73-1131: The Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute, HHI , also known as Fraunhofer HHI or Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute , is an organization of the Fraunhofer Society based in Berlin. The institute engages in applied research and development in the fields of physics , electrical engineering and computer sciences . The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute develops mobile and stationary broadband communication networks and multimedia systems. Focal points of independent and contract research conducted by Fraunhofer HHI are photonic components and systems , fiber optic sensor systems, and image signal processing and transmission . Future applications for broadband networks are developed as well. Research in this area focuses on 3D displays , UHD panorama video production, human-machine interaction through gesture control , optical satellite communication and data transmission technologies such as visible light communications . Scientists at
146-572: A spark gap , whereby a spark would be seen upon detection of EM waves. He placed the apparatus in a darkened box to see the spark better. He observed that the maximum spark length was reduced when in the box. A glass panel placed between the source of EM waves and the receiver absorbed UV that assisted the electrons in jumping across the gap. When removed, the spark length would increase. He observed no decrease in spark length when he substituted quartz for glass, as quartz does not absorb UV radiation. Hertz concluded his months of investigation and reported
219-587: A technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes. Between 2000 and 2001, the institutes and IT research centres of the GMD (Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of
292-598: A "commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society" planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society (FhG). The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success. This would later come to be known as the "Fraunhofer Model". The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973. In
365-464: A Heinrich Hertz memorial medal was cast. The IEEE Heinrich Hertz Medal , established in 1987, is " for outstanding achievements in Hertzian waves [...] presented annually to an individual for achievements which are theoretical or experimental in nature ". The Submillimeter Radio Telescope at Mt. Graham, Arizona, constructed in 1992 is named after him. A crater that lies on the far side of
438-451: A New Form ), published posthumously in 1894. In 1892, Hertz was diagnosed with an infection (after a bout of severe migraines ) and underwent operations to treat the illness. He died due to complications after surgery which had attempted to cure his condition, some consider his ailment to have been caused by a malignant bone condition. He died at the age of 36 in Bonn , Germany, in 1894, and
511-535: A form of electromagnetic radiation obeying the Maxwell equations. Hertz did not realize the practical importance of his radio wave experiments. He stated that, It's of no use whatsoever ... this is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right—we just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there. Asked about the applications of his discoveries, Hertz replied, Nothing, I guess Hertz's proof of
584-448: A glass sphere upon a lens as the basis of assuming that the pressure exerted by the sphere follows an elliptical distribution . He used the formation of Newton's rings again while validating his theory with experiments in calculating the displacement which the sphere has into the lens. Kenneth L. Johnson , K. Kendall and A. D. Roberts (JKR) used this theory as a basis while calculating the theoretical displacement or indentation depth in
657-458: A graphical means of determining the properties of moist air when subjected to adiabatic changes. In the introduction of his 1894 book Principles of Mechanics , Hertz discusses the different "pictures" used to represent physics in his time including the picture of Newtonian mechanics (based on mass and forces), a second picture (based on energy conservation and Hamilton's principle ) and his own picture (based uniquely on space, time, mass and
730-530: A key technology at HHI in the 1980s. Restructuring of the institute with formation of two divisions: Communication Systems with the departments of Relaying and Transmission, Signal Processing and Terminal Equipment, Economic and Social Sciences Accompanying Research, and Human Engineering, and the division: Integrated Optics. In the 1990s research focused on the following fields: photonic networks, electronic imaging technology for multimedia, mobile broadband systems, and integrated optics. The institute became part of
803-522: A leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible, autonomous, and entrepreneurial approach to the society's research priorities. The institutes are not legally independent units. The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results, scientific impact and above all for their own funding. On the one hand, this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus, distribution of resources, project acquisition, and project management. On
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#1732772412399876-519: A notable biologist. During this time Hertz conducted his landmark research into electromagnetic waves. Hertz took a position of Professor of Physics and Director of the Physics Institute in Bonn on 3 April 1889, a position he held until his death. During this time he worked on theoretical mechanics with his work published in the book Die Prinzipien der Mechanik in neuem Zusammenhange dargestellt ( The Principles of Mechanics Presented in
949-659: A repeated event occurs per second. It was adopted by the CGPM (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) in 1960, officially replacing the previous name, " cycles per second " (cps). In 1928 the Heinrich-Hertz Institute for Oscillation Research was founded in Berlin. Today known as the Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute, HHI . In 1969, in East Germany ,
1022-465: A research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988, defence research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society. By 1989, the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes, with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991, the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in
