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109-599: (Redirected from Five-Year Plan ) Five-year plan may refer to: Nation plans [ edit ] Five-year plans of the Soviet Union , a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union Five-Year Plans of Argentina Five-Year Plans of Bhutan , a series of national economic development plans created by the government of Bhutan since 1961 Five-year plans of China (PRC),

218-541: A joint report to the April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialisation and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. According to historian Sheila Fitzpatrick , the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated

327-568: A major focus on heavy industry . The first five-year plan , accepted in 1928 for the period from 1929 to 1933, finished one year early. The last five-year plan, for the period from 1991 to 1995, was not completed, since the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. Other communist states , including the People's Republic of China , and to a lesser extent, the Republic of Indonesia , implemented

436-490: A major part, preparation for the upcoming war also affected all of the major parts of the five-year plan. The war effort really picked up in 1933 when Hitler came to power in Germany. The stress this caused on internal security and control in the five-year plan is difficult to document. While most of the figures were overstated, Stalin was able to announce truthfully that the plan had been achieved ahead of schedule; however,

545-499: A multiple increase in the tasks of the five-year plan, arguing be exceeded. In order to increase incentives to work, payment has become more tightly attached to performance . Actively developed centers for the development and implementation of the principles of the scientific organisation of labor . One of the largest centres of this kind, the Central Institute of Labour , created about 1,700 training points with 2,000 of

654-457: A predominantly agrarian state into a leading industrial one. The beginning of socialist industrialization as an integral part of the "triple task of a radical reorganization of society" ( industrialization , economic centralization , collectivization of agriculture and a cultural revolution ) was laid down by the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy lasting from 1928 until 1932. In Soviet times, industrialization

763-729: A process of using five-year plans as focal points for economic and societal development. Joseph Stalin inherited and upheld the New Economic Policy (NEP) from Vladimir Lenin . In 1921, Lenin had persuaded the 10th Party Congress to approve the NEP as a replacement for the War Communism that had been set up during the Russian Civil War . All land had been declared nationalized by the Decree on Land , finalized in

872-471: A recovery in agricultural production as the peasants produced fruit, vegetables, meat and milk on their own plots. The third five-year plan ran for only 3½ years, up to June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during the Second World War . As war approached, more resources were put into developing armaments, tanks, and weapons, as well as constructing additional military factories east of

981-430: A result of an analysis of existing trends. Proponents of the teleological approach ( Gleb Krzhizhanovsky , Valerian Kuybyshev , Stanislav Strumilin ) believed that the plan should transform the economy and proceed from future structural changes, production opportunities and rigid discipline. Among the party functionaries, the former were supported by a supporter of the evolutionary path to socialism, Nikolai Bukharin , and

1090-471: A series of social and economic development initiatives Five-Year Plans of Ethiopia Five-Year Plans of India , which existed from 1947 to 2017 Five-Year Plans of Nepal Five-Year Plans of Pakistan , centralized economic plans and targets as part of economic development initiatives Five-Year Plans of Romania , economic development projects in Communist Romania, largely inspired by

1199-506: A shift on the night of August 30, 1935. Since after the nationalization of foreign concessions for gold mining against the Soviet Union, a "golden boycott" was declared, such methods as selling paintings from the Hermitage collection were used to obtain the foreign currency needed to finance industrialization. At the same time, the state shifted to the centralized distribution of the means of production and consumer goods belonging to it,

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1308-484: A significant part of the equipment models produced in those years at Soviet factories, were copies or modifications of foreign analogues (for example, a Fordson tractor assembled at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant ). In February 1930, between Amtorg and Albert Kahn, Inc., a firm of American architect Albert Kahn , an agreement was signed, according to which Kahn's firm became the chief consultant of

1417-435: A state-regulated price) - although they were encouraged to join state farms ( Sovkhozes , set up on land expropriated from nobles after the 1917 revolution ), in which they worked for a fixed wage like workers in a factory. The money came back into use, with new banknotes being issued and backed by gold. The NEP had been Lenin's response to a crisis. In 1920, industrial production had been 13% and agricultural production 20% of

1526-457: A total capacity of 1.75 gigawatts. The project covered eight major economic regions (Northern, Central Industrial, Southern, Volga, Ural, West Siberian, Caucasian and Turkestan). At the same time, the development of the country's transport system was carried out (reconstruction of old and construction of new railway lines, construction of the Volga–Don Canal ). The GOELRO project made possible

