon at Bakano. In the northern part of the district, however, the landscape is suitable for the cultivation of various crops. Cape Coast has

1092-512: Is the city's mascot and a statue of one stands in the city centre. Fort William , built in 1820, was an active lighthouse from 1835 to the 1970s, while Fort Victoria was built in 1702. The main market of Cape Coast is called Kotokuraba Market . Other attractions include a series of Asafo shrines, Cape Coast Centre for National Culture, the Oguaa Fetu Afahye festival (held on the first Saturday of September), and since 1992,

1176-1120: Is the only Metropolitan Assembly in the Central Region . The Assembly is bounded to the south by the Gulf of Guinea, west by the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem , East by the Abura Asebu Kwamankese District , and to the north by the Twifu Heman Lower Denkyira District . It also has two Parliamentary constituencies, which are Cape Coast North (Ghana parliament constituency) and Cape Coast South (Ghana parliament constituency) . The Assembly has 45 Electoral Areas, with 30 being in Cape Coast South (Ghana parliament constituency) and 15 being in Cape Coast North (Ghana parliament constituency) . The area

1260-551: Is the seat of the University of Cape Coast (UCC). It also has , the Cape Coast Technical University . The city also has some secondary and technical schools: Notable people born in or associated with Cape Coast include: The Fante people of Ghana are notable for their way of cooking. They are known for eating rich cuisine, mostly with more fish, meat, or any form of protein than necessary. It

1344-861: The 2nd and 4th West India Regiments were settled in Freetown and in suburbs around it in 1819. Barbadian rebels who participated in the Bussa Rebellion were transported to colonial Freetown in 1816 and included families such as the Priddy family . Thirty-eight African Americans (nine families) immigrated to Freetown under the auspices of African-American ship owner Paul Cuffe , of Boston . These Black Americans included Perry Lockes and Prince Saunders from Boston; Abraham Thompson and Peter Williams Jr. from New York City; and Edward Jones from Charleston, South Carolina . Americo-Liberian merchants and traders also settled in colonial Freetown throughout

1428-406: The American Revolutionary War , many on promises of freedom from enslavement . On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died. However, enough survived to establish and build a colony. Seventy white women accompanied the men to Sierra Leone. Anna Falconbridge portrayed these white women as prostitutes from Deptford Prison, but they were most likely wives and girlfriends of

1512-540: The Caribbean , the term broadly refers to all the people, whatever their class or ancestry — African, East Asian, European, Indian — who are part of the culture of the Caribbean. In Trinidad , the term Creole is used to designate all Trinidadians except those of Asian origin. In French Guiana the term refers to anyone, regardless of skin colour, who has adopted a European way of life, and in neighbouring Suriname ,

1596-530: The Central Region of Ghana . It is one of the country's most historic cities, a World Heritage Site, and home to the Cape Coast Castle , with the Gulf of Guinea situated to its south. It was also the first capital of Ghana. According to the 2021 census, Cape Coast had a settlement population of 189,925 people. The language of the people of Cape Coast is Fante . The older traditional names of

1680-776: The Farquhar family and their descendants such as the Stuart family and Conton family who settled in Sierra Leone from Barbados , the Bahamas , and Bermuda between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The last major group of immigrants to the colony was the Liberated Africans or "Recaptives". Held on slave ships for sale in the western hemisphere, they were liberated by the Royal Navy , which, with

1764-713: The French créole , which in turn came from Portuguese crioulo , a diminutive of cria , meaning a person raised in one's house. Cria derives from criar , meaning "to raise or bring up", itself derived from the Latin creare , meaning "to make, bring forth, produce, beget"; — itself the source of the English word "create". The word creole has several cognates in other languages, such as créole , creolo , criol , criollo , crioulo , kreol , kreyol , krio , kriol , kriolu , and kriyoyo . In Louisiana ,

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1848-598: The Gold Coast likewise settled in Freetown and eventually coalesced into the Sierra Leone Creole identity. In the 21st century, the majority of Creoles in Sierra Leone continue to reside in Freetown and along the surrounding Western Area peninsula where their language and culture have a disproportionate influence relative to their population. The Creole people acted as colonial administrators, traders and missionaries in other parts of West Africa during

