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47-591: Fishhooks Wilderness is a 10,500-acre (42 km) wilderness area located in the U.S. state of Arizona . It is administered by the Bureau of Land Management and is located about 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Safford, Arizona . It borders the San Carlos Indian Reservation . From Safford, travel west on Highway 70 for 15 miles (24 km), turn right on the Eden Road, and cross

94-479: A Preserve America program, a Save America's Treasures Program, and a Route 66 Corridor Preservation Program, all to be carried out by the National Park Service . New National Park System components would include: Title VIII designates ten new National Heritage Areas at the cost of $ 103.5 million: Title IX authorizes three new studies to examine new reclamation projects under the jurisdiction of

141-458: A cost of $ 64 million per year through the year 2018. It furthermore authorizes groundwater surveys in New Mexico, also by the U.S. Geological Survey . Title XII creates five new oceanic observation, research, and exploration programs at a cost of $ 2.6 billion, including programs for undersea research, undersea and coastal mapping, acidification research, and ocean conservation. One provision,

188-551: A new bill which incorporated 159 bills that had been considered by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources during the 110th Congress and, in some cases, earlier Congresses. Despite vehement opposition from Coburn and some other Republicans, the Senate passed a cloture motion on January 11 by a vote of 66–12 and then passed the bill on January 15 by a vote of 73–21, with four members not voting. The bill

235-639: A state by state basis and determines which areas and how much land in each area will become part of the WPS. There have been multiple occasions in which Congress designated more federal land than had been recommended by the nominating agency. Where as the Wilderness Act stipulated that a wilderness area must be "administered for the use and enjoyment of the American people in such a manner as will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness",

282-664: Is under federal ownership and management, (2) the area consists of at least five thousand acres of land, (3) human influence is "substantially unnoticeable," (4) there are opportunities for solitude and recreation, and (5) the area possesses "ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or historical value." Wilderness areas are subject to specific management restrictions; human activities are limited to non-motorized recreation (such as backpacking , camping , hunting , fishing , horseback riding, etc.), scientific research , and other non-invasive activities. During these activities, patrons are asked to abide by

329-580: The Bureau of Reclamation . It also creates 15 new water and endangered fish projects in four states. Furthermore, Title IX puts some federal water reclamation facilities under local control and funds conservation efforts. Title X codifies the settlements of three water disputes in California, Nevada, and New Mexico, in an effort to resolve decades of litigation. Title XI reauthorizes the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 at

376-591: The Eastern Wilderness Areas Act of 1975, which added 16 national forest areas to the NWPS, allowed for the inclusion of areas that had been severely modified by human interference. The Wilderness Act provides criteria for lands being considered for wilderness designation. Though there are some exceptions, the following conditions must be present for an area to be included in the NWPS: (1) the land

423-638: The Gila River Bridge. Turn left onto Hot Springs Road and travel 13 miles (21 km) along the north side of the Gila River on graded dirt county road. One mile past the wire gate across the road and just before the farm fields, turn northeast onto an unmarked dirt road and proceed straight through the junction. Ten miles from the county road is the Diamond Bar Ranch headquarters. From here, drive north for one mile (1.6 km) where

470-831: The Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System Act , would "establish a national integrated System of ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes observing systems, comprised of Federal and non-Federal components coordinated at the national level by the National Ocean Research Leadership Council" in order to "support national defense, marine commerce, navigation safety, weather, climate, and marine forecasting, energy siting and production, economic development, ecosystem-based marine, coastal, and Great Lakes resource management, public safety, and public outreach training and education." Title XIII deals with miscellaneous bills, including one that funds

517-623: The Leave No Trace policy. This policy sets guidelines for using the wilderness responsibly and leaving the area as it was before usage. These guidelines include: Packing all trash out of the wilderness, using a stove as opposed to a fire, camping at least 200 feet (61 m) from trails or water sources, staying on marked trails, and keeping group size small. When closely observed, the Leave No Trace ethos ensures that wilderness areas remain untainted by human interaction. In general,

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564-882: The National Tropical Botanical Garden in Hawaii and another that increases the number of Assistant Energy Secretaries in the United States Department of Energy to eight. Title XIII also amends the Fisheries Restoration and Irrigation Mitigation Act of 2000 and the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline Act. Title XIV, the Christopher and Dana Reeve Paralysis Act, provides $ 105 million over five years for coordinated paralysis research by