1635-470: A vaguer motto perestroika ) ended in a profound economic crisis in virtually all areas of the Soviet economy and a drop in production. The 1987 Law on State Enterprise and the follow-up decrees about khozraschyot and self-financing in various areas of the Soviet economy were aimed at the decentralization to overcome the problems of the command economy . Most other communist states , including

1744-444: A very bloody military campaign against the peasant's traditional lifestyle. This social transformation along with the incredible economic boom occurred at the same time that the entire Soviet system developed its definitive form in the decade of 1930. Many scholars believe that a few other important factors, such as foreign policy and internal security, went into the execution of the five-year plan. While ideology and economics were

1853-467: Is notoriously misleading or exaggerated. Another issue was that quality was sacrificed in order to achieve quantity, and production results generated wildly varied items. Consequently, rationing was implemented to solve chronic food and supply shortages. Propaganda used before, during, and after the first five-year plan compared the industry to battle. This was highly successful. They used terms such as "fronts," "campaigns," and "breakthroughs," while at

1962-405: The 1922 Land Code , which also set collectivization as the long-term goal. Although the peasants had been allowed to work the land they held, the production surplus was bought by the state (on the state's terms), and the peasants cut production; whereupon food was requisitioned. Money gradually came to be replaced by barter and a system of coupons. Leon Trotsky had delivered a joint report to

2071-556: The NEP . At the initial stage, it was reduced to the redistribution of the maximum possible amount of resources for the needs of state-owned industrialisation. In December 1927, at the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) , "Directives for drafting the first five-year national economic development plan of the Soviet Union" were adopted, in which the congress spoke out against super-industrialization:

2180-763: The Odhner arithmometer factory in Saint Petersburg after the revolution. The state began renting tabulating equipment later on. By 1929, it was a very large user of statistical machines, on the scale of the US or Germany . The State Bank had tabulating machines in 14 branches. Other users included the Central Statistical Bureau, the Soviet Commissariat of Finance, Soviet Commissariat of Inspection , Soviet Commissariat of Foreign Trade,

2289-486: The People's Republic of China , adopted a similar method of planning. South Korea had five-year plans from 1962 to 1996 which were introduced by Park Chung Hee . Although the Republic of Indonesia under Suharto is known for its anti-communist purge , his government also adopted the same method of planning because of the policy of its socialist predecessor, Sukarno . This series of five-year plans in Indonesia

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2398-730: The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences . The eighth plan led to the amount of grain exported being doubled. About 14.5 million tonnes of grain were imported by the USSR. Détente and improving relations between the Soviet Union and the United States allowed for more trade. The plan's focus was primarily on increasing the number of consumer goods in the economy so as to improve Soviet standards of living. While largely failing at that objective it managed to significantly improve Soviet computer technology. Leonid Brezhnev declared

2507-534: The Ural mountains . The first two years of the third five-year plan proved to be even more of a disappointment in terms of proclaimed production goals. Still, a reported 12% to 13% rate of annual industrial growth was attained in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. The plan had intended to focus on consumer goods. The Soviet Union mainly contributed resources to the development of weapons and constructed additional military factories as needed. Stalin in 1945 promised that

2616-414: The domestic system of higher technical education was urgently created. In 1930, universal primary education was introduced in the Soviet Union, and seven-year compulsory education in the cities. In 1930, speaking at the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) , Stalin admitted that an industrial breakthrough was possible only when building " socialism in one country " and demanded

2725-457: The planned redistribution of resources between agriculture and industry, in accordance with the concept of socialism , which was announced at the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the 3rd All-Union Congress of Soviets in 1925. In the Stalinist historiography, the 14th congress was called the "industrialization congress", but it made only a general decision about

2834-454: The 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in January 1934, Stalin cited the following figures with the words: "This means that our country has become firmly and finally an industrial country". Following the first five-year plan, the second five-year plan followed, with a somewhat lower emphasis on industrialisation, and then the third five-year plan, which was thwarted by

2943-526: The 1913 figures. Between February 21 and March 17, 1921, the sailors in Kronstadt had mutinied . In addition, the Russian Civil War, which had been the main reason for the introduction of War Communism, had virtually been won; so controls could be relaxed. In the 1920s, there was a great debate between Bukharin , Tomsky and Rykov on the one hand , and Trotsky , Zinoviev and Kamenev on

3052-438: The 1940 levels, electric power was down to 52%, pig-iron 26% and steel 45%; food production was 60% of the 1940 level. After Poland, the USSR had been the hardest hit by the war. Reconstruction was impeded by a chronic labor shortage due to the enormous number of Soviet casualties in the war (between 20 and 30 million). Moreover, 1946 was the driest year since 1891, and the harvest was poor. The USA and USSR were unable to agree on