1095-604: A resonant single- loop antenna with a micrometer spark gap between the ends. This experiment produced and received what are now called radio waves in the very high frequency range. Between 1886 and 1889 Hertz conducted a series of experiments that would prove the effects he was observing were results of Maxwell's predicted electromagnetic waves. Starting in November 1887 with his paper "On Electromagnetic Effects Produced by Electrical Disturbances in Insulators", Hertz sent
1168-488: A series of papers to Helmholtz at the Berlin Academy, including papers in 1888 that showed transverse free space electromagnetic waves traveling at a finite speed over a distance. In the apparatus Hertz used, the electric and magnetic fields radiated away from the wires as transverse waves . Hertz had positioned the oscillator about 12 meters from a zinc reflecting plate to produce standing waves . Each wave
1241-480: A world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems. The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation. Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government and Scottish Enterprise. The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26, 1949, by representatives of industry and academia, the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952,
1314-611: Is on infrared sensor systems, terahertz spectroscopy and high-performance semiconductor lasers for industrial and medical applications. The research on novel photonic sensors used in measuring and control systems for early hazard detection, energy management, robotics and medical technology is a focus of the Fiber Optical Sensor Systems department (branch). The sensors are characterized by extreme miniaturization, excellent communication and network capabilities and high energy efficiency. The research focus of
1387-522: Is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe. It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who, as a scientist, an engineer, and an entrepreneur, is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society. Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state (the German public, through the federal government together with the states or Länder , "owns"
1460-550: The Blue and Brown Books . Because Hertz's family converted from Judaism to Lutheranism two decades before his birth, his legacy ran afoul of the Nazi government in the 1930s, a regime that classified people by "race" instead of religious affiliation. Hertz's name was removed from streets and institutions and there was even a movement to rename the frequency unit named in his honor (hertz) after Hermann von Helmholtz instead, keeping
1533-403: The Fraunhofer Society in 2003 and received today’s name, Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute, HHI. The institute has been cooperating with the neighboring Technische Universität Berlin for decades. A data transmission system was successfully developed in 2006 with a never-before-seen speed of 2560 Gb/s , which means transmitting a data volume corresponding to
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#17327724123991606-1162: The German Reichspost , the Prussian Ministry of Science, Art and National Education, the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft , the Technische Hochschule zu Berlin , the large corporations of the electrical industry, and the German Electrical Engineering Association . Effectively, the institute was founded on 23 February 1928 as Heinrich Hertz Institute for Oscillation Research. The opening took place in 1930 in Berlin-Charlottenburg, Franklinstrasse 1, with four departments: High-Frequency Engineering, Telecommunications and Telegraph Technology, Acoustics and Mechanics. Research focused on radio and television technology, room acoustics and electronic music among other things. The institute
1679-591: The Hertz principle ), comparing them in terms of 'permissibility', 'correctness' and 'appropriateness'. Hertz wanted to remove "empty assumptions" and argue against the Newtonian concept of force and against action at a distance . Philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein inspired by Hertz's work, extended his picture theory into a picture theory of language in his 1921 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus which influenced logical positivism . Wittgenstein also quotes him in
1752-583: The University of Berlin , and for the next three years remained for post-doctoral study under Helmholtz, serving as his assistant. In 1883, Hertz took a post as a lecturer in theoretical physics at the University of Kiel . In 1885, Hertz became a full professor at the University of Karlsruhe . In 1886, Hertz married Elisabeth Doll, the daughter of Max Doll, a lecturer in geometry at Karlsruhe. They had two daughters: Johanna, born on 20 October 1887 and Mathilde , born on 14 January 1891, who went on to become
1825-480: The Wireless Communications and Networks department is on radio-based information transmission . The department provides contributions to the theory and technical feasibility of radio systems and develops hardware prototypes. This is supplemented by scientific studies, simulations and evaluations at the link and system levels . The Video Coding & Analytics department is researching actively
1898-405: The photoelectric effect (which was later explained by Albert Einstein ) when he noticed that a charged object loses its charge more readily when illuminated by ultraviolet radiation (UV). In 1887, he made observations of the photoelectric effect and of the production and reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves, published in the journal Annalen der Physik . His receiver consisted of a coil with
1971-702: The "Berlin Prize" problem that year at the Prussian Academy of Sciences for anyone who could experimentally prove an electromagnetic effect in the polarization and depolarization of insulators , something predicted by Maxwell's theory. Helmholtz was sure Hertz was the most likely candidate to win it. Not seeing any way to build an apparatus to experimentally test this, Hertz thought it was too difficult, and worked on electromagnetic induction instead. Hertz did produce an analysis of Maxwell's equations during his time at Kiel, showing they did have more validity than
2044-545: The Advancement of Applied Research' ) is a German publicly-owned research organization with 76 institutes spread throughout Germany, each focusing on different fields of applied science (as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ). With some 30,800 employees, mainly scientists and engineers , and with an annual research budget of about €3.0 billion, it