1932-645: The Swedish , the Danish and the Dutch . It is home to 32 festivals and celebrations. The dominant traditions of the indigenous inhabitants of Oguaa assert that they originated from Fetu, north of Cape Coast.  The site has been identified as that of the present-day Efutu. The Efutu State like its sister State of Eguafo, was founded by the Guan-the undisputed aborigines of Ghana.   Legend even has it that one of

2016-507: The West Africa Squadron , enforced the abolition of the international slave trade after 1808. The Liberated Africans were multi-ethnic and were largely Akan , Aja , Ewe , Angolan , Wolof , Hausa , Yoruba , Igbo , Bambara , Nupe , and Fulani people who had been enslaved by illegal slave traders. The Liberated Africans also included Sherbro , Mende and Temne people who had been enslaved in territories neighbouring

2100-767: The Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885. The colony was established by the British , supported by abolitionists , under the Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen . The settlers called their new settlement Freetown . Today, the Sierra Leone Creoles are 1.2 percent of the population of Sierra Leone. The Creoles of Sierra Leone have varying degrees of European ancestry , similar to their Americo-Liberian neighbours and sister ethnic group in Liberia . In Sierra Leone, some of

2184-434: The Western Area peninsula of Sierra Leone. By the 1850s, they had already established Aberdeen , Bathurst , Charlotte , Dublin , Gloucester , Goderich , Grafton , Hastings , Kent , Kissy , Leicester , Murray Town , Regent , Ricketts , Sussex , Waterloo , Wellington , Wilberforce and York . Between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, immigrants from the Bahamas , Barbados , Bermuda , Liberia and

2268-471: The large cotton tree near George Street. As the Settlers gathered under the tree, their preachers held a thanksgiving service and the white minister, Rev. Patrick Gilbert preached a sermon. After the religious services, the settlement was officially established and was designated Freetown. The Settler men cleared the forest and shrub and built a new settlement on the overgrown site that had formerly contained

2352-619: The 1870s, when the Creole identity was beginning to form. The next arrivals were the Jamaican Maroons ; these maroons came specifically from Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) , one of the five Maroon cities in Jamaica. The Maroons mainly descended from highly military skilled Ashanti slaves who had escaped plantations and, to a lesser extent, from Jamaican indigenous people. The Maroons numbered around 551, and they helped quell some of

2436-973: The 19th century, and as a result, there are also Creole communities in The Gambia , Nigeria , Cameroon , and Equatorial Guinea . Due to normal migration patterns, the Sierra Leone Civil War , and some discrimination at home, many Sierra Leone Creoles live abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom . In the United States, Creoles are mostly settled in Washington DC , Maryland , Virginia , Texas , New York , Georgia , California and North Carolina . The Creoles are Christians, whether nominal or in practice, at more than 98 percent. A large proportion of

2520-716: The African Americans were from South Carolina and the Sea Islands, of the Gullah culture; others were from states along the eastern seaboard up to New England. Some 1200 of these blacks emigrated to Sierra Leone from Halifax Harbour on 15 January 1792, arriving between 28 February and 9 March 1792. On 11 March 1792, the Nova Scotian Settlers disembarked from the 14 passenger ships that had carried them from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone and marched toward

2604-530: The British colonial administration intervened to ensure the Recaptives became firmly rooted in Freetown society; they served in the army with the West India Regiment, and they were assigned as apprentices in the houses of Settlers and Maroons. Sometimes if a child's parents died, the young Recaptive would be adopted by a Settler or Maroon family. The two groups mixed and mingled in society. As

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2688-658: The Bubi tribe. Similarly, the Portuguese -Indigenous descended mulatto population of São Tomé and Príncipe , an island also discovered by explorer Fernão do Pó , were also referred to as Fernandinos , at one point. Native Fernandinos spoke Equatoguinean Spanish , French, Bube and a form of pidgin English called Pichinglis . Pichinglis was brought to Fernando Pó by Efik settlers from Akwa Akpa State (known during colonial times as Calabar State ) in Nigeria . The dialect