3161-402: The All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (December 1927), Mikoyan admitted that the country had experienced the difficulties of "the eve of war without having a war". The main task of the introduced command economy was to build up the economic and military power of the state at the highest possible rates, accompanied with the near complete elimination of private industry that had allowed under

3270-466: The April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialisation and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. Stalin's version of the five-year plan was implemented in 1928 and took effect until 1932. When

3379-510: The Chicago-based Freyn Engineering Co. At the end of 1932, the successful and early implementation of the first five-year plan for four years and three months was announced. Summarizing its results, Stalin announced that heavy industry had fulfilled the plan by 108%. During the period between October 1, 1928 and January 1, 1933, the production fixed assets of heavy industry increased by 2.7 times. In report at

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3488-654: The Civil War, including the units that opposed the Red Army (officer units of the White Guards, Makhnovists carts, Wrangel "bombing airplanes", etc. In addition, the authors also urged to urgently organize the publication in Russia of foreign "Marxist" works on military issues. After the end of the Civil War, Russia again faced the pre-revolutionary problem of agrarian overpopulation (the " Malthusian-Marxist trap "). In

3597-737: The Grain Trust, Soviet Railways , Russian Ford , Russian Buick, the Karkov tractor factory, and the Tula Armament Works. IBM also did a good deal of business with the Soviet State in the 1930s, including supplying punch cards to the Stalin Automobile Plant. The minor planet 2122 Pyatiletka discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named in honor of five-year plans of

3706-547: The Party's Central Committee in late 1927, he changed his position to the opposite. This led to a decisive victory for the teleological school and a radical turn from the New Economic Policy. Researcher Vadim Rogovin believes that the cause of Stalin's "left turn" was the grain harvest crisis of 1927; the peasantry, especially the well-to-do, massively refused to sell the bread, considering the purchase prices set by

3815-404: The Red Army prepared for the 10th congress by Sergey Gusev and Mikhail Frunze . The draft stated both the inevitability of a new big war and the unpreparedness of the Red Army for it. Gusev and Frunze suggested organizing mass production of tanks, artillery, "armored cars, armored trains, airplanes" in a "shock" order. A separate point was also suggested to carefully study the combat experience of

3924-791: The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1921, Lev Kamenev , the author of the report "About the Soviet Republic Surrounded", stated that preparations for the Second World War, which had begun in Europe: What we see every day in Europe ...testifies that the war is not over, armies move, combat orders are given, garrisons are sent to one or the other area, no borders can be considered firmly established. ...one can expect from hour to hour that

4033-508: The Soviet Union Several Soviet five-year plans did not take up the full period of time assigned to them: some were pronounced successfully completed earlier than expected, some took much longer than expected, and others failed altogether and had to be abandoned. Altogether, Gosplan launched thirteen five-year plans. The initial five-year plans aimed to achieve rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union and thus placed

4142-442: The Soviet doctrine of state atheism ( gosateizm ), this five-year plan from 1932 to 1937 also included the liquidation of houses of worship , with the goals of closing churches between 1932–1933 and the elimination of clergy by 1935–1936. The second 5-year plan (1933–1937) introduced an incentive scheme to persuade all the peasants to join collective farms. They were each allowed a small plot of land for their own use, this led to

4251-471: The Soviet government on industrial construction and received a package of orders for the construction of industrial enterprises worth $ 2 billion (about $ 250 billion in prices of our time). This company has provided construction of more than 500 industrial facilities in the Soviet Union. A branch of Albert Kahn, Inc. was opened in Moscow under the name " Gosproektstroy ". Its leader was Moritz Kahn, brother of

4360-407: The Soviet government. Because of the success made by the first plan, Stalin did not hesitate with going ahead with the second five-year plan in 1932, although the official start date for the plan was 1933. The second five-year plan gave heavy industry top priority, putting the Soviet Union not far behind Germany as one of the major steel-producing countries of the world. The city of Magnitogorsk

4469-504: The Soviet model Five-Year Plans of South Korea , an economic development project of South Korea Five-Year Plans of Vietnam , a series of economic development initiatives Five-year plan of Yugoslavia , which existed from 1946 to 1951 First Malayan Five-Year Plan , the first economic development plan launched by the Malayan government, just before independence in 1957 Five years plan to governing aborigines – Japanese plan in

