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75-692: The Clearinghouse is administered by the California Fire Safe Council , Inc. (CFSCI) on behalf of the members of the Fire Alliance. For these services, the CFSCI receives reimbursement or direct and indirect expenses related to grant administration. The CFSCI is a 501(c)(3) California non-profit corporation headquartered in McClellan, California. In response to the wildland fires of 2000, President Bill Clinton requested, and

150-629: A bank account. Outside the United States, these savings clubs can be formal and have proper legislation. In some countries, like Brazil, consórcios are an integral part of the traditional banking system, where there are clubs for purchasing real estate and cars, and even for plastic surgery costs. Over seven million people have engaged in these formal savings associations over the past years, adding to over U$ 10 billion in credit. Since these clubs have up to thousands of members, products purchased are awarded through lottery and bidding processes and

225-467: A common fund. On every installment the common fund reaches the goal value and someone is awarded this sum and from this point forward this person own the association the remaining amount, just as in a loan. This process repeats until every member is awarded the entire sum. These informal associations are specially popular among immigrants since they are a cheaper alternative to traditional financing and usually require no formal papers, credit history or even

300-466: A consortium to cooperate on areas non-strategic for their core businesses. They prefer to reduce their costs on these non-strategic areas and compete on other areas where they can differentiate better. For example, the GENIVI Alliance, now called COVESA, is a not-for-profit consortium between different car makers in order to ease building an In-Vehicle Infotainment system. Another example is

375-485: A for-profit consortium is a group of banks that collaborate to make a loan—also known as a syndicate . This type of loan is more commonly known as a syndicated loan . In England it is common for a consortium to buy out financially struggling football clubs in order to keep them out of liquidation . Alyeska Pipeline Service Company , the company that built the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System in

450-446: A leadership role in this effort to form local fire safe councils." Director Wilson also said: "As more Californians move into wildland/urban intermix areas, a coordinated group effort has to be made to keep them safe from wildfire. We can't afford to have a fire engine in front of every home day and night; we must help our communities prepare for fire before it happens." At this time, the former Fire Safe Advisory Council became known as

525-489: A legislative review committee, a public education committee and a development committee were established. The first meeting of the new board of directors for the California Fire Safe Council, Inc. (CFSCI) was held on August 21, 2002. The CFSCI differs from the former CFSC in several ways: The CFSCI is one entity among the hundreds independent organizations that focus on wildfire safety throughout

600-640: A local fire safe council were directed to contact their Ranger Unit. In 1996, the Fire Safe Council/CDF, in cooperation with the Western Insurance Information Service, developed a Community Action Kit to assist the formation of local community-based fire safe councils. Also in 1996, as mentioned in the Community Action Kit, the updated "California Fire Plan" from CDF and the "Introduction to

675-453: A new company, Airbus SAS. In return, they got 80% and 20% shares respectively. BAE would later sell its share to EADS. The Tornado was developed and built by Panavia Aircraft GmbH, a tri-national consortium consisting of British Aerospace (previously British Aircraft Corporation), MBB of West Germany, and Aeritalia of Italy. The aircraft first flew on 14 August 1974 and was introduced into service in 1979–1980. Due to its multi-role design, it

750-610: A search was begun to locate a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that could accept the funds, disburse them, and provide an accounting to BLM. At the Monthly Meeting on June 21, 2001, Chief Zollner announced that the Sacramento Regional Foundation (SRF) had been chosen to serve as the grant administrator. This program subsequently became known as the "Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program." The Sacramento Regional Foundation agreed to host

825-401: A segment of the regular activities of these entities, based on an unnamed contract and characterized by a temporary nature, minimization of institutionalization, and lack of separate property , the need to specify how the parties participate in the joint venture and the intention not to establish a "community" with partly own interests (the partnership as such). According to this concept, despite

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900-451: A structure simply referred to as the "consortium." In the Polish legal system, the legal nature of the consortium agreement is disputed. According to the prevailing approach, a consortium is a form of cooperation, different from a civil law partnership, undertaken between economically independent entities already operating on the market in order to implement a specific undertaking that is

975-646: A successful consortium is the Five Colleges of Ohio of Ohio: Oberlin College , Ohio Wesleyan University , Kenyon College , College of Wooster and Denison University . The aforementioned Claremont Consortium (known as the Claremont Colleges) consists of Pomona College , Claremont Graduate University , Scripps College , Claremont McKenna College , Harvey Mudd College , Pitzer College , and Keck Graduate Institute . These consortia have pooled