2772-535: The Caribbean and Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some were formerly slaves in the United States who had been freed by the British after the American Revolutionary War . They were joined by Africans liberated from the illegal slave trade by British forces after 1808. In separate actions, supported by the American Colonization Society , groups of free African Americans emigrated to Liberia, established as

2856-591: The Colony of Sierra Leone. The Liberated Africans, also called Recaptives, contributed greatly to the Creole culture. While the Settlers, Maroons, and transatlantic immigrants gave the Creoles their Christianity, some of their customs, and their Western influence, the Liberated Africans modified their customs to adopt those of the Nova Scotians and Europeans, yet kept some of their ethnic traditions. Initially

2940-687: The Creole people influenced other pidgins such as Cameroonian Pidgin English , Nigerian Pidgin English , and Pichinglis . As a result of their history, the Gambian Creole people , or Aku people of the Gambia , the Saro people of Nigeria, and the Krio Fernandinos of Equatorial Guinea , are sub-ethnic groups or partly descended from the Sierra Leone Creole people or their ancestors. The English word creole derives from

3024-488: The Fernandino also had family ties to those areas. Eventually these ethnically distinct groups intermarried and integrated. In 21st-century Bioko , their differences are considered marginal. The indigenous group of Fernandinos or Los Fernandinos , were mixed-race descendants of the indigenous population of Spanish Guinea originating from the island of Fernando Pó (modern day Bioko Island ), an island discovered by

3108-465: The Fetu kingdom was defeated by the allied forces of Assin and Asebu. The Efutuhene Nana Essifie Kuma transferred his capital from Efutu to Oguaa(Graham, Ibid). On arrival, the new migrants settled in three distinctive areas, viz. Bentsil, the area of highland behind the newly-built castle; Nkum, the sloping ground on the west bank of the stream below Bentsil; then lntsin, the rising ground on the east side of

3192-652: The Granville Town settlement. They had a profound influence on Creole culture; many of the Western attributes of Creole society were conveyed by the "Settlers", who continued what was familiar to them from their past lives. In Sierra Leone they were called the Nova Scotians or "Settlers" (the 1787 Settlers were called the Old Settlers). They founded the capital of Sierra Leone in 1792. The descendants of African Americans remained an identifiable ethnic group until

3276-614: The Jarretts, Smiths, Hortons, Coles, Porters, Jones, and the Morgans, settled in Maroon Town , Sierra Leone. Seventy percent of Maroons lived on five streets: Gloucester, George, Trelawney, Walpole, and Westmoreland street. The Jamaican Maroon settlement was west of Settler Town between Walpole street and King Tom. The Liberated African ancestors – principally of Akan , Bakongo , Ewe , Igbo and Yoruba origin – settled across

3360-476: The Recaptives began to trade and spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they began to dominate Freetown society. The Recaptives intermarried with the Settlers and Maroons, and the two groups became a fusion of African and Western societies. The ancestors of the Creoles founded the Colony of Sierra Leone and established the settlement of Freetown in 1792. They based the plan on what they were familiar with –

3444-577: The Sierra Leone colony believed that a new colony did not need black settlers from London. The directors decided to offer resettlement to African Americans from Nova Scotia, despite the failure of the last colony. These settlers were Black Loyalists, American slaves who had escaped to British lines and fought with them during the American Revolution, to earn freedom. The British government had transported more than 3,000 freedmen to Nova Scotia for resettlement, together with white Loyalists. Some of

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3528-525: The Stream. Later, a number of ambitious and influential families broke away, and founded a chain of fishing villages on the east coast. They include Legu, Dwemba-Mumford and Winneba, (Simpa) family groups. Cape Coast is traditionally been led by the paramount chief, or Omanhene , of what is known today as Oguaa Traditional Area . Cape Coast is one of the historical cities in Ghana . Portuguese colonists built

3612-532: The adults had left Patriot owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. The Crown had offered slaves freedom who left rebel masters, and thousands joined the British lines. The British resettled 3,000 of the African Americans in Nova Scotia, where many found the climate harsh and struggled with discrimination from white Nova Scotians. More than 1,200 volunteered to settle and establish