611-1218: The National Wilderness Preservation System . Among these lands are: Title II establishes a National Landscape Conservation System , to include Bureau of Land Management -administered National Monuments , National Conservation Areas , Wilderness Study Areas , components of the National Trails System , components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System , and components of the National Wilderness Preservation System . Title II also designates four new National Conservation Areas ( Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave National Conservation Area , Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area , Red Cliffs National Conservation Area in Washington County, Utah , and Dominguez-Escalante National Conservation Area ) and one new National Monument (the Prehistoric Trackways National Monument in

658-517: The Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2008 ( S. 3213 ). Although the bill had some support from both Democrats and Republicans , including Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada , the Senate never voted on the measure due to threats by Senator Tom Coburn (R- Oklahoma ) to filibuster the bill. On January 7, 2009, Bingaman introduced the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 ( S. 22 ),

705-717: The Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail and the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail . Title VI creates a number of new United States Department of the Interior programs. One of these programs, the Wolf Livestock Loss Demonstration Project, gives states and Indian tribes federal grants to help livestock producers to reduce livestock loss due to predation by wolves in non-lethal ways, as well as for

752-664: The Pelican Island Wilderness in northern Florida , which measures just 6 acres (2.4 ha) total. The smallest area preserved in the system was formerly the Rocks and Islands Wilderness in Northern California at 5 acres (2.0 ha), but after a reassessment by the Bureau of Land Management in 2006 it was officially expanded to 19 acres (7.7 ha). On November 7, 2009, an agreement between

799-863: The Robledo Mountains of New Mexico ). It also transfers lands in Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and Washington to federal control. Title III authorizes the United States Secretary of Agriculture to, through the Chief of the United States Forest Service , conduct studies in the interest of preserving open space in southern Colorado and deliver "an annual report on the wildland firefighter safety practices...including training programs and activities for wildland fire suppression, prescribed burning, and wildland fire use, during

846-910: The United States Treasury . However, each proposal's expenditures are limited to $ 4 million per year. Title V designates thousands of miles of new additions to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System . It also adds six trails to the National Trails System : the Arizona National Scenic Trail , the New England National Scenic Trail , the Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , the Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route National Historic Trail ,

893-463: The land area of the United States . During the 1950s and 1960s, as the American transportation system was on the rise, concern for clean air and water quality began to grow. A conservation movement began to take place with the intent of establishing designated wilderness areas. Howard Zahniser created the first draft of the Wilderness Act in 1956. It took nine years and 65 rewrites before

940-521: The NWPS included 34 areas protecting 9.1 million acres (37,000 km ) in the national forests. As of 2023, there are 806 areas in the NWPS, preserving 111,889,002 acres (45,279,873 ha). This is approximately 4.5% of the entire United States , though only about 2.7% of the 48 contiguous states. However, most of that acreage is located in a handful of states. The states with the highest number of wildernesses are California , Arizona , Nevada , Alaska , and Oregon . However, when measured in acres

987-747: The NWPS, much of the wildlife in the U.S. also has an area in which to exist without significant human interaction. In late 2011, a full wilderness review was requested of the Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain in Alaska. One of the major qualifications for this area to be considered as a possible wilderness area was its diverse wildlife population, many of which are on the endangered species list. In this potential wilderness area alone, whales , seals , wolves , polar bears , grizzly bears , muskoxen , caribou , and over 200 species of migratory birds call this one area home for at least part of

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1034-602: The NWPS. The first national forest wilderness areas were established by the Wilderness Act itself. The Great Swamp in New Jersey became the first National Wildlife Refuge with formally designated wilderness in 1968. Wilderness areas in national parks followed, beginning with the designation of wilderness in part of Craters of the Moon National Monument in Idaho in 1970. A dramatic spike in acreage added to

1081-634: The National Wilderness Preservation System. On March 30, 2009, President Barack Obama signed into law the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 . The legislation designated an additional 2 million acres (810,000 ha) in nine states as wilderness, representing the largest expansion of wilderness lands since 1994. The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act of 2019 added another 1.3 million acres (530,000 ha) in 43 new and expanded wilderness areas. On federal lands in