1050-497: A top-down organizational structure with itself at the head. All of these were eventually abandoned, and local fire safe councils have retained their independence. The California Fire Safe Council, Inc. receives reimbursement for direct and indirect expenses for administering the block grants that go through the Clearinghouse. These funds are "restricted" in that they can only be used for activities associated with administering

1125-460: Is [a] means of bringing together agencies and business leaders from insurance companies to landscape firms to work on providing dollars and ideas to spread the prevention message here in California. … The path prevention is taking now is toward "communities". We've seen the disastrous effects of wildfires over the past several years, where entire communities have been devastated by fire. Educating

1200-406: Is a purely contractual cooperative contract that does not entail the creation of a third party. The consortium has no legal personality or legal capacity . The contract is concluded between two or more natural or legal persons who undertake to carry out certain works in order to implement a joint project which consortium members would not be able to carry out themselves. The consortium agreement

1275-559: Is not explicitly regulated by the French legislator, but it is admissible in the light of the principle of freedom of contract interpreted from articles 6 and 1134 of the French Civil Code . Neither consortium nor joint venture have a legal definition in U.K. law . The second term is usually used to describe various types of agreements where two or more parties cooperate in conducting business activities. This manifests e.g. in

1350-531: Is the CFSCI. Bruce Turbeville himself said in his April 2002 White Paper that he wrote during the process of forming the CFSCI: "Once formed, the local Councils did not want the [C]FSC telling them how to conduct their business, but did want the FSC to provide them with tools they couldn't create on their own to facilitate the success of their Councils." However, in the past the CFSCI has made several attempts to establish

1425-585: The State of California was facing an extreme budget deficit. CDF's budget had been shrinking for many years, and with the sharp decline in 1993 and increasing costs, the Department could no longer sustain its level of service unless something new was done. In May, in a special edition of the CDF in-house newsletter, Communiqué, CDF Director Richard Wilson announced the report entitled "Targeting CDF's Future", which

1500-621: The Western Governors Association 's A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment - A 10-Year Comprehensive Strategy - Implementation Plan have collectively become known as the National Fire Plan . The National Fire Plan, and the subsequent Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI), significantly increased Federal funding for projects on private lands, both "on

1575-477: The Western Governors Association 's A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment - A 10-Year Comprehensive Strategy - Implementation Plan have collectively become known as the National Fire Plan. The National Fire Plan, and the subsequent Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI), significantly increased Federal funding for projects on private lands, both "on

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1650-857: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) , which is a consortium that standardizes web technologies like HTML , XML and CSS . The Institute for Food Safety and Health is a consortium consisting of the Illinois Institute of Technology , the Food and Drug Administration 's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , and members of the food industry . Some of the work done at the institute includes, "assessment and validation of new and novel food safety and preservation technologies, processing and packaging systems, microbiological and chemical methods, health promoting food components, and risk management strategies." Commonly known in

1725-405: The 1970s, initially was a consortium of BP , ARCO , ConocoPhillips , Exxon , Mobil , Unocal , and Koch Alaska Pipeline Company. Airbus Industries was formed in 1970 as a consortium of aerospace manufacturers. The retention of production and engineering assets by the partner companies in effect made Airbus Industries a sales and marketing company. This arrangement led to inefficiencies due to

1800-538: The AAG felt it would be too cumbersome to include representatives from all local FSCs in future voting, due to how many local councils there were and how difficult it was to determine how the various FSCs would be represented, given how many different types of FSCs there were. Instead, the AAG divided the state into three regions: Coast, Sierra, and Southern California, and created a seat on the Board for each region. The intention

1875-471: The AAG resulted in the following: In mid-2002 the CFSCI was established as a non-membership 501(c)(3) corporation under non-profit law. The CFSCI Board of Directors and its staff comprise the CFSCI. (Subsequently, the CFSCI Board amended the bylaws to create a class of "at-large members," however the at-large members have no voting rights.) The CFSCI was set up as a non-membership organization because

1950-493: The Board about the selection process were brushed aside by Chairman Turbeville. California Fire Safe Council The name California Fire Safe Council (CFSC) has been used for two very different organizations. The original use of the name, from 1993 through mid-2002, referred to a loose consortium of local community-based fire safe councils and other organizations that shared the mission of making California's communities less vulnerable to catastrophic wildfire . It

