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Frank Stanton

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Frank Nicholas Stanton (March 20, 1908 – December 24, 2006) was an American broadcasting executive who served as the president of CBS between 1946 and 1971 and then as vice chairman until 1973. He also served as the chairman of the Rand Corporation from 1961 until 1967.

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53-495: Frank Stanton may refer to: Frank Stanton (executive) (1908–2006), president of CBS, 1946–1973 Frank Stanton (entrepreneur) (1921–1999), entrepreneur and real-estate investor who was a pioneer in audio and video cassette systems Frank Stanton (rugby league) (born 1940), Australian rugby league player and coach Frank Lebby Stanton (1857–1927), songwriter and first poet laureate of Georgia [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

106-580: A B.A. in 1930. He married his childhood sweetheart, Ruth Stephenson, in 1931. He taught for one year in the manual arts department of a high school in Dayton, then attended Ohio State University , where he received his Ph.D. in 1935. He also held a diploma from the American Board of Professional Psychology. His doctoral thesis was entitled A Critique of Present Methods and a New Plan for Studying Radio Listening Behavior ; for his research, he invented

159-655: A Red Cross volunteer, concentrating on public information and fundraising. After retiring from CBS, he was appointed Chairman of the American National Red Cross by President Richard Nixon in 1973, serving in that capacity until 1979. From 1969 to 1970, while still president of CBS, Stanton served on the Metropolitan Museum of Art's 100th Anniversary Committee. Stanton died in his sleep at his home in Boston on December 24, 2006, at

212-432: A composite color picture. These cameras required complex optics to keep the tubes aligned. Since temperature variations and vibration would easily put a three-tube system out of alignment, a more robust system was needed for lunar surface operations. In the 1940s, CBS Laboratories invented an early color system that utilized a wheel, containing six color filters, rotated in front of a single video camera tube to generate

265-405: A " chilling effect " upon broadcast journalism . For his efforts in that situation, Stanton was awarded one of three personal Peabody Awards (the others coming in 1959 and 1960). He also shared two other Peabodys that were awarded to CBS as a network. Stanton was required to retire from CBS at 65 by a policy he had established. (The same policy would lead to Walter Cronkite 's retirement from

318-558: A 43-degree field of view, while in its extreme telephoto mode, it had a 7-degree field of view. The aperture ranged from F4 to F44, with a T5 light transmittance rating. Signal processing was needed at the Earth receiving ground stations to compensate for the Doppler effect , caused by the spacecraft moving away from or towards the Earth. The Doppler Effect would distort color, so a system that employed two videotape recorders (VTRs), with

371-402: A color wheel for both front and rear projectors. According to television historian Albert Abramson, A. A. Polumordvinov invented the first field-sequential color system. Polumordvinov applied for his Russian patent 10738 in 1899. This system scanned images with two rotating cylinders. A later German patent by A. Frankenstein and Werner von Jaworski described another field-sequential system. Like

424-517: A deeper commitment among broadcasters to public service, Stanton in May 1959 (speaking before his graduate alma mater, Ohio State) also voiced his own commitment to public affairs. He promised that the following year, CBS would air a frequent prime-time public-affairs series, a series which later became CBS Reports . A few months later, in an October 1959 speech before the same RTNDA that Murrow had addressed in 1958, Stanton promised there would be no repeat of

477-807: A device that would make a reliable, automatic record of radio listening. Soon after earning his Ph.D., Stanton became the third employee in the CBS research department. By 1942 he was a vice president of CBS and a fellow of the American Association of Applied Psychology, as well as a member of the American Psychological Association , the American Statistical Association , and the American Marketing Association ; he

530-519: A disc of color filters rotating at 1440 rpm inside the camera and the receiver, capturing and displaying red, green, and blue television images in sequence. The field rate was increased from 60 to 144 fields per second to overcome the flicker from the separate color images, resulting in 24 complete color frames per second (each of the three colors was scanned twice, double interlacing being standard for all electronic television: 2 scans × 3 colors × 24 frames per second = 144 fields per second), instead of