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4578-883: The Soviet-British joint-stock company Arcos in London (May 12). In June 1927, representatives of the Russian All-Military Union conducted a series of terrorist attacks against the Soviet Union. In particular, on June 7, White émigré Koverda killed the Soviet Plenipotentiary in Warsaw, Voykov , on the same day in Minsk, the head of the Belarusian Joint State Political Directorate, Iosif Opansky,

4687-739: The USSR would be the leading industrial power by 1960. The USSR at this stage had been devastated by the war. Officially, 98,000 collective farms had been ransacked and ruined, with the loss of 137,000 tractors, 49,000 combine harvesters, 7 million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep; 25% of all capital equipment had been destroyed in 35,000 plants and factories; 6 million buildings, including 40,000 hospitals, in 70,666 villages and 4,710 towns (40% urban housing) were destroyed, leaving 25 million homeless; about 40% of railway tracks had been destroyed; officially 7.5 million servicemen died, plus 6 million civilians, but perhaps 20 million in all died. In 1945, mining and metallurgy were at 40% of

4796-493: The USSR. Industrialization in the Soviet Union Industrialization in the Soviet Union was a process of accelerated building-up of the industrial potential of the Soviet Union to reduce the economy 's lag behind the developed capitalist states , which was carried out from May 1929 to June 1941. The official task of industrialization was the transformation of the Soviet Union from

4905-452: The United States. Imports fell sharply, which was viewed as the country's gaining economic independence. Open unemployment had been eliminated. Employment (at full rates) increased from one third of the population in 1928 to 45% in 1940, which provided about half of the growth of the gross national product . For the period 1928–1937 universities and colleges prepared about two million specialists. Many new technologies were mastered. Thus, it

5014-550: The advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they crush us. According to historian Sheila Fitzpatrick , the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as industrialisation and collectivisation . First of all, using propaganda , the party leadership mobilized the population in support of industrialization. Komsomol members, in particular, took it with enthusiasm. There

5123-586: The announcement of a seven-year plan ( Russian : семилетка , semiletka ), approved by the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1959. This was merged into a seventh five-year plan in 1961, which was launched with the slogan "catch up and overtake the USA by 1970." The plan saw a slight shift away from heavy industry into chemicals, consumer goods, and natural resources. The plan also intended to establish 18 new institutes by working with

5232-408: The army; during the first five-year plan, defense spending rose to 10.8% of the budget. With the onset of industrialization, the consumption fund, and as a result, the standard of living of the population, has sharply decreased. By the end of 1929, the rationing system was extended to almost all food products, but the shortage of rations was still there, and there were long queues to buy them. In

5341-617: The assistance of foreign specialists, a number of giant industrial buildings were erected: DneproGES , metallurgical plants in Magnitogorsk , Lipetsk and Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk , Norilsk and Uralmash , tractor plants in Stalingrad , Chelyabinsk , Kharkov , Uralvagonzavod , GAZ , ZIS (modern ZiL ) and others. In 1935, the first line of the Moscow Metro opened with a total length of 11.2 km (7 mi). Attention

5450-520: The chief consultant for the construction of the DneproGES , hydro turbines for which were purchased from General Electric and Newport News Shipbuilding. The Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant was designed by the American firm Arthur G. McKee and Co., which also supervised its construction. A standard blast furnace for this and all other steel mills of the industrialization period was developed by

5559-427: The coal and oil industries. The second plan employed incentives as well as punishments and the targets were eased as a reward for the first plan being finished ahead of schedule in only four years. With the introduction of childcare, mothers were encouraged to work to aid in the plan's success. By 1937 the tolkachi emerged occupying a key position mediating between the enterprises and the commissariat. Consistent with

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5668-452: The countryside ("initial socialist accumulation", according to Preobrazhensky). For his part, Bukharin accused Preobrazhensky and his "left opposition" who supported him in imposing "feudal military exploitation of the peasantry" and "internal colonialism". The general secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Joseph Stalin , initially supported Bukharin's point of view, but after Trotsky's exclusion from

5777-536: The early days, stayed in the background but sided with the Bukharin group. However, later, in 1927, he changed sides, supporting those in favor of a new course , with greater state control. Some scholars have argued that the programme of mass industrialization advocated by Leon Trotsky and the Left Opposition was co-opted to serve as the basis of Stalin's first five-year plan. Trotsky had delivered

5886-496: The early twentieth century to control the native population of Taiwan Other uses [ edit ] F.Y.P , punk rock band See also [ edit ] Four Year Plan , a series of economic reforms created by the Nazi Party Economic development Economic planning Planned economy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

