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81-581: Fraubrunnen is first mentioned in 1267 as Frouwenbrunnen . There are Hallstatt era tumuli (burial mounds) in the Rüdtligenwald and Binelwald near Fraubrunnen. In the middle of the 13th Century, Fraubrunnen Abbey was founded by Cistercian nuns. For a time the Abbey was a powerful landholder in the area that is now the District of Fraubrunnen. However, in 1528 the Abbey was secularization during

162-413: A Fachhochschule ). Of the 275 who completed tertiary schooling, 74.9% were Swiss men, 20.7% were Swiss women, 3.3% were non-Swiss men. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten , followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following

243-534: A certain standardisation of production methods, which included techniques such as lathe-turning . Iron tyres were developed and refined in this period, leading to the invention of shrunk-on tyres in the La Tène period. The potter's wheel also appeared in the Hallstatt period. The extensive use of planking and massive squared beams indicates the use of long saw blades and possibly two-man sawing. The planks of

324-583: A completely new cultural dynamic to the area expressed in pottery and bronzework, making it a typical western example of the western Hallstatt culture. The Lepontic Celtic language inscriptions of the area show the language of the Golasecca culture was clearly Celtic making it probable that the 13th-century BC precursor language of at least the western Hallstatt was also Celtic or a precursor to it. Lepontic inscriptions have also been found in Umbria , in

405-526: A different mother language than the classroom language. As of 2000, there were 125 students in Fraubrunnen who came from another municipality, while 56 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Hallstatt culture The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Western and Central European archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B) from

486-473: A different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 7 primary classes and 124 students. Of the primary students, 7.3% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 8.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 9 lower secondary classes with a total of 159 students. There were 3.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.4% have

567-411: A few stone stelae (especially the famous Warrior of Hirschlanden ) are found at such burials. The daggers that largely replaced swords in chief's graves in the west were probably not serious weapons, but badges of rank, and used at the table. The material culture of Western Hallstatt culture was apparently sufficient to provide a stable social and economic equilibrium. The founding of Marseille and

648-850: A gradual nuclear power phase-out . In 2019, the BDP had one seat in the Council of States , and 3 out of the 200 seats in the National Council . Upon the BDP's founding, seventeen members of the Grand Council of Bern defected from the SVP. In the 2010 election , the number of BDP councillors increased to 25, making the BDP the third-largest party in Bern, behind the SVP and the Social Democratic Party . Having been founded by

729-470: A large number of burials varying considerably in the number and richness of the grave goods, but with a high proportion containing goods suggesting a life well above subsistence level. It is now thought that at least most of these were not miners themselves, but from a richer class controlling the mines. Finds at Hallstatt extend from about 1200 BC until around 500 BC, and are divided by archaeologists into four phases: Hallstatt A–B (1200–800 BC) are part of

810-497: A location for games and competitions. At the end of the Hallstatt period many major centres were abandoned and there was a return to a more decentralized settlement pattern. Urban centres later re-emerged across temperate Europe in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC during the La Tène period. The burials at Hallstatt itself show a movement over the period from cremation to inhumation , with grave goods at all times (see above). In

891-503: A private car. From the 2000 census, 204 or 12.7% were Roman Catholic , while 1,185 or 73.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.19% of the population), and there were 104 individuals (or about 6.47% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 36 (or about 2.24% of the population) who were Islamic . There

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972-415: A solid dating in 778 ± 5 BC (Grave Barrow 8). Despite missing an older Dendro-date for HaC , the convention remains that the Hallstatt period begins together with the arrival of the iron ore processing technology around 800 BC. HaC is dated according to the presence of Mindelheim-type swords, binocular brooches, harp brooches, and arched brooches. Based on the quickly changing fashions of brooches, it

1053-454: A specific story. The Strettweg cult wagon from Austria (c. 600 BC) has been interpreted as representing a deer goddess or 'Great Nature Goddess' similar to Artemis . Hallstatt culture musical instruments included harps , lyres , zithers , woodwinds, panpipes , horns, drums and rattles. A small number of inscriptions have been recovered from Hallstatt culture sites. Markings or symbols inscribed on iron tools from Austria dating from

1134-471: A total of 613 apartments (92.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 24 apartments (3.6%) were seasonally occupied and 23 apartments (3.5%) were empty. As of 2010, the construction rate of new housing units was 3.9 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2011, was 0.38%. The historical population is given in the following chart: The Swiss Reformed church in Limpach