1128-593: The Senate, the bill was amended to include a majority of the text in S. 22. The Senate voted 73–21 for cloture and 77-20 to pass the bill. The House agreed to the Senate amendments, 285-140, on March 25. President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on March 30, 2009, declaring one provision unconstitutional in his signing statement . Title I of the bill designates two million acres (8,000 km²) of wilderness in nine states ( California , Colorado , Idaho , Michigan , New Mexico , Oregon , Utah , Virginia , and West Virginia ) for protection through addition to

1175-528: The US as protected and establishes a National Landscape Conservation System . It includes funding for programs, studies and other activities by the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture , and in some cases bars further geothermal leasing, oil and gas leasing, and new mining patents on certain stretches of protected land. On June 26, 2008, Senator Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico introduced

1222-464: The United States, Congress may designate an area as wilderness under the provisions of the Wilderness Act of 1964. Multiple agencies, including the Bureau of Land Management , the National Park Service , the Fish and Wildlife Service , and the U.S. Forest Service , are responsible for the submission of new areas that fit the criteria to become wilderness to Congress. Congress then reviews these cases on

1269-532: The United States, Canada, and Mexico entitled the "Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation for Wilderness Conservation" was made. This agreement created a new entity, the North American Intergovernmental Committee on Cooperation for Wilderness and Protected Areas Conservation, that would streamline the process for open communication between international agencies for the purpose of wilderness preservation. This committee

1316-481: The Wilderness Act was finally passed in 1964. The Wilderness Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-577), which established the NWPS, was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 3, 1964. The Wilderness Act mandated that the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service review all federal lands under their jurisdiction for wilderness areas to include in

1363-521: The bill, while three Democrats voted against it: Dan Boren of Oklahoma, Jim Marshall of Georgia , and Collin Peterson of Minnesota . House Democrats could then have brought the bill back to the floor under regular procedure, which would have allowed Republicans to submit amendments to the bill. The bill, as voted on by the House, had been amended by Jason Altmire (D- Pennsylvania ), to prohibit

1410-496: The carrying out of ecological restoration treatments. The Chief, acting on behalf of the Secretary of Agriculture, then may select up to ten of these proposals, aided by a fifteen-member advisory board, to be funded in any given fiscal year. For each proposal selected, 50% of the expenditures of the execution and monitoring of ecological restoration treatments would be paid for by a Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Fund in

1457-646: The closing of the lands described in the bill to hunting and fishing , presumably to persuade sportsmen and hunters to vote for the bill. On March 3, 2009, the House of Representatives passed a bill under suspension of the rules, the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Battlefield Protection Act ( H.R. 146 ), 394-13. On March 12, one day after the House failed to pass the Omnibus Public Land Management Act, Reid announced that he would file cloture on H.R. 146. While in

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1504-511: The earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain" and "an area of undeveloped Federal land retaining its primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions". As of 2023 , 806 wilderness areas have been designated, totaling 111,889,002 acres (45,279,873 ha; 452,798.73 km ; 174,826.566 sq mi), which comprise about 4.5% of

1551-492: The exact nature of protection may differ from federal laws. Some U.S. states have created wilderness preservation programs modeled on the NWPS. Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 The Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 ( Pub. L.   111–11 (text) (PDF) , H.R. 146 ) is a land management law passed in the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2009. The bill designates millions of acres in

1598-536: The future of both the U.S. system and North American preservation efforts as a whole. One of the major goals of the Wilderness Preservation System is to provide undeveloped habitats for threatened or endangered species . Many of the species found in the United States are represented in wilderness areas. There are 261 basic ecosystems in the U.S., and 157 of them are represented in the system. With 60% of all ecosystems somewhat protected by

1645-650: The largest amount of wilderness land is administered by the National Park Service. The largest contiguous wilderness complex in the United States is the Noatak and Gates of the Arctic Wildernesses in Alaska at 12,743,329 acres (5,157,042 ha). The largest wilderness area outside Alaska is the Death Valley Wilderness in southeastern California. The smallest area protected by the WPS is

