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63-482: Franklin Gothic has been used in many advertisements and headlines in newspapers. The typeface continues to maintain a high profile, appearing in a variety of media from books to billboards. Despite a period of eclipse in the 1930s, after the introduction of European faces like Kabel and Futura , they were re-discovered by American designers in the 1940s and have remained popular ever since. Benton's Franklin Gothic family

126-575: A lining Gothic which was sold under the name Lightline Title Gothic Kabel (typeface) Kabel is a geometric sans-serif typeface that was designed by the German designer Rudolf Koch and released by the Klingspor foundry from 1927 onward. Kabel belongs to the "geometric" style of sans-serifs, which was becoming popular in Germany during its creation. Based loosely on the structure of

189-713: A "Futura-ectomy", was common among other sans-serifs of the time, including Monotype's Gill Sans , Linotype's Metro and Erbar . ) Originally released by the Gebr. Klingspor Foundry, the design continued to be made available by the Stempel Foundry (which bought Klingspor in 1956, having already owned some shares) and briefly for phototypesetting systems. Linotype continues to sell Kabel in digital format. Owing to Kabel's popularity, many adaptations and simple knock-offs were sold by other companies, such as Phil Martin's Alphabet Innovations. This particularly occurred in

252-486: A competitor to the German Futura . Monotype entered a decline from the 1960s onwards. This was caused by the reduction in use of hot metal typesetting and replacement with phototypesetting and lithography in mass-market printing. This offered considerable efficiencies, such as no need to print books from solid metal type, quicker setting of type and a reduced number of operators needed. It also promised

315-414: A focus on the company's traditional core competencies of typography and professional printing. Monotype was the first company to produce a digital version of the handwritten Persian script, Persian Nasta'liq . A Chinese "keyboard" was developed to typeset Chinese characters; it consisted of a book with a stylus. As the pages were turned, the page number was detected electrically and this was combined with

378-500: A full set of characters to support the languages of Canada , he donated the original version, "Canada 150," to the government of Canada upon its 2015 completion for use in Canadian sesquicentennial celebrations , then released it into the public domain shortly before Canada Day 2017 (the day of the sesquicentennial) as what he described as a "birthday gift" to his native country. Finnish typeface designer, Tomi Haaparanta designed

441-554: A monoline sans-serif companion of Koch's Koch-Antiqua , sharing many of its character shapes and proportions. This is visible in its low x-height and its two-storey 'g' with a large, partly open lower loop, similar to William Morris 's Troy Type, and its 'e' with a tilted centre-stroke, similar to early Renaissance typefaces and also seen in Morris's type designs. The termini of vertical and horizontal strokes are cut an angle, often at right angles to stroke direction, suggesting writing with

504-465: A more diverse and exciting range of fonts than that possible with hot metal, where it is necessary to own life-size matrices for every size of every font to be used. Monotype made the transition to cold type and began to market its own "Monophoto" phototypesetting systems, but these suffered from problems. Its first devices were heavily based on hot metal machinery, with glass pictures of characters which would be reproduced on photographic paper replacing

567-529: A patented mechanical method of punching out metal types from cold strips of metal which were set (hence typesetting ) into a matrix for the printing press . In 1896, Lanston patented the first hot metal typesetting machine and Monotype issued Modern Condensed, its first typeface . The licenses for the Lanston type library have been acquired by P22 , a digital type foundry based in Buffalo , New York. In

630-415: A pen. This gives Kabel the effect of not quite sitting on the baseline and makes for a more animated, less static feeling than Futura. The capitals vary considerably in width and show influence of Roman square capitals , for instance in the wide 'M' and narrow 'E'. The capital 'W' has a four-terminal form. In the book/regular version, the uppercase 'U' has a stem to the right, which is especially noticeable in

693-407: A pun referring to both the monolinear construction of the face, and the role of type as a means of communication." The original release of Kabel was in four weights: Light (released first), Medium/Book, Heavy, and Black. The latter has a redesigned structure to fit the thicker strokes, with an enlarged x-height and more regularity, without the angled terminals of the lighter weights. Also released