583-489: A few months later, CBS ended color broadcasting on October 20, 1951. In March 1953, CBS withdrawn its color system as a standard, creating an opening for all-electronic color systems from other manufacturers. In the late 1960s, NASA revived the Goldmark-CBS system to broadcast color video from Project Apollo Command Modules , using a camera developed by Westinghouse Electric Corporation . The Westinghouse color camera

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636-577: A framebuffer, it then sent the coordinated color information to an encoder to produce a NTSC color video signal and then released to the broadcast pool feed. Once the color was decoded, scan conversion was not necessary, because the color camera ran at the same 60-fields-per-second video interlace rate as the NTSC standard. It was first used on the Apollo 10 mission. The camera used the command module's extra S-band channel and large S-band antenna to accommodate

689-509: A modified two-color version in February 1938, using a red and blue-green filter arrangement in the transmitter; on July 27, 1939 he further demonstrated that colour scanning system in combination with a cathode ray tube with filter wheel as the receiver. By December 1940 he had publicly demonstrating a 600 line version of the system. The CBS field-sequential system was an example of a mechanical television system because it relied in part on

742-514: A poor impression on television viewers in 1960, declined to debate in 1968 and in 1972 . Thus televised presidential debates did not resume until 1976 , when incumbent president Gerald Ford , perceiving he was behind in the polls, agreed to debate challenger Jimmy Carter . While Edward R. Murrow 's 1958 speech before the Radio-Television News Directors Association is often praised for its call for

795-538: A questionnaire inquiring about journalists' political affiliations. At Stanton's direction, employees were required to take an oath of loyalty to the US government. Stanton and Paley "found it expedient to hire only those who were politically neutral" as they wished to avoid taking a position against the FCC and Congress or to jeopardize profit by taking "a stand against the vigilantes." According to radio historian Jim Cox , "CBS and

848-700: A speech he gave about the situation in Southeast Asia. The Investigations Subcommittee of the House Commerce Committee subpoenaed CBS's outtakes to determine whether or not distortion had taken place. Meanwhile, critics at the Washington Post and Time magazine, while not taking issue with the thesis of "Selling" that the Pentagon was engaging in propaganda, objected to the editing techniques employed in its production. The program

901-576: A tape-loop delay to compensate for the effect, was developed. The cleaned signal was then transmitted to Houston in NTSC -compatible black and white. Unlike the CBS system that required a special mechanical receiver on a TV set to decode the color, the signal was decoded in Houston's Mission Control Center. This video processing occurred in real time. The decoder separately recorded each red, blue and green field onto an analog magnetic disk recorder. Acting as

954-630: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Frank Stanton (executive) Stanton was born March 20, 1908, in Muskegon, Michigan , to Helen Josephine Schmidt and Frank Cooper Stanton. He attended Stivers School for the Arts (then called Stivers High School) in Dayton, Ohio . He then attended Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio , receiving

1007-880: The CBS Evening News in 1981.) Although Stanton said he "wasn't about to break" his own policy, it is often speculated that he wanted to stay on longer but was prevented from doing so by Paley. The two men had a bitter relationship by the time of Stanton's retirement: Stanton resented being forced to retire and being denied the chairmanship of CBS, while Paley thought Stanton ungrateful for Paley's contribution to his career. Stanton continued his relationship with CBS, contractually receiving at least $ 100,000 per year for consulting until 1988, plus office space, secretarial support, and other expenses. In 1975 Stanton held about 355,000 shares in CBS, then worth more than $ 18 million. After CBS Stanton made numerous investments in start-ups and other companies. Stanton served for many years as

1060-750: The City University of New York . The Frank Stanton Studios in Los Angeles house American Public Media 's Marketplace Productions. The Harvard School of Public Health established the Frank Stanton Directorship of the Center for Health Communication, with Dr. Jay Winsten as the incumbent. The philanthropic Stanton Foundation was created upon his death. On October 5, 2011 the Stanton Foundation awarded