3696-433: The beach which developed into active commercial centre where salt and other commodities were exchanged. This new settlement became known as GWA or IGWA(Oguaa). There was rapid increase in population following the influx of the people from Efutu. When WJ. Mueller was a chaplain in the Danish fort, Fredrickdborg, 1661 — 1669, the king of Fetu was called Aduafo, a powerful ruler who was feared and honoured by his people. In 1693,

3780-430: The biennial Panafest theatre festival. The city is located 30 km south of Kakum National Park , one of the most diverse and best preserved national parks in West Africa. It is believed that Michelle Obama , US First Lady , considers Cape Coast as her ancestral home, and on 11 July 2009, she took the rest of the first family to tour Cape Coast Castle as part of her husband's trip to Cape Coast . Cape Coast

3864-441: The black settlers. Their colony was known as the "Province of Freedom" and their settlement was called "Granville Town"' after the English abolitionist Granville Sharp . The British negotiated for the land for the settlement with the local Temne chief, King Tom. However, before the ships sailed away from Sierra Leone, 50 white women had died, and about 250 remained of the original 440 who left Plymouth. Another 86 settlers died in

3948-407: The city are Oguaa and Kotokuraba (meaning "River of Crabs" or "Village of Crabs"). The Portuguese navigators João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar who sailed past Oguaa in 1471 designated the place Cabo Corso (meaning "short cape"), from which the name Cape Coast derives. From the 16th century to the country's independence in 1957, the city changed hands between the British, the Portuguese ,

4032-594: The coast of modern Ghana. Unfortunately, the acquisition of gold, slaves, honey, and the many other goods that composed the African leg of the Triangular Trade was increasingly detrimental to the inhabitants of Cape Coast. In 1874, the British dominated all European presence along the coast of modern-day Ghana, using Cape Coast as their base of operations, Gold Coast . In the 19th century, concerns over Cape Coast's climate prompted discussions about relocating

4116-526: The coastal areas of mainland Africa, Creoles acquired economic and political leverage due to their education, culture and close relationships with the colonial administration. They developed a strong sense of ethnic identity and formed their own political organisations. During the independence era of the mid-1900s, some Creoles supported colonial rule but many fought for independence and held positions of power afterwards. In most countries however, Creole political influence gradually gave way to ethnic groups from

4200-663: The country such as Sekondi and Kumasi, cocoa cultivation and trade in Ghana diversified and Cape Coast lost some importance. However, after the establishment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese and the university of the city in 1950 and 1962 respectively, Cape Coast became a regional educational hub for this area of Ghana. There are Public Transports from Cape Coast to major cities such as Accra ; Kumasi , Mim, Ahafo ; Sunyani ; Tamale ; Tema ; Ho ; Wa ; Bolgatanga ; Elubo ; Aflao , Techiman . Cape Coast

4284-539: The country's population, it unites all the different ethnic groups , especially in their trade and interaction with each other. Krio is also the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans living abroad. The Sierra Leone Creoles settled across West Africa in the nineteenth century in communities such as Limbe ( Cameroon ); Conakry ( Guinea ); Banjul ( Gambia ); Lagos , Abeokuta , Calabar , Onisha ( Nigeria ); Accra , Cape Coast ( Ghana ) and Fernando Pó ( Equatorial Guinea ). The Krio language of

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4368-584: The course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Following the Jamaican Maroons and Barbadian rebels, Afro-Caribbean immigrants settled in Freetown, Sierra Leone and in settlements across the Freetown peninsula throughout the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as missionaries, artisans and colonial officials such as the Porter family from Jamaica . Prominent Creole families of more recent Afro-Caribbean ancestry include

4452-481: The decision was made to move the Gold Coast Colony's headquarters to Accra. With the establishment of formal colonial administration, they relocated to Accra following opposition to the " window tax " in 1877. Accra became their state. Cape Coast Castle was also where most of the slaves were held before their journey on the Middle Passage . Oguaa Traditional Area has seven Asafo companies—traditional warrior groups based on lineal descent, whose historical role