5995-469: The emphasis varied from plan to plan, although generally, the emphasis was on power (electricity), capital goods, and agriculture. There were base and optimum targets. Efforts were made, especially in the third plan, to move industry eastward to make it safer from attack during World War II . Soviet planners declared a need for "constant struggle, struggle, and struggle" to achieve a Communist society. These five-year plans outlined programs for huge increases in

6104-434: The first purges were initiated targeting many people working for Gosplan . These included Vladimir Bazarov , the 1931 Menshevik Trial (centered on Vladimir Groman ). Stalin announced the start of the first five-year plan for industrialization on October 1, 1928, and it lasted until December 31, 1932. Stalin described it as a new revolution from above. When this plan began, the USSR was fifth in industrialization, and with

6213-412: The first five-year plan for the industry was fulfilled to the extent of 93.7% in just four years and three months. The means of production in regards to heavy industry exceeded the quota, registering 103.4%, and the light, or consumer goods, the industry reached up to 84.9% of its assigned quota; however, there is some speculation regarding the legitimacy of these numbers as the nature of Soviet statistics

6322-429: The first five-year plan moved up to second, with only the United States in first. This plan met industrial targets in less time than originally predicted. The production goals were increased by a reported 50% during the initial deliberation of industrial targets. Much of the emphasis was placed on heavy industry. Approximately 86% of all industrial investments during this time went directly to heavy industry. Officially,

6431-480: The form of urban unemployment . It has become a serious social problem that has grown throughout the New Economic Policy, and by the end of it was more than 2 million people, or about 10% of the urban population. The government believed that one of the factors hindering the development of industry in the cities was the lack of food and the unwillingness of the village to provide the city with bread at low prices. The party leadership intended to solve these problems by

6540-423: The fourth plan's capital expenditure was spent on Ukraine, which was important agriculturally and industrially, and which had been one of the areas most devastated by war. The sixth five-year plan was launched in 1956 during a period of dual leadership under Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin , but it was abandoned after two years due to over-optimistic targets. Unlike other planning periods, 1959 saw

6649-426: The future, the standard of living began to improve. In 1936, the cards were canceled, which was accompanied by an increase in wages in the industrial sector and an even greater increase in state rations prices for all goods. The average level of per capita consumption in 1938 was 22% higher than in 1928. However, the greatest growth was among the party and labor elite and did not at all touch the overwhelming majority of

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6758-444: The growth rates should not be maximal and should be planned so that failures do not occur. Developed on the basis of directives, the draft of the first five-year plan (October 1, 1928 – October 1, 1933) was approved at the 16th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (April 1929) as a complex of carefully thought-out and real tasks. This plan, in reality, is much more stressful than previous projects, immediately after it

6867-532: The head of the company. It employed 25 leading American engineers and about 2,500 Soviet employees. At that time it was the largest architectural bureau in the world. During the three years of the existence of Gosproektroy, more than 4,000 Soviet architects, engineers and technicians who have studied the American experience passed through it. The Moscow Office of Heavy Machinery, a branch of the German company Demag , also worked in Moscow. The firm of Albert Kahn played

6976-626: The industrialization in the Soviet Union: electricity generation in 1932 compared with 1913 increased almost 7 times, from 2 to 13.5 billion kWh . Researchers highlight the following features of industrialization: Until 1928, the Soviet Union conducted the " New Economic Policy ". While agriculture , retail , services, food and light industries were mostly in private hands, the state retained control of heavy industry, transport , banks , wholesale and international trade ("commanding heights"). State-owned enterprises competed with each other,

7085-515: The industry of Nazi Germany. Since the late 1980s, discussions on the price of industrialization have been held in the Soviet Union and Russia, which also questioned its results and long-term consequences for the Soviet economy and society. Already during the Civil War , the Soviet government began to develop a long-term plan for the electrification of the country. In December 1920, the GOELRO plan

7194-500: The introduction of command-administrative methods of management and the nationalization of private property were carried out. A political system emerged based on the leading role of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), state ownership of the means of production and a minimum of private initiative. Also began the widespread use of forced labor by prisoners of the Gulag , special settlers and rear militia . The first five-year plan

7303-425: The latter by Leon Trotsky , who insisted on an accelerated pace of industrialization. Trotsky had delivered a joint report to the April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialization and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at

7412-461: The many investments made to the west were excluded. While many factories were built and industrial production did increase exponentially, they were not close to reaching their target numbers. While there was a great success, there were also many problems with not just the plan itself, but how quickly it was completed. Its approach to industrialization was very inefficient and extreme amounts of resources were put into construction that, in many cases,