1113-1156: The National Production Authority (NPA), which prohibited the manufacture of color sets for the general public during the Korean War . Allen B. DuMont , owner of the DuMont Television Network , suspected that CBS capitulated so easily was because of the complete lack of public interest in non-compatible color TV, and the NPA being a good excuse to cut costs and end what was a money-losing business. Only 200 color sets had been manufactured for commercial sale, and only 100 of those had shipped, when CBS suspended its color broadcasts. CBS announced in March 1953 that it had abandoned any further plans for its color system. Meanwhile, RCA continued working on and improving its NTSC compatible color television system, first demonstrated in 1949. By spring 1953, RCA developed an all-electronic color TV system that

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1166-570: The Wikimedia Foundation $ 3.6 million, the foundation's largest-ever grant. The Frank Stanton Veterinary Spectrum of Care Clinic at the Ohio State University was named in his honor when it opened in spring 2021. Field-sequential color system A field-sequential color system ( FSC ) is a color television system in which the primary color information is transmitted in successive images and which relies on

1219-494: The election in 1960 , which stipulated the provision of equal air time to all candidates. Stanton thereby enabled the first two-candidate presidential television debate, which was held at and televised from the CBS studio in Chicago , with candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon . The debates, however, ceased after the 1960 election, as Lyndon B. Johnson avoided debating in 1964 , and Nixon, widely perceived to have made

1272-491: The CBS System, this patent included a color wheel. Frankenstein and Jaworski applied for their patent 172376 in 1904. John Logie Baird demonstrated a version of field-sequential color television on July 3, 1928, using a mechanical television system before his use of cathode ray tubes , and producing a vertical color image about 4 inches (10 cm) high. It was described in the journal Nature : Baird demonstrated

1325-399: The CBS color system. CBS color broadcasting only lasted for four months. CBS suspended it when the manufacture of color television receivers was halted by the US government as part of the Korean War effort. When the ban on color sets was rescinded in 1953, CBS announced that it had no plans to resume broadcasting using its field-sequential color system. A major problem with the CBS system

1378-420: The CBS system would likely be the best system to study. The Westinghouse lunar color camera used a modified version of CBS's field-sequential color system. A color wheel, with six filter segments, was placed behind the lens mount. It rotated at 9.99 revolutions per second, producing a scan rate of 59.94 fields per second, the same as NTSC video. Synchronization between the color wheel and pickup tube's scan rate

1431-554: The NTSC adopted. NTSC compatible color superseded the field-sequential system as the color TV standard for the United States when the FCC approved it for public use on December 17, 1953. Color broadcast studio television cameras in the 1960s, such as the RCA TK-41 , were large, heavy and high in energy consumption. They used three imaging tubes to generate red, green and blue (RGB) video signals which were combined to produce

1484-590: The RGB signal. Called a field-sequential color system , it used interlaced video , with sequentially alternating color video fields to produce one complete video frame. That meant that the first field would be red, the second blue, and the third field green – matching the color filters on the wheel. This system was both simpler and more reliable than a standard three-tube color camera, and more power-efficient. Stanley Lebar and his Westinghouse team wanted to add color to their camera as early as 1967, and they knew that

1537-645: The United States on October 11, 1950. Public tests started in November 1950. CBS Television began regular, seven-day-a-week color broadcasting on June 25, 1951, in the New York City area, with a one-hour variety show hosted by Arthur Godfrey. In June 1951, Philco offered 11 television models that could show CBS color broadcasts in black and white. CBS purchased its own television manufacturer in April 1951 when no other company would produce color sets using

1590-526: The age of 98. The Center for Communication in New York, founded by Stanton in 1980, presents a Frank Stanton Award annually to "individuals who exemplify achievement and excellence in any genre of mass communication". The Center's mission is to connect students of media to professionals in the industry. Stanton cofounded with Andrew Heiskell the Center for Public Policy in Telecommunication at