2025-478: The Board to recognize the efforts of Ms. Rightmyer in conceiving of and implementing the "Million Who Dare to Care" fundraising program. ... Ms. Rightmyer ... commented that these are unrestricted funds..." As of September 2011 there has been no public accounting of how much money was raised or how these funds were used. While local units of CAL FIRE, which is a State agency, often provide "in-kind" matches for federal grants obtained by their local fire safe councils,

2100-637: The CFSCI outside of grant administration, such as lobbying and fund raising, must be funded from other sources. In addition, the CFSCI has received direct grants, both for Clearinghouse operation and for other projects. Some, but not all, of these grants are listed on the fedspending.org database. Note that some grants are listed multiple times in this database. From time to time the CFSCI has received grants from non-Federal sources, primarily insurance organizations. These funds may be restricted to specific activities or unrestricted. In some cases, funds that were originally restricted were changed to unrestricted at

2175-411: The CFSCI was specifically set up as a non-membership corporation . (Subsequently, the Board amended the bylaws to create a class of "at-large members." However, these "members" have no voting rights.) The reason for creating the CFSCI was for it to be able to administer grants and collect the administration fee for operations rather than using grant funds for that function, since CDF had ceased funding for

2250-545: The California Fire Safe Council can help homeowners prepare ahead of time for a wildfire." Thus the program was publicly positioned as a funding source for community fire safe projects. However, internally the CFSCI Board of Directors appears to have considered the funds as being for its use as a source of unrestricted funds. The minutes from the August 2, 2007 Board meeting read: "Dr. Horne [the CFSCI Treasurer] asked

2325-577: The California Fire Safe Council coalition. In 2001, several things happened that set the CFSC on a new path which eventually led to the formation of the California Fire Safe Council, Inc., a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation . These were: Each of these is explored in more depth below. Bruce Turbeville, who had developed and administered the CFSC since 1993, retired in early 2001. At the March 8, 2001 monthly meeting, he "introduced [Deputy Chief] Bryan Zollner,

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2400-607: The California Fire Safe Council to reflect the increasing number of local fire safe councils being created around the state. People wanting to form local fire safe councils were now directed to contact the CDF Sacramento Headquarters Public Education Office. By January 1998, there were 50 local fire safe councils, and a web site was created for the California Fire Safe Council, which included pages for each local council. Local councils continued to form and to participate as part of

2475-419: The Clearinghouse funds. These activities include conducting grant writing workshops on how to apply for Clearinghouse grants, convening the annual Review Committee that selects projects to fund and providing administrative support for that Committee, disbursing funds to the grant recipients, processing status reports from recipients, and other tasks required by the funding agencies. Operating expenses incurred by

2550-545: The Clearinghouse without a competitive bidding process. The Clearinghouse consists of two aspects: project selection and funding administration. Historically, both parts have been overseen by the CFSCI; however, they are actually independent functions. "FSC [i.e., the CFSCI] convenes a grant review and brokering session that includes all agencies with funding in the clearinghouse and a volunteer-based review committee of grant experts, for example, from state and local government and

2625-710: The Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program for 2001 and 2002, at which point it was nearing the $ 10 million limit it had agreed. Something else needed to be done. The idea of formalizing the California Fire Safe Council as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation was first proposed at a monthly meeting on May 24, 2001. Discussions eventually resulted in the Administrative Action Group (AAG) subcommittee taking on this task in April 2002. The work of

2700-684: The Fire Safe Council with the "mission to preserve California's natural and man-made resources by mobilizing all Californians to make their homes, neighborhoods and communities fire safe. More than 30 businesses and government organizations sit on the statewide council. The objectives of the organization are to unite members to speak with one voice about fire safety, use the marketing expertise and communication channels of member organizations to increase distribution of fire prevention education materials and empower grass roots organizations to create fire safe communities." People interested in forming

2775-469: The I-Zone (where I=Interface). Now during a wildland fire, more and more CDF firefighting resources had to be used to defend homes and lives, which meant that it was taking increased time and resources to get fires under control. Also, since over 90% of fires are started by human activity, the number of fires was increasing due to the increased population. In response, CDF stepped up its efforts to educate

2850-691: The I-Zone", sponsored by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF), the Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES), and the University of California Forest Products Laboratory (UCFPL) both mentioned the value of creating local fire safe councils in California's communities. By the end of 1997, the organization had changed its name to