4536-501: The early kings of Fetu was a veracious eater of crabs which flourished in the marshy low lying areas around the hills of the present Cape Coast. The settlement was accordingly named KOTOKURABA, viz “Crab rivulet” The early beginning of the town was, certainly, related to the existence of crabs in the area, and the effigy of the crab became the Traditional Eblem(See; “State Emblem of the Gold Coast” — D.A. Sutherland, 1952 p.67). With time, another collection of reed huts sprang up nearer to

4620-443: The explorer Fernão do Pó . This group consisted of mulattoes of black female Bubi and white male Spanish parentage, and were part of the emancipados social class. Many children from such unions were not claimed by the father; however, some couples married under Catholic law . Because the Bubi women generally were responsible for rearing and caring for their mixed-race children, they identified with and were generally accepted by

4704-409: The first four months. Although initially there was no hostility between the two groups, after King Tom's death the next Temne chief retaliated for a slave trader's burning of his village. He threatened to destroy Granville Town. The Temne ransacked Granville Town and took some Black Poor into slavery, while others became slave traders . In early 1791 Alexander Falconbridge returned, to find only 64 of

4788-407: The first group died due to disease and warfare with indigenous peoples. About 64 survived to establish the second Granville Town following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789. In 1792, 1200 Nova Scotian Settlers from Nova Scotia settled and established the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown ; these were African Americans and their descendants. Many of

4872-719: The grid of a North American colonial town. The families originally from Nova Scotia – the Balls, Burdens, Chambers, Davis , Dixons, Georges (descendants of David George ), Keelings, Leighs, Moores, Peters (descendants of Thomas Peters or Stephen Peters), Prestons, Snowballs , Staffords, Turners, Willoughsby, Williams, and the Goodings – took up residence in Settler Town . The town was in close proximity to Cline Town (then Granville Town). Eighty percent of Nova Scotians lived on five streets: Rawdon, Wilberforce, Howe, East, and Charlotte street. The next group of settlers were Jamaican Maroons from Cudjoe's Town , who arrived in Freetown, via Nova Scotia, in 1800. Notable families such as

4956-519: The headquarters to Accra, seen as a healthier alternative. Colonel Henry Ord's report in 1865 highlighted Accra's appeal, but an earthquake in 1862 damaged key government buildings, thwarting plans. By the 1870s , Cape Coast's climate and sanitation issues persisted, leading to consideration of alternatives such as Ada, Elmina, and Accra. Despite Elmina's drawbacks, Accra's advantages, including its commercial significance and relatively healthy surroundings, outweighed its shortcomings. Ultimately, in 1875,

5040-412: The interior that were considered 'more African'. Creole communities in Africa have grown in several ways. Elements of their culture, including language and music, have come to dominate popular culture on the islands. In Creole-established cities on the African mainland, some non-Creoles have assimilated into Creole societies, which are perceived to enjoy privileged status. Those seeking acceptance into

5124-412: The intermingling of African Recaptives with Afro-Caribbeans and African Americans . Perhaps due to the range of divergent descriptions and lack of a coherent definition, Norwegian anthropologist T. H. Eriksen concludes: “A Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding

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5208-482: The international African slave trade beginning in 1808, they patrolled off the continent to intercept illegal shipping. The British resettled Liberated Africans from slave ships at Freetown. The Liberated Africans included people from the Yoruba, Igbo, Efik, Fante, and other ethnicities of West Africa. Some members of indigenous Sierra Leone ethnicities, were also among the Liberated Africans resettled at Freetown; they also assimilated into Creole culture. Others came to

5292-422: The island for 50 years. The Krios joined an influx of several hundred freed Creole African-descended immigrants from Cape Coast and other groups from British colonies in Africa. The Krios began populating the harbor known as Clarence Cove . The first inhabitants purchased dwellings for $ 3,000 to $ 5,000, along with a handful of large plantation owners who had engaged in the cocoa and yam farming industry. This

5376-424: The island. Because of this, prior to the 20th century, marriages with non-Creoles, known as bush marriages , were not recognized by the church or in estate claims. However, they were recognized socially. Krio Fernandinos were heavily Anglophone and Protestant as well as a cultural arm of British West Africa . They were once noted as being highly xenophobic. A notable example of this was a Krio Fernandino, and son of