2117-707: The European Union. Around 270 employees and 140 students worked at the institute in 2015. The founding phase of the Heinrich Hertz Institute began on 1 August 1927 with the written intention of the Study Society for Oscillation Research to establish an institute for the research on electrical and acoustic oscillation at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin ). Members of this society were
2190-654: The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape (alongside the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Max Planck Institutes ). Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was, however, the subject of a long-running dispute. From 1954, the Society's first institutes developed. By 1956, it
2263-561: The Federal Ministry for Education and Research. The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits (IIS): MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed. For many years afterwards, MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio. In 2002, ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH (HHI), which belonged to
Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications - Misplaced Pages Continue
2336-664: The Fraunhofer HHI takes place in six departments. The research focus of the Photonic Networks and Systems department are high-performance optical transmission systems for use in in-house, access , metropolitan , wide-area and satellite communication networks. The focus is on increasing the capacity as well as improving security and energy efficiency. The Photonic Components department develops optoelectronic semiconductor components as well as integrated optical circuits for data transmission . Another focus
2409-531: The Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems (IAIS) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems (AIS), and the Institute for Media Communication (IMK). In 2009, the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes, amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and
2482-750: The Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR. In 2012, the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the "Application Center" model started. The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and led to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in late 2011. Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz ( / h ɜːr t s / HURTS ; German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç hɛʁts] ; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894)
2555-553: The Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary, Fraunhofer USA: In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia: At the invitation of the UK Government, Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UK's first Fraunhofer Centre, Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics, was established and quickly recognised as
2628-624: The Fraunhofer Society), but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work, either for government-sponsored projects or from industry. Since the 1990s the organization has also internationalized, establishing various centers in the United States, Asia and other European countries. In October 2010, Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America. Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd
2701-518: The Fraunhofer Society. In 1993, the Fraunhofer Society's total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994, the Society founded a US-based subsidiary, Fraunhofer USA, Inc., to extend the outreach of Fraunhofer's R&D network to American clients. Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented, nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of applied research. In 1999, Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture,
2774-496: The Gottfried William Leibniz Society e. V. (GWL), was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society. With this integration, the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time. In 2003, the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying
2847-523: The Nobel Prize in physics for their "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". Today radio is an essential technology in global telecommunication networks, and the communications medium used by modern wireless devices. In 1883, he tried to prove that the cathode rays are electrically neutral and got what he interpreted as a confident absence of deflection in electrostatic field. However, as J. J. Thomson explained in 1897, Hertz placed
2920-402: The actual prize had expired uncollected in 1882). He used a dipole antenna consisting of two collinear one-meter wires with a spark gap between their inner ends, and zinc spheres attached to the outer ends for capacitance , as a radiator. The antenna was excited by pulses of high voltage of about 30 kilovolts applied between the two sides from a Ruhmkorff coil . He received the waves with
2993-537: The assumption of zero adhesion. This DMT theory proved to be premature and needed several revisions before it came to be accepted as another material contact theory in addition to the JKR theory. Both the DMT and the JKR theories form the basis of contact mechanics upon which all transition contact models are based and used in material parameter prediction in nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy . These models are central to
Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications - Misplaced Pages Continue
3066-691: The best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process. In 2018, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions. This corresponds to about three inventions per working day. Of these, 612 developments were registered for patents. Recent studies have shown that the presence of a Fraunhofer center can boost the patent output of local firms and inventors in at least 13%. The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 76 institutes and research units. These are Fraunhofer Institutes for: In addition to its German institutes,
3139-454: The budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state (Land) government grants and is used to support preparatory research. Thus the size of the society's budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions. This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes. This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Society's strategic direction of becoming