2925-620: The Prevention department. Since it was the Prevention department which funded the operation of the CFSC, Bruce Turbeville, who was still acting as the Chairman of the CFSC since his retirement in early 2001, was told that while CDF supported the Council, it could no longer be the sole source of funds; the CFSC needed to find other ways to support its programs In response to the wildland fires of 2000, President Bill Clinton requested, and

3000-678: The SRF, recipients had to be 501(c)(3) non-profit organizations, or have a fiscal sponsor which was a non-profit, such as a Resource Conservation District. Alternatively, the California Community Forests Foundation (CCFF) was available to work with local fire safe councils that did not yet have 501(c)(3) status. Indeed, the CFSC itself used the CCFF to administer "five grants provided by the Bureau of Land Management via

3075-533: The Sacramento Community Foundation. These funds will support for the ongoing development of the California Fire Safe Council by providing for the Fire Safe Council executive director and council administration and development of public education outreach materials including a new Fire Safe Council webpage (www.firesafecouncil.org)." A total of $ 716,665 was received from the Sacramento Regional Foundation for these grants. The SRF operated

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3150-799: The Secretaries of the Department of the Interior and Department of Agriculture submitted, a September 8, 2000, report, Managing the Impact of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment, A Report to the President In Response to the Wildfires of 2000 . This report, its accompanying budget request, Congressional direction for substantial new appropriations for wildland fire management, resulting action plans and agency strategies and

3225-442: The Secretaries of the Department of the Interior and Department of Agriculture submitted, a September 8, 2000, report, Managing the Impact of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment, A Report to the President In Response to the Wildfires of 2000 . This report, its accompanying budget request, Congressional direction for substantial new appropriations for wildland fire management, resulting action plans and agency strategies and

3300-536: The State of California as of May 2018 has yet to supply a formal funding stream through the Grants Clearinghouse for community fire safe projects, such as is provided by Federal agencies. Consortium A consortium ( pl.   consortiums or consortia ) is an association of two or more individuals , companies , organizations , or governments (or any combination of these entities) with

3375-408: The United States as a rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) and also called Savings Clubs, Christmas clubs , sousou or even money circles, they are typically informal associations of people saving money together with a commonly shared goal: buying something with the same value. In this association its members contribute by paying equal amount installments (usually monthly or weekly) towards

3450-452: The authority of the CFSCI to cancel previously approved grants. Even though it administers millions of public funds on behalf of Federal agencies, the CFSCI operates the Clearinghouse without any public oversight. Even its own Board of Directors has been kept out of the loop; for example, in 2003 the Board was asked to vote to accept the list of approved projects even though the list was not yet available for them to see and in 2005 questions by

3525-509: The common fund administrators charge a fixed fee in order to take responsibility and guarantee the integrity of the process. In France , the consortium, considered a sub-type of joint venture , has important theoretical and practical significance. The French legal system does not provide a definition and does not explicitly use the concept of a joint venture or consortium ( groupements momentanés d’entreprises ). The consortium agreement in France

3600-406: The consortium and the pool. Cooperation agreements concluded under German law are not of a uniform legal nature. There is a great wealth of legal forms of cooperation that could be cautiously qualified as consortium agreements. This is in particular a civil law partnership in its internal and occasional variants ( Gelegenheitsgesellschaft ), as well as a partnership of building contractors ( ARGE ) and

3675-891: The general law of contract, similar to an ordinary partnership agreement , does not create a separate entity. In Germany the view prevails that the consortium is a type of internal civil law partnership (§ 705–740 of the BGB ). In external relations, consortium members may decide on joint and several liability regulated by § 421 BGB, while internally there is sometimes a release from this liability. Joint ventures often include credit syndicates (Kreditkonsortien), securities issuing consortia, including mainly shares ( Emissionskonsortien ), construction consortia ( Baukonsortien ) also referred to as investment ( Investitionskonsortien ) and profit pools ( Ergebnispools ). Sometimes, special purpose partnerships established to jointly use construction facilities ( Planungsgesellschaften ) are listed in one category with

3750-472: The grant program under contract with the Bureau of Land Management until 2006 or until it (the SRF) had hosted $ 10 million in grants, whichever came first. In return for this service, the SRF received an administrative fee (AKA "indirect cost rate") based on the amount of funds it administered: 8% on up to $ 2,000,000; declining gradually to just 5% on over $ 10,000,000. In order to qualify to receive grants through