5460-736: The late 18th and early 19th centuries, led to the eventual formation of a Creole ethnicity . The Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles are the only recognised ethnic group of African-American, Liberated African, and Afro-Caribbean descent in West Africa. Thoroughly westernized in their manners, the Creoles as a class developed close relationships with the British colonial administration; they became educated in British institutions and advanced to prominent leadership positions in colonial Sierra Leone and British West Africa . Partly due to this history, many Sierra Leone Creoles have first names and/or surnames that are anglicized or British in origin. The Creoles are overwhelmingly Christian and

5544-441: The late-1800s, as Spanish cultural and religious influence grew on the island, Krio Fernandinos found that exclusively marrying into their traditional identity became less practical for political and economic survival. Throughout the generations, the Fernandinos maintained their creole language, Fernando Po Creole English ( a.k.a. Pichinglis ). Krio Fernandinos are exclusively concentrated around Malabo . Although they comprise

5628-408: The local, less educated and/or liberated indigenous peoples. The Krios eventually blended with the local populations, with Krio women and children taking on the surnames of indigenous families. They have contributed to the ethnically/racially mixed peoples who live along the West Coast of Africa. The Krios arrived from Sierra Leone on the island of Fernando Po in 1827, a year after Great Britain leased

5712-444: The main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter.” Thomas Hylland Eriksen , Creolisation as

5796-407: The new colony of Freetown, which was established by British abolitionists under the Sierra Leone Company . In 1800, the British government also transported 550 Jamaican maroons to Sierra Leone and subsequent waves of African American and Afro-Caribbean immigrants would settle in Sierra Leone throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After Britain and the United States abolished

5880-1013: The objective of training Christian clergy and educators, who were later dispatched across West Africa to spread Christianity. Creole denominations are mainly Protestant with the Anglican and Methodist churches having the largest Creole congregants. However, smaller denominations such as the Baptist church and Countess of Huntingdon denominations in places such as Freetown , and Waterloo , Sierra Leone, also have Creole attendees, although these are smaller in number compared to Creole Anglicans and Methodists. Creole church attendees congregate at traditional "Creole" churches in Freetown such as St. George's Cathedral , Trinity Church , St John's Maroon Church , Ebenezer Methodist Church , Rawdon Street Methodist Church , and Zion Methodist Church, Wilberforce Street . Prominent Creole Anglicans include Edward Fasholé-Luke and Creoles such as Arthur Thomas Porter , Canon Harry Sawyerr and Robert Wellesley-Cole . Well-known Creole Methodists include Sylvia Blyden ,

5964-459: The original residents (39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women). The 64 people had been cared for by a Greek and a colonist named Thomas Kallingree at Fourah Bay , an abandoned African village. There the settlers reestablished Granville Town. After that time, they were called the "Old Settlers". By this time the Province of Freedom had been destroyed; Granville Sharp did not lead the next settlement movement. The proponents and directors of

6048-570: The riots against the British from the settlers. The Maroons later fought against the Temne during the Temne Attack of 1801. The dispute with the Temne was over "rent" which the Temne felt they were owed by the colony. In a twist that became the hallmark of politics in the subregion, the Temne had indeed signed a treaty granting full sovereignty to the Colony but then turned around to say that this

6132-457: The settlement voluntarily, seeing opportunities in Creole culture in the society. The first settlers to find a colony in Sierra Leone were the so-called "Black Poor": African Americans and Afro-Caribbean. 411 settlers arrived in May 1787. Some were Black Loyalists who were either evacuated or travelled to England to petition for a land of their own; Black Loyalists had joined British forces during

6216-582: The settlers from Nova Scotia and the Caribbean were Christians. Many liberated Africans also converted to Christianity. The Creoles were instrumental in the establishment of Pan-African Christianity. Between 1840 and 1900, at least six out of every ten black African clergy in the Anglican Church across West Africa was a Creole. By the 1820s, Sierra Leone already had more Christians than the entirety of tropical Africa. Educational institutions such as Fourah Bay College were initially established with