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756-811: A search for funding, the company set up a branch in London around 1897 under the name Lanston Monotype Corporation Ltd, generally known as the Monotype Corporation. In 1899, a new factory was built in Salfords near Redhill in Surrey where it has been located for over a century. The company was of sufficient size to justify the construction of its own Salfords railway station . The Monotype machine worked by casting letters from "hot metal" (molten metal) as pieces of type. Thus spelling mistakes could be corrected by adding or removing individual letters. This

819-560: A standard arrangement. The Ludlow version was known as Square Gothic Heavy. Due to the post-war popularity of Gothic faces, most producers of cold type offered their own versions of Franklin Gothic . These included: Digital copies have been made by Adobe , International Typeface Corporation , Monotype Imaging , and URW . Victor Caruso drew a multi-weight family for the International Typeface Corporation (ITC) in 1979 and in 1991, ITC commissioned

882-470: Is a set of solid designs, particularly suitable for display and trade use such as headlines rather than for extended text. Many versions and adaptations have been made since. Probably the best-known extension of Franklin Gothic is Victor Caruso's 1970s ITC Franklin Gothic, which expands the series to include book weights similar to Benton's News Gothic in a high x-height 1970s style. It is in part bundled with Microsoft Windows . Franklin Gothic itself

945-534: Is an American (historically Anglo-American) company that specializes in digital typesetting and typeface design for use with consumer electronics devices. Based in Woburn, Massachusetts , the company has been responsible for many developments in printing technology—in particular the Monotype machine, which was a fully mechanical hot metal typesetter , that produced texts automatically, all single type. Monotype

1008-401: Is an extra-bold sans-serif type. It draws upon earlier, nineteenth century models from many of the twenty-three foundries consolidated into American Type Founders in 1892. Historian Alexander Lawson speculated that Franklin Gothic was influenced by Berthold’s Akzidenz-Grotesk types but offered no evidence to support this theory which was later presented as fact by Philip Meggs and Rob Carter. It

1071-649: Is an open source spinoff of Franklin Gothic made by the Argentine type foundry, Impallari Type. It has nine weights with italics. Public Sans is based on Libre Franklin with numerous modifications by the United States Web Design System ( General Services Administration ). It has nine weights with matching italics and a variable weight axis . Public Sans is the official font of the government of New South Wales , Australia's most populous state. Raph Levien began work on an adaptation of

1134-415: Is available on Google Fonts . Alternate Gothic was designed by Morris Fuller Benton for A.T.F. in 1903. It is essentially a moderately bold condensed version of Franklin Gothic , made in three numbered widths. No.1 is the most condensed, 3 the least. This face was copied by Monotype under the same name, #1 by Ludlow , Linotype and Intertype as Gothic Condensed. Ludlow’s Trade Gothic Condensed

1197-497: Is very similar as well. Two variants were made: Alternate Gothic was copied by Compugraphic as Alpin Gothic . Digital copies have been made by URW , Elsner+Flake , and Monotype as CG Alternate Gothic #3 . Micah Rich and several contributors of The League of Moveable Type have made a popular OFL-licensed version of Alternate Gothic #1, League Gothic. League Gothic is a condensed sans-serif typeface released by The League of Moveable Type. The design of League Gothic

1260-585: The Font Bureau in Boston to create condensed, compressed and extra compressed versions of ITC Franklin Gothic. Bitstream’s version is called Gothic 744. Microsoft Windows has distributed "Franklin Gothic Medium," one of ITC's variants of the font, in all copies since at least Windows 95 . While ITC Franklin Gothic is the most common release, it has been criticised for modifying the structure of

1323-725: The Type Museum collection in London; other materials are held at St Bride Library . The history and decline of the hot metal American Lanston Monotype Corporation is described in full detail by Richard L. Hopkins , in Tolbert Lanston and the Monotype. The origin of digital Typesetting . In 2004, P22 type foundry bought the "Lanston Type Co." from Gerald Giampa . The history of the English brand can be found in: Judy Slinn, Sebastian Carter, Richard Southall: The History of