3825-559: The ground" and educational, that would reduce the wildfire risk to Federal lands. For the first time, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) had funds available for grants to private organizations. Unlike the United States Forest Service , (USFS), BLM did not have any internal structure in place to administer grants to the private sector. Initially, CDF planned to route BLM funds through its ranger units and then to

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3900-461: The ground" and educational, that would reduce the wildfire risk to Federal lands. For the first time, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) had funds available for grants to organizations for use on non-Federal lands. Unlike the U.S. Forest Service , (USFS), these four agencies did not have any internal structure in place to administer grants to

3975-644: The inherent conflicts of interest that the four partner companies faced; they were both shareholders of, and subcontractors to, the consortium. The companies collaborated on development of the Airbus range, but guarded the financial details of their own production activities and sought to maximize the transfer prices of their sub-assemblies. In 2001, EADS (created by the merger of French, German and Spanish Airbus partner companies) and BAE Systems (the British partner company) transferred their Airbus production assets to

4050-433: The joint distribution of profit, sharing cash, assets, knowledge or abilities. As there are no legal provisions regulating in detail the consortium or joint venture, the relations between the parties participating in this type of agreement—when choosing a joint venture as a collaboration agreement or a special partnership —are subject to common law or the provisions of the partnership law . A consortium agreement governed by

4125-467: The local fire safe councils. However, this proved not to be a viable option because it would only be able to disburse the grant funds on a reimbursable basis. This meant that grant recipients would not receive their grant funds until after work had been done and paid for, and local fire safe councils did not have the operating budgets to be able to do that. Since the BLM funds could not be routed through CDF,

4200-415: The members of the Fire Alliance, including the CFSCI, developed a standard application, with one timeframe. It was based on the very successful Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program established in 2001 to administer funds on behalf of BLM. This is discussed in detail in the article on the California Fire Safe Council . The members of the Fire Alliance designated the CFSCI as the administrator of

4275-608: The monetary and in-kind support of the private sector." Initially, the Fire Safe Advisory Council consisted of representatives of the building, insurance, real estate, and utilities industries plus various government agencies such as the California Office of Emergency Services. The following year, when Rich Just took the position of Staff Chief for Fire Prevention and Law Enforcement at Sacramento Headquarters, he said: "The Fire Safe Advisory Council

4350-563: The new Public Education Officer for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection." Turbeville continued in his role as the Chairman of the California Fire Safe Council. Chief Zollner led the effort to establish the BLM Community-Based Wildfire Prevention Grants Program. Due to the state of California's financial situation in 2001, CDF was facing a significant budget reduction, which included cutting back on funding for

4425-710: The objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal. Consortium is a Latin word meaning " partnership ", "association", or "society", and derives from consors ("shared in property"), itself from con- ("together") and sors ("fate"). The Big Ten Academic Alliance in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic U.S., Claremont Colleges consortium in Southern California, Five College Consortium in Massachusetts, and Consórcio Nacional Honda are among

4500-556: The old CFSC due to budget restraints. In the early 1990s, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF or CAL FIRE) was facing increasing costs for wildfire suppression due to the influx of people building homes in what had previously been unpopulated wildlands. This area of mixed homes and wildlands is variously called the Wildland Urban Interface, Urban-Wildland Interface, or

4575-651: The oldest and most successful higher education consortia in the world. The Big Ten Academic Alliance , formerly known as the Committee on Institutional Cooperation, includes the members of the Big Ten athletic conference. The participants in Five Colleges, Inc. are: Amherst College , Hampshire College , Mount Holyoke College , Smith College , and the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Another example of

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4650-442: The ongoing "Fire Safe - California" campaign. The intent of the new public awareness program was to help people who live in the wildlands learn to protect themselves and their property, inside and out, from wildfire. The program package included a video, a homeowners booklet, a fire safe checklist, a brochure, and a poster. The creator of the program, Bruce Turbeville, received a Bronze Smokey in recognition of his efforts. In 1993

4725-549: The private sector, so some process needed to be established to administer these grant funds. As the Clearinghouse got established, the USFS also came on board. Another factor was that every agency had different timeframes and formats for submittal of Concept Papers. The agencies also had different requirements for environmental compliance, such as NEPA and other regulations. These factors made it very difficult for applicants to submit funding requests to different agencies. So in 2002,