3212-488: The classical theory of elasticity and continuum mechanics . The most significant flaw of his theory was the neglect of any nature of adhesion between the two solids, which proves to be important as the materials composing the solids start to assume high elasticity. It was natural to neglect adhesion at the time, however, as there were no experimental methods of testing for it. To develop his theory Hertz used his observation of elliptical Newton's rings formed upon placing
3285-415: The content of 60 DVDs takes one second. What’s more, a breakthrough was achieved in video compression making it possible to store motion pictures in the high-resolution HDTV format with 2 million pixels per image on DVD. On 10 November 2016 scientists of the Fraunhofer HHI established a bidirectional 1.7 Tbit /s free-space optical communications link over the air. The eye-safe optical beam transmission
3358-480: The currency reform and Berlin Blockade in 1950, the institute was split into an eastern section ( Berlin-Adlershof ) and a western section ( Berlin-Charlottenburg , Jebensstrasse 1). In 1968 the institute moved into the new building at Einsteinufer 37 in Berlin. The institute was renamed to Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Nachrichtentechnik Berlin GmbH (Heinrich-Hertz Institute for Communication Technology) in 1975 with
3431-412: The deflecting electrodes in a highly-conductive area of the tube, resulting in a strong screening effect close to their surface. Nine years later Hertz began experimenting and demonstrated that cathode rays could penetrate very thin metal foil (such as aluminium). Philipp Lenard , a student of Heinrich Hertz, further researched this " ray effect ". He developed a version of the cathode tube and studied
3504-477: The desired "values and guidelines" of the society's "culture". Amongst these, the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential. In 2004, the former "Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology" at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits (IIS) gained
3577-520: The efficient encoding, transport, processing and analysis of video signals as well as machine learning . The focus in the Vision & Imaging Technologies department is on complex 2D/3D analysis and synthesis methods, on computer vision as well as innovative camera, sensor, display and projection systems. The department is researching for the entire video processing chain from content creation to playback. Fraunhofer HHI employees hold professorships at
3650-507: The existence of airborne electromagnetic waves led to an explosion of experimentation with this new form of electromagnetic radiation, which was called "Hertzian waves" until around 1910 when the term " radio waves " became current. Within 10 years researchers such as Oliver Lodge , Ferdinand Braun , and Guglielmo Marconi employed radio waves in the first wireless telegraphy radio communication systems, leading to radio broadcasting , and later television. In 1909, Braun and Marconi received
3723-414: The field of tribology and he was named as one of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson . Despite preceding his great work on electromagnetism (which he himself considered with his characteristic soberness to be trivial ), Hertz's research on contact mechanics has facilitated the age of nanotechnology . Hertz also described the " Hertzian cone ", a type of fracture mode in brittle solids caused by
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#17327724123993796-420: The following decades and became a topic of public debate, including the need to improve resilience, defence capabilities and the protection of civilians and against cyber-attacks. In 2022, Fraunhofer also benefited from the € 100 billion in special funding for the German armed forces. By 1969, Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes. The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time,
3869-402: The following universities: Fraunhofer HHI is a member of the following internal Fraunhofer groups and alliances The total budget of Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute in 2015 was around EUR 49.2 million. The external funding ratio was 75 percent. 49.8 percent of the budget came from industrial revenues, 13 percent from federal and state contract research, and 6.5 percent from funds provided by
3942-709: The institute work together with national and international research and industry partners. For example, institute researchers were involved in the development of the H.264 AVC video compression standard and its successor H.265 HEVC as part of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and the Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG). Work on the various video compression standards received the Technology and Engineering Emmy award multiple times. The research and development work of
4015-593: The other hand, this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation. In this sense, the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes. The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields, i.e. microelectronics, information and communication technology, life sciences, materials research, energy technology or medical technology. One of
4088-439: The penetration by X-rays of various materials. However, Lenard did not realize that he was producing X-rays. Hermann von Helmholtz formulated mathematical equations for X-rays. He postulated a dispersion theory before Röntgen made his discovery and announcement. It was formed on the basis of the electromagnetic theory of light ( Wiedmann's Annalen , Vol. XLVIII). However, he did not work with actual X-rays. Hertz helped establish
4161-402: The presence of adhesion in 1971. Hertz's theory is recovered from their formulation if the adhesion of the materials is assumed to be zero. Similar to this theory, however using different assumptions, B. V. Derjaguin , V. M. Muller and Y. P. Toporov published another theory in 1975, which came to be known as the DMT theory in the research community, which also recovered Hertz's formulations under
4234-735: The results obtained. He did not further pursue investigation of this effect, nor did he make any attempt at explaining how the observed phenomenon was brought about. In 1881 and 1882, Hertz published two articles on what was to become known as the field of contact mechanics , which proved to be an important basis for later theories in the field. Joseph Valentin Boussinesq published some critically important observations on Hertz's work, nevertheless establishing this work on contact mechanics to be of immense importance. His work basically summarises how two axi-symmetric objects placed in contact will behave under loading , he obtained results based upon