7521-636: The most qualified instructors of the Central Labor Institute in different parts of the country. They operated in all leading sectors of the national economy—in engineering, metallurgy, construction, light and timber industries, on railways and motor vehicles, in agriculture and even in the navy. In 1933, at the joint plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Stalin said in his report that according to

7630-460: The need to transform the Soviet Union from an agrarian country into an industrial one, without determining the specific forms and rates of industrialization. The choice of a specific implementation of central planning was vigorously discussed in 1926–1928. Proponents of the genetic approach ( Vladimir Bazarov , Vladimir Groman , Nikolai Kondratiev ) believed that the plan should be based on objective regularities of economic development, identified as

7739-557: The non-socialist world, with the United States selling 14.1 million tons. However, total Soviet export to the West was always almost as high as the import: for example, in 1984 total export to the West was 21.3  billion rubles , while total import was 19.6  billion rubles. The last, 12th plan started with the slogan of uskoreniye (acceleration), the acceleration of economic development (quickly forgotten in favor of

7848-434: The object of aggression. We would not have non-aggression pacts with other countries, but military intervention and war. A dangerous and deadly war, a bloody and unequal war, for in this war we would be almost unarmed before the enemies, having at our disposal all modern means of attack. Since capital investments in heavy industry almost immediately exceeded the previously planned amount and continued to grow, money emission

7957-480: The old finished imperialist slaughter will generate, as its natural continuation, some new, even more monstrous, even more disastrous imperialist war. Preparation for war required a thorough rearmament. The military schools of the Russian Empire, destroyed by the revolution and the civil war, were rebuilt: military academies, schools, institutes and military courses began training for the Red Army. However, it

8066-413: The other . The former group considered that the NEP provided sufficient state control of the economy and sufficiently rapid development, while the latter argued in favor of more rapid development and greater state control, taking the view, among other things, that profits should be shared among all people, and not just among a privileged few. In 1925, at the 14th Party Congress , Stalin, as he usually did in

8175-416: The outbreak of World War II . The result of the first five-year plans was the development of heavy industry, thanks to which the increase in gross domestic product during 1928–40, according to Vitaly Melyantsev, was about 4.6% per year (according to other, earlier estimates, from 3% to 6.3%). Industrial production in the period 1928–1937 increased 2.5–3.5 times, that is, 10.5–16% per year. In particular,

8284-400: The output of industrial goods. Stalin warned that without an end to economic backwardness "the advanced countries...will crush us." From 1928 to 1940, the number of Soviet workers in industry, construction, and transport grew from 4.6 million to 12.6 million and factory output soared. Stalin's first five-year plan helped make the USSR a leading industrial nation. During this period,

8393-411: The peasants massively held the bread, considering the purchase prices to be low. The disruptions in the supply of cities and the army that had begun were aggravated by the exacerbation of the foreign policy situation, which even reached the point of trial mobilisation. In August 1927, a panic began among the population, which resulted in the wholesale purchase of food for the future. At the 15th Congress of

8502-496: The position of the Left Opposition on such matters as industrialisation and collectivisation . "Plan is law, fulfillment is duty, over-fulfillment is honor!". Here "duty" can also be interpreted as "obligation." Each five-year plan dealt with all aspects of development: capital goods (those used to produce other goods, like factories and machinery), consumer goods (e.g. chairs, carpets, and irons), agriculture, transportation, communications, health, education, and welfare. However,

8611-462: The reign of Nicholas II, overpopulation caused a gradual decrease in the average allotments of land, the surplus of workers in the village was not absorbed by the outflow to the cities (amounting to about 300,000 people per year, with an average increase of up to 1 million people per year), nor by emigration Stolypin government program of resettling colonists in the Urals. In the 1920s, overpopulation took

8720-405: The release of machinery in the period 1928–1937 grew on average 27.4% per year. From 1930 to 1940, the number of higher and secondary technical educational institutions in the Soviet Union increased 4 times and exceeded 150. By 1941, about 9,000 new plants were built. By the end of the second five-year plan, the Soviet Union took the second place in the world in industrial output, second only to

8829-547: The results of the first five-year plan, consumer goods produced less than needed, but the policy of moving industrialization to the background would have that we would not have a tractor and automobile industry, ferrous metallurgy, metal for the production of machines. The country would sit without bread. Capitalist elements in the country would incredibly increase the chances for the restoration of capitalism. Our position would become similar to that of China, which at that time did not have its own heavy and military industry, and became

8938-566: The role of coordinator between the Soviet customer and hundreds of Western companies that supplied equipment and advised the construction of individual objects. Thus, the technological project of the Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant was completed by Ford , the construction project by the American company Austin Motor Company . Construction of the 1st State Bearing Plant in Moscow, which was designed by Kahn,