4800-553: The private sector. For grants that pass through the FSC, the FSC board of directors also will have to have a procedural vote to approve the grants at a regularly scheduled quarterly meeting to ensure the FSC complies with its policies in the area of subgranting." "FSC [i.e., the CFSCI] funds and monitors programs. FSC plans to advance funding to subrecipients on a quarterly basis. Monitoring includes reviewing quarterly reports, checking in with subrecipients via phone and doing monitoring visits as needed." Grant administration also includes

4875-482: The public in "fire safe" principles, generally referred to as defensible space , which can prepare a home to withstand an approaching wildfire and allow the firefighting resources to focus on controlling the fire. These same principles reduce the chance that a house fire will spread to the wildlands. In 1991, the CDF Fire Prevention Unit introduced the "Fire Safe - Inside and Out" program as part of

4950-585: The public on the firesafe measures they must take to give their homes and neighborhoods a fighting chance has become critical here in California." Chief Just's vision inspired local Ranger Units to work with their communities to become fire safe. By 1995, two community partnerships were well on their way. One was the Shingletown Community Fire Safe Project in the Shasta-Trinity Ranger Unit. Another

5025-488: The region ( University of Kentucky , University of North Carolina , University of Tennessee , West Virginia University , University of Virginia , and Virginia Tech ) are affiliated with the ACA. These institutions assist the ACA in reviewing grant and fellowship applications, conducting workshops, and providing technical assistance. The ACA works to serve higher education in the rural regions of these five states. An example of

5100-647: The request of the CFSCI so that the monies could be used for CFSCI operating expenses other than those associated with grant administration. Through 2008, some of the non-Federal funds received include: In August 2007, the CFSCI announced the Million Who Dare to Care Program. The announcement said: "Join "The Million Who Dare to Care" program of the California Fire Safe Council to help raise funds to provide services to homeowners and local Fire Safe Councils for fuels reduction around homes and in our communities." The flyer stated "Your gift of just one dollar means

5175-789: The resources of their member colleges and the universities to share human and material assets as well as to link academic and administrative resources. An example of a non-profit consortium is the Appalachian College Association (ACA) located in Richmond, Kentucky . The association consists of 35 private liberal arts colleges and universities spread across the central Appalachian mountains in Kentucky , North Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia . Collectively these higher education institutions serve approximately 42,500 students. Six research universities in

5250-651: The state of California. It has a somewhat different function from local fire safe councils in that its primary role is to administer Federal funding through the Fire Safe California Grants Clearinghouse on behalf of the members of the California Fire Alliance. There was nothing in the Bylaws that created the CFSCI about the CFSCI having any control over local FSCs. Local FSCs are independent organizations, as

5325-415: Was a result of an extensive planning project to identify ways CDF could improve its efficiency and effectiveness. One theme of the report was that CDF must "…seek out cooperative relationships with the private sector and other government agencies…" A direct result was the formation of the "Fire Safe Advisory Council" in 1993 "as a means to help support the department's shrinking education budget by enlisting

5400-471: Was able to replace several different fleets of aircraft in the adopting air forces. The Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) became the only export operator of the Tornado in addition to the three original partner nations. Including all variants, 992 aircraft were built. Coopetition , deriving from a portmanteau of cooperation and competition, is the word used when companies otherwise competitors collaborate in

5475-404: Was for these representatives to have an ongoing two-way dialog with the local councils in their regions and thus allow local councils and the Board to be in communication through the local representative. The following people were elected as the initial Board Members: Bruce Turbeville, Chairman; Ken Blonski, Vice Chairman; Leo McElroy, Secretary; and David Horne, Treasurer. A nominating committee,

5550-503: Was funded by the state of California Resources Agency , Department of Conservation, Division of Forestry, also called CDF or CAL FIRE. It was led by staff from the CDF Prevention Bureau. In mid-2002 a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization was formed by members of the former CFSC using the name California Fire Safe Council, Inc. (CFSCI). At the moment the CFSCI came into existence, the former CFSC ceased to exist because

5625-615: Was the Oakhurst-Ahwahnee Basin Community Fire Protection Project in the Madera-Mariposa-Merced Ranger Unit. Having the local Ranger Units involved in fostering community partnerships was also the philosophy of CDF Director Richard Wilson: "As CDF takes the Fire Safe Council concept to local communities, the field will become an important resource and uniting force. Ranger units can and should play

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