1692-438: The law prohibits logging , mining , motorized or mechanized vehicles (including bicycles ), road-building, and other forms of development in wilderness areas, though pre-existing mining claims and grazing ranges are permitted through grandfather clauses in the Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas fall into IUCN protected area management category Ia (strict nature preserves) or Ib (wilderness areas). A special exemption to

1739-572: The list changes dramatically, as Alaska contains many of the largest areas protected under the act. In terms of total acres, Alaska , California , Arizona , Idaho , and Washington are the top five states for wilderness, containing almost 80 percent of the acreage in the system. Wilderness totals in most eastern states are modest, with the exceptions of Florida and Minnesota . Wilderness areas exist in every state except Connecticut , Delaware , Iowa , Kansas , Maryland , and Rhode Island . Most U.S. wilderness areas are in national forests, but

1786-703: The preceding calendar year." Title III also prohibits further oil and gas leasing, geothermal leasing, and mining patents in a stretch of the Bridger-Teton National Forest ; this provision was based on a bill being crafted by Senator Craig L. Thomas of Wyoming before his death. Title IV authorizes the Chief of the Forest Service to solicit (from regional foresters ) nominations of forest landscapes of at least 50,000 acres (200 km ), primarily consisting of national forest lands, which are in need of "active ecosystem restoration," for

1833-529: The purpose of compensating livestock producers for their loss of livestock due to predation by wolves. Another part of Title VI, the Paleontological Resources Preservation Act, was originally a Senate bill introduced in 2007 by Daniel Akaka (D-Hawaii). This provision establishes stronger penalties than previously required for nonpermitted removal of scientifically significant fossils from federal lands. The provision

1880-480: The rule against mechanized equipment is made for wilderness areas in Alaska : limited use of motorized vehicles and construction of cabins and aquaculture are permitted. These exemptions were allowed due to the large amount of wilderness in Alaska and the concerns of subsistence users, including Alaska Natives . Wilderness areas are parts of national parks , wildlife refuges , national forests , and BLM lands; some units are managed by different agencies. Initially,

1927-516: The wilderness borders the road. Another road branches east at the headquarters forming the wilderness boundary after a half mile. Occasional signs mark the wilderness boundary along these two roads. A recreation permit must be obtained from the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation before crossing reservation lands. National Wilderness Preservation System The term wilderness is defined as "an area where

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1974-507: The wilderness system in 1980 was due in large part to the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act , signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on December 2, 1980. A smaller spike in 1984 came with the passage of many bills establishing national forest wilderness areas identified by the Forest Service's Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE) process. The Bureau of Land Management

2021-524: The year. This vast assortment of flora and fauna is a major consideration for addition into the wilderness preservation system. Thousands of laws and policies have helped shape and manage the National Wilderness Preservation System in the United States. The following Acts of Congress either directly affect the wilderness system or help influence wilderness management: Some state and tribal governments also designate wilderness areas under their own authority and local laws. These are not federal areas, and

2068-660: Was endorsed and strongly supported by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology , an international association of professional and amateur vertebrate paleontologists. In contrast, the Association of Applied Paleontological Sciences, an association of commercial fossil dealers , opposed the measure. Title VII makes three additions to the National Park System and expands current National Park designations. It also authorizes an American Battlefield Protection Program,

2115-403: Was formed to gain insight on the benefits of wilderness preservation, establish open channels of communication between international agencies, and examine the cultural differences and similarities behind preservation efforts in each country. Within the U.S. system, all of the agencies responsible for wilderness preservation will work in cooperation with their international counterparts to determine

2162-687: Was not required to review its lands for inclusion in the NWPS until after October 21, 1976, when the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 was signed into law; designation of wilderness areas on BLM lands began in 1978. Over 200 wilderness areas have been created within Bureau of Land Management administered lands since then, consisting of approximately 8.71 million acres (3,520,000 ha) in September 2015. As of August 2008, 704 separate wilderness areas, encompassing 107,514,938 acres (43,509,752 ha), had become part of

2209-509: Was then sent to the House of Representatives , where it was expected to pass by a wide margin. The bill was held at the desk instead of being sent to a committee. On March 11, 2009, the House considered the bill under suspension of the rules, meaning that a two-thirds vote would be required for passage. Those voting in favor of the bill (predominantly Democrats) fell two votes short of a two-thirds majority, 282-144. 34 Republicans voted in favor of

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