9047-503: The role of the Gosplan of the Soviet Union was limited to forecasts that determined the direction and size of public investment . One of the fundamental contradictions of Bolshevism was the fact that the party that called itself "workers" and its rule the "dictatorship of the proletariat" came to power in an agrarian country where factory workers constituted only a few percent of the population, and most of them were recent immigrants from

9156-687: The same time, the alliance of the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communists fell apart; on April 12, Chiang Kai-shek and his allies massacred the Shanghai Communists . This incident was widely used by the "united opposition" (the "Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc") to criticize the official Stalinist diplomacy as deliberately a failure. In the same period, a raid on the Soviet embassy in Beijing (April 6) took place; British police searched

9265-502: The same time, workers were forced to work harder than ever before and were organized into "shock troops," and those who rebelled or failed to keep up with their work were treated as traitors. The posters and flyers used to promote and advertise the plan were also reminiscent of wartime propaganda. A popular military metaphor emerged from the economic success of the first five-year plan: "There are no fortresses Bolsheviks cannot storm." Stalin especially liked this. The first five-year plan

9374-399: The slogan "Plan of quality and efficiency" for this period. During the eleventh five-year plan, the country imported some 42 million tons of grain annually, almost twice as much as during the tenth five-year plan and three times as much as during the ninth five-year plan (1971–1975). The bulk of this grain was sold by the West; in 1985, for example, 94% of Soviet grain imports were from

9483-430: The state economy which had its own market forces. There was, however, strong resistance to this at first. The peasants led an all-out attack to protect individual farming; however, Stalin rightly did not see the peasants as a threat. Despite being the largest segment of the population they had no real strength and thus could pose no serious threat to the state. By the time this was done, the collectivization plan resembled

9592-670: The state to be low. The internal economic crisis of 1927 intertwined with a sharp exacerbation of the foreign policy situation. On February 23, 1927, the British Foreign Secretary sent a note to the Soviet Union demanding that it stop supporting the Kuomintang–Communist government in China. After the refusal, the United Kingdom on May 24–27 broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. However, at

9701-703: The terms of a US loan to aid reconstruction, and this was a contributing factor in the rapid escalation of the Cold War . However, the USSR did gain reparations from Germany and made Eastern European countries make payments in return for the Soviets having "liberated" them from the Nazis . In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( Comecon ) was set up, linking the Eastern bloc countries economically. One-third of

9810-480: The time. Trotsky as president of the electrification commission and the Opposition bloc also put forward an electrification plan which involved the construction of the hydroelectric Dnieprostroi dam . One of the first ideologues of industrialization was Evgeny Preobrazhensky , an economist close to Trotsky, who in 1924–25 developed the concept of forced "superindustrialization" at the expense of funds from

9919-486: The title Five-year plan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-year_plan&oldid=1246644229 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Five-year plans Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Five-year plans of

10028-483: The village who have not yet completely broken ties with her. Forced industrialization was designed to eliminate this contradiction. From a foreign policy point of view, the country was in hostile conditions. According to the leadership of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) , there was a high probability of a new war with capitalist states. It is significant that even at the 10th congress of

10137-420: The war ended, the NEP took over from War Communism. During this time, the state had controlled all large enterprises (i.e. factories, mines, railways) as well as enterprises of medium size, but small private enterprises , employing fewer than 20 people, were allowed. The requisitioning of farm produce was replaced by a tax system (a fixed proportion of the crop), and the peasants were free to sell their surplus (at

10246-504: Was approved by the 5th Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union in May 1929, gave grounds for the state to carry out a number of economic, political, organizational and ideological measures, which elevated industrialization in status of the concept, the era of the " Great Turn ". The country had to expand the construction of new industries, increase the production of all types of products and start producing new equipment. We are 50–100 years behind

10355-436: Was approved by the 8th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and a year later it was approved by the 9th All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The plan provided for the priority development of the electric power industry, tied to the plans for the development of territories. The GOELRO plan, designed for 10–15 years, provided for the construction of 30 district power plants (20 thermal power plants and 10 hydroelectric power plants) with

10464-449: Was associated with rapid urbanization . The urban labour force increased by 12.5 million people, of whom 8.5 million were migrants from rural areas. However, the Soviet Union reached a share in 50% of the urban population only in the early 1960s. Engineers were invited from abroad, many well-known companies, such as Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG and General Electric , were involved in the work and carried out deliveries of modern equipment,