1643-524: The airing. The move caused an enormous backlash against Godfrey. Stanton later told Godfrey biographer Arthur Singer, "Maybe (the recommendation) was a mistake." Stanton organized the first televised presidential debate in American history. After an eight-year effort, he convinced the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to suspend Section 315 of the Communications Act of 1934 for

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1696-422: The blacklisting became synonymous." CBS, in response to the culture of blacklisting, instituted a "purge of its own," as had Hollywood and President Truman . Paley was more responsible for policy setting, and Stanton was its main executor. Radio producer William N. Robson was one victim of the CBS purge; initially reassured by Stanton that his listing in the anticommunist Red Channels pamphlet would not mean

1749-415: The camera's larger bandwidth. It was only used in the lunar module when it was docked to the command module. Unlike the earlier cameras, it contained a portable video monitor that could be either directly attached to the camera or float separately. Combined with the new zoom lens, it allowed the astronauts to have better precision with their framing. Apollo 12 was the first mission to use the color camera on

1802-403: The conceptual aspects of the color Apollo television camera and to Westinghouse Electric Corporation for the development of the camera. For the first nine months of NTSC color in 1953–1954, CBS continued to use its field-sequential color television cameras, with the field rate and signal adapted for NTSC standards, until RCA delivered its first production model of an NTSC color camera in time for

1855-480: The early 1950s. Godfrey insisted that the cast members of two of his three CBS shows, a group of singers known as the "Little Godfreys," refrain from hiring managers. When one singer, Julius La Rosa , hired a manager after a minor dispute with Godfrey, the star consulted with Stanton, who suggested that he fire the popular La Rosa, then a rising star, on the air, just as he had hired him on the air in 1951. Godfrey did so on October 19, 1953 without informing La Rosa before

1908-423: The end of his career with CBS, Robson eventually found the executive office of CBS nonresponsive to his inquiries, and his earnings collapsed. Good Night, and Good Luck , a 2005 film portraying this era, avoids mentioning Stanton, partly because Stanton was still living and could have objected to his portrayal. Stanton played a role in the infamous controversy involving Arthur Godfrey , CBS's top money-earner in

1961-818: The event of a national emergency that became known as the Eisenhower Ten . Stanton helped lead the fight for color television . By 1950 CBS had been working on its field-sequential system of color TV for a decade. On October 11, 1950 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved CBS's system as the first official color standard for commercial broadcasting in the U.S., although subsequent court challenges delayed actual commercial broadcasting until June 25, 1951. On that day, Stanton appeared on an hour-long special, Premiere , with Robert Alda , Faye Emerson , Ed Sullivan , Arthur Godfrey , William S. Paley and others to introduce

2014-463: The future, including the addition of a lens cap to protect the tube when the camera was repositioned off the MESA. The color camera successfully covered the lunar operations during the Apollo 14 mission in 1971. Image quality issues appeared due to the camera's automatic gain control (AGC) having problems getting the proper exposure when the astronauts were in high contrast light situations, and caused

2067-409: The horizontal resolution was 54% of monochrome. Because of these variances in resolution and frame rate from the NTSC standards for television broadcasting, field-sequential color broadcasts could not be seen on existing black and white receivers without an adapter (to see them in monochrome), or adapter-converter (to see them in color). The CBS Sequential Color TV system was first demonstrated to

2120-464: The human vision system to fuse the successive images into a color picture. One field-sequential system was developed in 1940 by Peter Goldmark for CBS , which was its sole user in commercial broadcasting. The Federal Communications Commission adopted it on October 11, 1950, as the standard for color television in the United States . Its regular broadcast debut was on June 25, 1951. However,

2173-610: The issue of whether television news programming deserved protection under the First Amendment . The program came under intense criticism from two men who appeared on the program, from the House of Representatives, other media and some prominent politicians. Daniel Henkins, Undersecretary of Defense for Public Relations, charged that statements from his interview with Roger Mudd about his work had been doctored, as did Col. John MacNeil, who accused CBS of rearranging his comments in