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1386-551: The 1920s, the company's British branch was well known for commissioning popular, historically influenced designs that revived some of the best typefaces of the past, with particular attention to the early period of printing from the Renaissance to the late eighteenth century. This series of releases was a major part of the typographic renaissance of the period, an expansion of the Arts and Crafts movement interest in printing into

1449-456: The 19th-century Gothic faces inherited from the company’s predecessors. It is essentially a medium weight companion to Franklin Gothic . As with Franklin Gothic , the foundry expanded the line sometime later, adding two more variants: Particularly extensive designs in the same style were Trade Gothic from Linotype and Record Gothic by Ludlow . Benton Sans is a notable, and extremely comprehensive, modern revival. Lightline Gothic

1512-470: The British in artistic reputation. Their designs are now often rather obscure, since (unlike products from the British branch) few have been made widely available through bundling with Microsoft products. The company employed Frederic Goudy on several serif font projects which were well received at the time, and on staff type designer Sol Hess , who created the geometric sans-serif Twentieth Century as

1575-592: The Kaapeli typeface which inspired from the Kabel typeface. Google's corporate typeface, Product Sans , has some similarities to Kabel, in particular the angled 'e', but other features such as the 'M' and 'g' are very different, resembling Helvetica or Futura. Lanston Monotype Monotype Imaging Holdings Inc. , founded as Lanston Monotype Machine Company in 1887 in Philadelphia by Tolbert Lanston ,

1638-694: The Monotype Corporation , Vanbrugh Press & Printing historical Society , Woodstock, London, 2014, ISBN   978-0993051005 In 1992, The Monotype Corporation Ltd. appointed Administrative Receivers on 5 March and four days later Monotype Typography Ltd. was established. Cromas Holdings, an investment company based in Switzerland, bought the Monotype Corporation Ltd. and Monotype Inc. (excluding Monotype Typography) and five other direct subsidiary companies in France, Germany, Italy,

1701-469: The Netherlands, and Singapore. Monotype Systems Ltd. was the adopted name for the new organization with Peter Purdy as Chairman, the name Monotype was under license from Monotype Typography Ltd which retained the trademark Monotype. Monotype Systems Ltd. focused on selling pre-press software and hardware, raster image processors and workflow. Cromas Holdings reorganized its publishing interests with

1764-579: The UK continued to enjoy prestige through the 1970s with the patronage of major British printers such as the university presses at Oxford and Cambridge; it also enjoyed some success with its Lasercomp laser-based typesetting system from the 1970s onwards, developed by the Cambridge research group. However, new technology and finally publishing software such as Quark XPress and Aldus PageMaker running on general-purpose computers ate away at its competitiveness in

1827-606: The US Monotype Inc became alfaQuest Technologies Limited. Both companies still sell pre-press software and hardware. In 1999, Agfa -Compugraphic acquired the company, which was renamed Agfa Monotype. In late 2004, after six years under the Agfa Corporation, the Monotype assets were acquired by TA Associates , a private equity investment firm based in Boston . The company was incorporated as Monotype Imaging, with

1890-485: The angled-terminal motif into the bold weights. ITC also sold ITC Grizzly, an adaptation of the bold weight. A 2016 release by Marc Schütz with an x-height between the original and the ITC digitisation in 9 weights with italic styles to complement them. Another distinction that Neue Kabel has are stylistic alternates such as lower-case letters "a", "g", "e" and "l", circular and 45° square tittles. Bhikkhu Pesala created

1953-471: The circle and straight lines, it nonetheless applies a number of unusual design decisions, such as a delicately-low x-height (although larger in the bold weight), a tilted 'e' and irregularly-angled terminals, to add delicacy and an irregularity that suggests stylish calligraphy of which Koch was an expert. A variety of rereleases and digitisations have been created. Kabel shows influence from Expressionism as much as from Modernism, and may be considered as