10573-497: Was carried out with the technical assistance of the Italian company RIV. The Stalingrad Tractor Plant , designed by Kahn in 1930, was originally built in the United States, and then was unmounted, transported to the Soviet Union and assembled under the supervision of American engineers. It was equipped with the equipment of more than 80 American engineering companies and several German firms. American hydrobuilder Hugh Cooper became

10682-443: Was considered a great feat. The rapid growth of production capacity and the volume of production of heavy industry (4 times) was of great importance for ensuring economic independence from capitalist countries and strengthening the country's defense capability. At this time, the Soviet Union made the transition from an agrarian country to an industrial one. During the Second World War , the Soviet industry proved its superiority over

10791-408: Was impossible to immediately begin technical re-equipment of the Red Army due to the backwardness of heavy industry. At the same time, the existing rates of industrialization seemed insufficient, as the lag behind the capitalist countries, which had an economic upswing in the 1920s, was increasing. One of the first such plans for rearmament was laid out as early as 1921, in the draft reorganization of

10900-499: Was killed, the day before, the Russian All-Military Union terrorist threw a bomb at the Joint State Political Directorate in Moscow. All these incidents contributed to the creation of a "military psychosis" environment, the emergence of expectations of a new foreign intervention ("crusade against Bolshevism"). By January 1928, only two-thirds of the grain was harvested compared to last year's level, as

11009-499: Was never completed. These resources were also put into equipment that was never used, or not even needed in the first place. Many of the consumer goods produced during this time were of such low quality that they could never be used and were wasted. A major event during the first Five Year Plan was the famine of 1932–33 . The famine peaked during the winter of '32–'33 claiming the lives of an estimated 3.3 to 7 million people, while millions more were permanently disabled. The famine

11118-476: Was no shortage of cheap labor, because after collectivization , a large number of yesterday's rural inhabitants moved from rural areas to cities from poverty, hunger and the arbitrariness of the authorities. Millions of people selflessly, almost by hand, built hundreds of factories , power stations , laid railways , subways . Often had to work in three shifts. In 1930, around 1,500 facilities were launched, of which 50 absorbed almost half of all investments. With

11227-406: Was not just about economics. This plan was a revolution that intended to transform all aspects of society. The way of life for the majority of the people changed drastically during this revolutionary time. The plan was also referred to as the " Great Turn ". Individual peasant farming gave way to a more efficient system of collective farming. Peasant property and entire villages were incorporated into

11336-407: Was only during the first five-year period that the production of synthetic rubber, motorcycles, watches, cameras, excavators, high-quality cement and high-quality steel grades was adjusted. The foundation was also laid for Soviet science , which in certain areas eventually became world-leading. On the basis of the established industrial base, it became possible to conduct a large-scale re-equipment of

11445-653: Was paid to the destruction of private agriculture and its replacement by state-run large farms. Due to the emergence of domestic tractor construction, in 1932, the Soviet Union refused to import tractors from abroad, and in 1934, the Kirov Plant in Leningrad began to produce a tilled tractor "Universal", which became the first domestic tractor exported abroad. In the ten years before the war, about 700,000 tractors were produced, which accounted for 40% of their world production. In order to create its own engineering base,

11554-440: Was sharply increased (that is, printing of paper money ), and during the entire first five-year period money supply growth in circulation more than doubled than production of consumer goods , which led to higher prices and a shortage of consumer goods. In 1935, the " Stakhanovist movement " appeared, in honor of the mine worker Alexey Stakhanov , who, according to official information of that time, performed 14.5 norms for

11663-563: Was termed REPELITA ( Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun ); plans I to VI ran from 1969 to 1998. Pakistan had five-year plans from 1956 to 1998, they were succeeded in 2004 by the Medium Term Development Framework . Bhutan , whilst not a socialist country, has also adopted five-year plans to support their economy and national development. State planning of the economy required processing large amounts of statistical data. The Soviet State had nationalized

11772-431: Was the 5th largest Steel in 1934. The Stakhanovite movement aimed to further increase iron and steel production with the introduction of 'State Gifts' for over-achievers. Further improvements were made in communications, especially railways, which became faster and more reliable. As was the case with the other five-year plans, the second was not as successful, failing to reach the recommended production levels in such areas as

11881-429: Was the direct result of the industrialization and collectivization implemented by the first Five-Year-Plan. Many of the peasants who were suffering from the famine began to sabotage the fulfillment of their obligations to the state and would, as often as they could, stash away stores of food. Although Stalin was aware of this, he placed the blame for the hostility onto the peasants, saying that they had declared war against

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