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2226-535: The lunar surface. About 42 minutes into telecasting the first EVA, astronaut Alan Bean inadvertently pointed the camera at the Sun while preparing to mount it on the tripod. The Sun's extreme brightness burned out the video pickup tube, rendering the camera useless. When the camera was returned to Earth, it was shipped to Westinghouse, and they were able to get an image on the section of the tube that wasn't damaged. Procedures were re-written in order to prevent such damage in

2279-493: The press on September 4, 1940. A color 16mm film was telecined to a color TV set and shown to the gathered press in Peter Goldmark's New York CBS lab. Live color from television cameras in a studio was first demonstrated to the press in 1941. The system was first shown to the general public on January 12, 1950. The Federal Communications Commission adopted the CBS color system as the standard for color television in

2332-452: The program deceptions embodied by the quiz show scandals and cancelled all quiz shows at the time. As president of CBS, Stanton's greatest battle with the government occurred in 1971, and focused on just this parallel to print press rights. The controversy surrounded "The Selling of the Pentagon," a CBS Reports documentary, which exposed the huge expenditure of public funds, partly illegal, to promote militarism . The confrontation raised

2385-407: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Stanton&oldid=1087996594 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2438-406: The standard 30 frames/60 fields per second of monochrome. If the 144-field color signal were transmitted with the same detail as a 60-field monochrome signal, 2.4 times the bandwidth would be required. Therefore, to keep the signal within the standard 6-MHz bandwidth of a channel, the image's vertical resolution was reduced from 525 lines to 405 . The vertical resolution was 77% of monochrome, and

2491-576: The system. Production of CBS-Columbia color receivers began in September and were first offered for retail sale in October. Field-sequential color broadcasts were suspended by CBS on October 20, 1951 after showing the University of North Carolina versus the University of Maryland college football game. The ceasation of color broadcasts and selling color TV sets came about mostly by the request of

2544-702: The white spacesuits to be overexposed or " bloom ". The camera did not have a gamma correction circuit. This resulted in the image's mid-tones losing detail. After Apollo 14, it was only used in the command module, as the new RCA-built camera replaced it for lunar surface operations. The Westinghouse color camera continued to be used throughout the 1970s on all three Skylab missions and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project . The 1969–1970 Emmy Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Technical/Engineering Development were awarded to NASA for

2597-407: Was adapted to eventually broadcast from the lunar surface itself. Starting with Apollo 10 , in May 1969, sequential color TV cameras flew on all NASA human spaceflight missions until the late 1980s, when CCD -based cameras replaced them. After the turn of the 21st century, consumer Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors use a single chip and produce color by the sequential color process, using

2650-642: Was also criticized by Vice President Spiro Agnew and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird . Against threat of jail, Stanton refused the subpoena from the House Commerce Committee ordering him to provide copies of the outtakes and scripts from the documentary. He claimed that such materials are protected by the freedom of the press guaranteed by the First Amendment. Stanton observed that if such subpoena actions were allowed, there would be

2703-709: Was on the editorial board of the journal Sociometry . During World War II, he consulted for the Office of War Information , the Secretary of War , and the Department of the Navy , while serving as a vice president at CBS. He was selected as the administrator-designate of the Emergency Communications Agency, part of a secret group created by President Eisenhower in 1958 that would serve in

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2756-446: Was provided by a magnet on the wheel, which controlled the sync pulse generator that governed the tube's timing. The color camera used the same SEC video imaging tube as the monochrome lunar camera flown on Apollo 9. The camera was larger, measuring 430 millimetres (17 in) long, including the new zoom lens. The zoom lens had a focal length variable from 25 mm to 150 mm, i.e. a zoom ratio of 6:1. At its widest angle, it had

2809-547: Was that the video was not " compatible " with existing black-and-white TV sets. A competing dot-sequential color system being developed by RCA was compatible, and in late 1953, the FCC switched its approval to an RCA-based system of broadcasting color TV. During the period of McCarthyism , Stanton created an office at CBS to review the political leanings of employees. Although right-wing journalists considered CBS left-leaning, branding it "the Red Network," CBS maintained

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