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2016-471: The company acquired Ascender Corporation , a provider of fonts and font technologies used in computers, mobile devices, consumer electronics and software products. In March 2012, the company acquired Bitstream Inc. , a digital font retailer. The deal also gave Monotype ownership of the MyFonts font sale website used by many independent designers and its WhatTheFont recognition service. On 15 July 2014,

2079-768: The company acquired FontShop , the last large independent digital font retailer. In October 2019 Monotype changed ownership to HGGC, a private equity firm . A few months later, on January 27, 2020, the company added FontSmith, an independent London foundry, to its font catalog. On May 18, 2020, Monotype made another major expansion by purchasing URW Type Foundry from Global Graphics plc. In late 2021 it continued its expansion by acquiring iconic New York company Hoefler & Co. (created by Jonathan Hoefler in 1989), thus increasing its library with well-known fonts such as Gotham , Knockout, Mercury, Sentinel, Chronicle, Decimal, and Archer . In 2023, Monotype acquired Japanese type foundry Fontworks. In 2024, Monotype acquired

2142-499: The company from 1924 to 1942. Despite tensions within the company, particularly between the historically minded faction of Morison and Warde and Pierpont in Salfords, notable typefaces commissioned included Gill Sans , Times New Roman and Perpetua , and the company maintained high standards of development allowing it to produce designs with good spacing, careful adaptation of the same basic design to different sizes and even color on

2205-421: The company has gained the rights to major font families including Helvetica , ITC Franklin Gothic , Optima , ITC Avant Garde , Palatino , FF DIN and Gotham . It also owns MyFonts , used by many independent font design studios. The company is owned by HGGC , a private equity firm . The Lanston Monotype Machine Company was founded by Tolbert Lanston in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , in 1887. Lanston had

2268-471: The company included future Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , Vice-Chairman, and other businessmen connected to publishing. Monotype's role in design history is not merely due to their supply of printing equipment but due to their commissioning of many of the most important typefaces of the twentieth century. The company's first face, issued in 1896, was a rather generic design, now named Modern , influenced by Bodoni and Scotch Roman designs. However, by

2331-405: The early years of the 20th century, with a typewriter style keyboard for entering the type being introduced in 1906. This arrangement addressed the need to vary the space between words so that all lines were the same length. The keyboard operator types the copy, each key punching holes in a roll of paper tape that will control the separate caster. A drum on the keyboard indicates to the operator

2394-626: The family considerably. Calligrapher and design historian Paul Shaw argued that it was a failure for "mucking about with the distinctive Franklin Gothic g. In ITC Franklin Gothic...the ear on the g keeps popping up like a schoolchild overly eager to answer a question." The American Type Founders Collection (ATF Collection; unrelated to the original American Type Founders) has released a version named ATF Franklin Gothic. The characters of this version are more expanded than many previous releases. An open source interpretation of Franklin Gothic has been made by Impallari Type as Libre Franklin. Libre Franklin

2457-584: The formation of the International Publishing Asset Holding Ltd. effectively controlling Monotype Systems Ltd., QED Technology Ltd., and GB Techniques Ltd. The company acquired Berthold Communications; the UK subsidiary of the German composing equipment supplier. In June 2002, Monotype Systems Limited was re-branded, IPA Systems Limited, as this marked the end of the existing trademark licence with Monotype Corporation. In

2520-518: The heavy variant of Franklin Gothic found in a 1941 specimen, copying its irregularities. Levien's adaptation was never finished with only the lowercase completed. Levien had stated at the time of abandonment that he planned on switching to a cleaner 1912 specimen if and when the project is completed. Oswald, League Gothic, Warsaw Gothic, Libre Franklin, and Public Sans are all licensed under the SIL Open Font License . Monotone Gothic

2583-584: The letter. Once the matrix is positioned over the mould that forms the body of the type being cast, molten type metal is injected. To promote its image, the company ran a magazine, the Monotype Recorder , over most of the twentieth century, and also ran a compositor (typesetter operator) training school in London. In 1936, the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange and became the Monotype Corporation Ltd. Board members of