4307-520: The same year, the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established, and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years. In 1977, the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research. By 1984, the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and
4380-527: The state of Berlin and the Federal Republic of Germany as shareholders. Realignment of the entire HHI research profile by Horst Ohnsorge. Systematic work on current problems of modern communication technology. Vision of a universal broadband communication network on a fiber optics basis. 5 specialist departments: General Principles; System Structures; Image and Sound; Relaying and Transmission; Planning. Support for optical communication engineering as
4453-664: The status of an independent institute. It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT. New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions. In 2005, two new institutes, the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded. In 2006,
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#17327724123994526-640: The symbol (Hz) unchanged. His family was also persecuted for their non-Aryan status. Hertz's youngest daughter, Mathilde, lost a lectureship at Berlin University after the Nazis came to power and within a few years she, her sister, and their mother left Germany and settled in England. Heinrich Hertz's nephew, Gustav Ludwig Hertz was a Nobel Prize winner, and Gustav's son Carl Helmut Hertz invented medical ultrasonography . His daughter Mathilde Carmen Hertz
4599-445: The then prevalent " action at a distance " theories. In the autumn of 1886, after Hertz received his professorship at Karlsruhe, he was experimenting with a pair of Riess spirals when he noticed that discharging a Leyden jar into one of these coils produced a spark in the other coil. With an idea on how to build an apparatus, Hertz now had a way to proceed with the "Berlin Prize" problem of 1879 on proving Maxwell's theory (although
4672-543: The transmission of stress waves. Hertz always had a deep interest in meteorology , probably derived from his contacts with Wilhelm von Bezold (who was his professor in a laboratory course at the Munich Polytechnic in the summer of 1878). As an assistant to Helmholtz in Berlin , he contributed a few minor articles in the field, including research on the evaporation of liquids, a new kind of hygrometer , and
4745-546: Was Gustav Ferdinand Hertz . His mother was Anna Elisabeth Pfefferkorn. While studying at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums in Hamburg, Hertz showed an aptitude for sciences as well as languages, learning Arabic . He studied sciences and engineering in the German cities of Dresden , Munich and Berlin , where he studied under Gustav R. Kirchhoff and Hermann von Helmholtz . In 1880, Hertz obtained his PhD from
4818-534: Was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves predicted by James Clerk Maxwell 's equations of electromagnetism . The SI unit of frequency , the hertz (Hz), is named after him. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was born in 1857 in Hamburg , then a sovereign state of the German Confederation , into a prosperous and cultured Hanseatic family. His father
4891-501: Was a well-known biologist and comparative psychologist. Hertz's grandnephew Hermann Gerhard Hertz, professor at the University of Karlsruhe , was a pioneer of NMR-spectroscopy and in 1995 published Hertz's laboratory notes. The SI unit hertz (Hz) was established in his honor by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930 for frequency , an expression of the number of times that
4964-413: Was about 4 meters long. Using the ring detector, he recorded how the wave's magnitude and component direction varied. Hertz measured Maxwell's waves and demonstrated that the velocity of these waves was equal to the velocity of light. The electric field intensity , polarization and reflection of the waves were also measured by Hertz. These experiments established that light and these waves were both
5037-977: Was buried in the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg. Hertz's wife, Elisabeth Hertz ( née Doll; 1864–1941), did not remarry. He was survived by his daughters, Johanna (1887–1967) and Mathilde (1891–1975). Neither ever married or had children, hence Hertz has no living descendants. In 1864 Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell proposed a comprehensive theory of electromagnetism, now called Maxwell's equations . Maxwell's theory predicted that coupled electric and magnetic fields could travel through space as an " electromagnetic wave ". Maxwell proposed that light consisted of electromagnetic waves of short wavelength, but no one had been able to prove this, or generate or detect electromagnetic waves of other wavelengths. During Hertz's studies in 1879 Helmholtz suggested that Hertz's doctoral dissertation be on testing Maxwell's theory. Helmholtz had also proposed
5110-494: Was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense. In 1959, the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965, the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research. In 1968, the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research. The criticism continued in
5183-519: Was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics, in Glasgow, Scotland, in March 2012. The so-called "Fraunhofer model" has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the society's continuing growth. Under the model, the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects. The other 30% of
5256-542: Was reorganized in 1936 and the name Heinrich Hertz was wiped out from its designation in the course of National Socialist "cleansing" in the interest of the Third Reich . After the institute building was entirely destroyed in 1945, the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Oscillation Research was newly founded in the same year by Gustav Leithäuser with the former department structure. During the time of
5329-446: Was transmitted over a distance of 380 meters. Eye-safe operation through 380-m air was successfully demonstrated at a total antenna output power of less than 10 mW . The signals in both directions consisted of 40 wavelength channels of 43 Gbit/s. Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( German : Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V. , lit. 'Fraunhofer Society for
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