6300-471: The settlers intermarried with English colonial residents and other Europeans. Through the Jamaican Maroons , some Creoles probably also have indigenous Amerindian Taíno ancestry. The mingling of newly freed black and racially-mixed Nova Scotians and Jamaican Maroons from the ' New World ' with Liberated Africans – such as the Akan , Bakongo , Ewe , Igbo and Yoruba – over several generations in

6384-573: The term Creole applies to the descendants of enslaved Africans born on the island, while in South Africa , the blending of East African and Southeast Asian slaves with Dutch settlers, later produced a creolized population. The Fernandino Creole peoples of Equatorial Guinea are a mix of Afro-Cubans with Emancipados and English-speaking Liberated Africans , while the Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles resulted from

6468-485: The term Creole has been used since 1792 to represent descendants of African or ethnically mixed parents as well as children of French and Spanish descent with no racial mixing. Its use to describe languages started from 1879, while as an adjective, from 1748. In some Spanish-speaking countries, the word Criollo is used today to describe something local or very typical of a particular Latin American country. In

6552-968: The term refers only to the descendants of enslaved Africans. In Africa, the term Creole refers to any ethnic group formed during the European colonial era, with some mix of African and non-African racial or cultural heritage. Creole communities are found on most African islands and along the continent's coastal regions where indigenous Africans first interacted with Europeans. As a result of these contacts, five major Creole types emerged: Portuguese , African American , Dutch , French and British . The Crioulos of African or mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several ethnic groups in Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , São Tomé e Príncipe , Angola and Mozambique . The Mauritian and Seychellois Creoles are Africans with some French cultural ancestry and are Christianized . On La Réunion ,

6636-471: The vast majority of them reside in Freetown and its surrounding Western Area region of Sierra Leone. From their mix of peoples, the Creoles developed what is now the native Krio language , a creole deriving from English, indigenous West African languages, and other European languages. It is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. As the Krio language is spoken by 96 percent of

6720-473: Was chiefly controlled by English and Spanish factory owners. A nineteenth-century British historian characterized Krios as noted for their scholastic achievement and business acumen. The group is closely related to other West African Creole communities in Freetown, Cape Coast and Lagos. Endogamy was a common marriage practice, and families aligned themselves in order to maintain, and increase, property ownership as well as social and business alliances outside of

6804-458: Was dedicated in 1928. The building is the first Catholic Cathedral built in Ghana. In addition, one of the first Catholic schools in Ghana, St. Augustine College, was established in Cape Coast during 1936. The cocoa marketing boom of the 1900s that Ghana experienced, the city experienced a certain period of economic prosperity. After the completion of harbours and railways in other parts of

6888-697: Was defence of the state (the word deriving from sa , meaning "war", and fo , meaning "people")—with a complex social and political organization based on martial principles and elaborate traditions of visual art. The Asafo companies feature largely in Cape Coast's annual Fetu Afahye festival held on the first Saturday of September , and each have historically established uniform colours: Esi Sutherland-Addy identifies these as: No. 1. Bentsir— red; No. 2. Anafo— blue and white; No. 3. Ntsin – green; No. 4. Nkum – yellow; No. 5. Amanful – wine and black; No. 6. Abrofomba ( Brofo Nkoa ) – white; No. 7. Ankrampa – white and black. The city's St. Francis Cathedral

6972-411: Was not their understanding. This misunderstanding became violent, when in 1801, the Temne attacked Freetown. The assault failed, resulting instead in the expulsion of the Temne from the area. The next migrations of transatlantic immigrants between 1800 and 1819 were smaller in comparison to the early Nova Scotian Settlers and Jamaican Maroon immigrants. Afro-Caribbean and Liberated African soldiers from

7056-480: Was used in trade activities, and may have varied slightly per region. In Francoist Spain , this creole dialect was stigmatized. Most Bubi living on Bioko during the colonial era became Roman Catholic . The mulatto Fernandinos were raised chiefly as Roman Catholic. The other Fernandinos of Equatorial Guinea were descended from English-speaking freed slaves of Sierra Leone and Liberia . Essentially, Krios are descendants of blacks who were resettled from London,

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