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2646-497: The light weight. The capital 'Y' forms a continuous stroke with its tail. Koch marketed Kabel with a specimen showing the capitals supposedly derived from a construction grid of perfect rectangles and circles, but Walter Tracy and others have noted that this graphic does not really resemble the letters of the printed type, which were clearly drawn freely rather than by uncorrected geometry: "Koch probably drew [his] letters without constraint, and then 'rationalised' them afterwards…Koch

2709-462: The market of complete typesetting solutions by the 1990s. Monotype, however, has continued in business, for instance marketing typeface designs to third-party buyers, computing companies such as Microsoft (many fonts on Microsoft computers in particular are Monotype-designed) and companies and organisations such as London Transport and the UK parliament requiring custom digital typefaces. Much of its metal type equipment and archives were donated to

2772-467: The matrices used to cast metal type. While this reduced the need for retraining, the resulting devices often set type slowly compared to legacy-free next-generation devices from providers such as Photon and Compugraphic , and were often more expensive. Its devices were slow to incorporate use of electronics, and while its type library was of high quality, changing tastes and the development of other companies' libraries competed with this. Its type library

2835-408: The more workaday world of general-purpose printing. Key executives of the company in this period included historian and adviser Stanley Morison , publicity manager Beatrice Warde , engineering expert Frank Hinman Pierpont and draughtsman Fritz Stelzer (the latter two both recruited from the German printing industry, although Pierpont was American), under managing director William Isaac Burch, who led

2898-491: The most attractive of all sans-serif capitals." Of the name, Adobe's release notes for their version of Kabel comment: "Kabel was not named after any specific cable , although the Zugspitze cable car been completed in 1926, and a Berlin-Vienna facsimile telegraphy line opened in 1927. The name had techie cachet in its day ( Piet Zwart 's NKF kabel catalogue of 1927 is well-known) and is primarily metaphorical and allusive,

2961-461: The open-source revival Kabala, named after a Pāli word meaning 'a morsel of food' due to its intended use in Buddhist religious publications. This release is inspired by the ITC weight set and structure, but adds a number of features including italics, small caps and combined characters. Ray Larabie 's Canada 1500 was based loosely on the original Kabel, with its low x-heights. Commissioned with

3024-514: The page, essential qualities for balanced body text. Historian James Mosley , who worked closely with Monotype in the 1950s and onwards, has commented: The English Monotype Corporation of the interwar years looks in retrospect rather like one of the great public bodies of the period, for example the British Broadcasting Corporation or London Transport ... benevolent monopolies ruled by autocrats who revelled in

3087-403: The period), the tail of the Q and the ear of the g . The tail of the Q curls down from the center of the letterform. Barnhart Brothers & Spindler copied the face as Gothic #1 , while both Linotype and Intertype , called their copies Gothic #16 . Monotype’s copy kept the name Franklin Gothic , but because of the demands of mechanical composition, their version was modified to fit

3150-445: The phototypesetting and digital type periods, taking advantage of the lack of international copyright protection for typefaces. Victor Caruso's 1975 adaptation for phototypesetting was created for the International Typeface Corporation , licensing the design rights from Stempel. It follows the standard ITC approach of a dramatically increased x-height accompanied by a unified set of weights from Book to Ultra, for instance retaining

3213-510: The position of the character selected by the stylus on a large grid. In 2003, the company launched Fontwise, the first software to audit desktops for licensed and unlicensed (not necessarily illegal) fonts. On 2 October 2006, the company acquired Linotype GmbH, a subsidiary of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen . On 18 September 2006, the company acquired China Type Design Limited, a typeface design and production company based in Hong Kong. CTDL

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3276-483: The role of patron of the arts on a scale exceeding that of Italian Renaissance princes. Monotype enjoyed, in Britain at least, something approaching a monopoly in book and better-quality magazine typesetting.. .Monotype exploited the glamor of its new typefaces... with brilliant publicity, for which Morison and his devoted young American recruit Beatrice Warde were partly responsible. The American branch lagged behind

3339-404: The space required for each line. This information is also punched in the paper. Before fitting the tape to the caster it is turned over so that the first holes read on each line set the width of the variable space. The subsequent holes determine the position of a frame, or die case, that holds the set of matrices for the face being used. Each matrix is a rectangle of bronze recessed with the shape of

3402-529: Was also easily pirated, since fonts have only limited copyright protection. The company was eventually split into three divisions: Monotype International, which manufactured spinning mirror switched laser beam phototypesetters; Monotype Limited, which continued the hot metal machines; and Monotype Typography, which designed and sold typefaces. A research and development department was set up in Cambridge to isolate it from day to day production issues. Monotype in

3465-443: Was an inline design, “Prisma”, a headline weight “Zeppelin”, and condensed weights. Some metal type releases offered stylistic alternates , alternate characters with a different design. Many reduced the eccentricities of Kabel and in particular made it more resemble Futura , which was very dominant in printing of the period. (This offering of Futura-like alternates such as a single-storey ‘a’, which historian Paul Shaw has called

3528-458: Was based on Alternate Gothic, a typeface originally designed by Morris Fuller Benton in 1903. Both No. 1 and No. 2 are available, each in a single semi-bold weight. League Gothic was also used as the basis for Warsaw Gothic , an expanded font family with some altered glyphs produced in 2015 by Robert Jablonski. Oswald , by Vernon Adams, is a screen-optimized adaptation of Alternate Gothic No. 2, with six weights and no italics. Libre Franklin

3591-509: Was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1907. It is essentially a lighter, more extended version of Franklin Gothic . Only one weight was made and it was apparently never copied under that name by any other foundry. Digital versions of Franklin Gothic Light Extended are essentially knock-offs of this face. News Gothic was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1908 as a continuing effort to consolidate and systematize

3654-531: Was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1908 as a lighter version of News Gothic, which makes it an ultra-light version of Franklin Gothic. Only one weight was made and it was apparently never copied under that name by any other foundry. Digital versions of Franklin Gothic Ultra-Light are essentially knock-offs of this face. In 1921, M.F. Benton had the capitals of this face cast in different sizes on identical bodies, thus creating, ex nihilo,

3717-457: Was evidently not a man to be bound by arbitrary rules. In Kabel Light the arms of E are actually three different lengths, the bowl of R is deeper than that of B, and in P it is deeper still…and Y does not have the vertical stem shown in the diagram. In short, Koch's sense of style is in command, rather than any geometric formula. The result is an alphabet of capitals that relate perfectly without need [of] 'mathematical harmony'…they are, for my taste,

3780-427: Was involved in the design and production of many typefaces in the 20th century. Monotype developed many of the most widely used typeface designs , including Times New Roman , Gill Sans , Arial , Bembo and Albertus . Via acquisitions including Linotype GmbH , International Typeface Corporation , Bitstream , FontShop , URW , Hoefler & Co. , Fontsmith, Fontworks  [ ja ] and Colophon Foundry,

3843-652: Was named in honor of Benjamin Franklin , who was also a prolific printer. The faces were issued over a period of ten years, all of which were designed by Benton and issued by A.T.F. Many years later, the foundry again expanded the line, adding two more variants: It can be distinguished from other sans serif typefaces by its more traditional double-storey a and especially g (double-storey g s, common in serif fonts, are rare in sans-serif fonts following German models, but were quite common in American and British designs of

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3906-554: Was particularly useful for "quality" printing - such as books. In contrast, the Linotype machine —a direct competitor —formed a complete line of type in one bar. Editing these required replacing an entire line (and if the replacement ran onto another line, the rest of the paragraph). But Linotype slugs were easier to handle if moving a complete section of text around a page. This was more useful for "quick" printing - such as newspapers. The typesetting machines were continually improved in

3969-501: Was responsible for developing Microsoft JhengHei , the default traditional Chinese interface font for Windows Vista . The deal also secured an exclusive relationship with Creative Calligraphy Center (CCC), a font production company in Zhuhai , China, with 30 production specialists. On 11 December 2009, the company acquired Planetweb, a developer specialized in applications and development tools for embedded devices. On 8 December 2010,

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