1215-540: Is almost identical to the length of a measuring stick found at Borum Eshøj in Denmark (0.7855 m), dating from the Bronze Age (c. 1350 BC). Pythagorean triangles were likely used in building construction to create right angles , and some buildings had ground plans with dimensions corresponding to Pythagorean rectangles. At least the later periods of Hallstatt art from the western zone are generally agreed to form

1296-547: Is almost no narrative content such as scenes of combat depicted. These characteristics were continued into the succeeding La Tène style. Imported luxury art is sometimes found in rich elite graves in the later phases, and certainly had some influence on local styles. The most spectacular objects, such as the Strettweg Cult Wagon , the Warrior of Hirschlanden and the bronze couch supported by "unicyclists" from

1377-604: Is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance . The entire villages of Büren zum Hof, Limpach and Mülchi are designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites . In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) which received 26.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Swiss People's Party (SVP) (22.7%),

1458-410: Is reflected in the finds from there. Hallstatt D is succeeded by the La Tène culture . Hallstatt C is characterized by the first appearance of iron swords mixed amongst the bronze ones. Inhumation and cremation co-occur. For the final phase, Hallstatt D, daggers, almost to the exclusion of swords, are found in western zone graves ranging from c.  600 –500 BC. There are also differences in

1539-411: Is thought to have been organized on a tribal basis, though very little is known about this. Settlement size was generally small, although a few of the largest settlements, like Heuneburg in the south of Germany , were towns rather than villages by modern standards. However, at the end of the period these seem to have been overthrown or abandoned. According to Paul Reinecke 's time-scheme from 1902,

1620-547: The Alps , and extending into northern Italy . Parts of Britain and Iberia are included in the ultimate expansion of the culture. The culture was based on farming, but metal-working was considerably advanced, and by the end of the period long-range trade within the area and with Mediterranean cultures was economically significant. Social distinctions became increasingly important, with emerging elite classes of chieftains and warriors, and perhaps those with other skills. Society

1701-489: The Bronze Age Urnfield culture . In this period, people were cremated and buried in simple graves. In phase B, tumulus (barrow or kurgan ) burial becomes common, and cremation predominates. The "Hallstatt period" proper is restricted to HaC and HaD (800–450 BC), corresponding to the early European Iron Age . Hallstatt lies in the area where the western and eastern zones of the Hallstatt culture meet, which

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1782-602: The Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC) to form the new party The Centre (DM/LC). Cantonal parties were allowed to continue operating under the existing BDP/PBD name. Soon after Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf 's election to the Federal Council , the SVP/UDC excluded both her and the SVP/UDC's other Federal Councillor, Samuel Schmid , from the party group. Schmid, like Widmer-Schlumpf,

1863-579: The Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave are one of a kind in finds from the Hallstatt period, though they can be related to objects from other periods. More common objects include weapons, in Ha D often with hilts terminating in curving forks ("antenna hilts"). Jewellery in metal includes fibulae , often with a row of disks hanging down on chains, armlets and some torcs . This is mostly in bronze, but "princely" burials include items in gold. The origin of

1944-622: The Hohmichele burial chamber (6th c. BC), which were over 6m long and 35 cm wide, appear to have been sawn by a large timber-yard saw. The construction of monumental buildings such as the Vix palace further demonstrates a "mastery of geometry and carpentry capable of freeing up vast interior spaces." Analyses of building remains in Silesia have found evidence for the use of a standard unit of length (equivalent to 0.785 m). Remarkably, this

2025-674: The Protestant Reformation . In 1798, Napoleon 's troops invaded Switzerland. In response, Bern sent an army northward towards the French. On 5 March 1798 Bernese troops encountered the French near Fraubrunnen. The battle between 35,000 French soldier and 20,000 Bernese soldiers ended in a decisive victory for the French. This defeat, lead to the capitulation of the Bernese Ancien Régime . Fraubrunnen has an area of 31.91 km (12.32 sq mi). Before

2106-514: The Social Democratic Party (SP) (16.7%) and the Green Party (9.3%). In the federal election, a total of 807 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 60.3%. As of  2011, Fraubrunnen had an unemployment rate of 1.54%. As of 2008, there were a total of 481 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 23 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 206 people were employed in

2187-445: The Vače situla is a Slovenian example from near the final period. The style is also found on bronze belt plates, and some of the vocabulary of motifs spread to influence the emerging La Tène style. According to Ruth and Vincent Megaw , "Situla art depicts life as seen from a masculine viewpoint, in which women are servants or sex objects; most of the scenes which include humans are of

2268-453: The secondary sector and there were 15 businesses in this sector. 252 people were employed in the tertiary sector , with 50 businesses in this sector. There were 880 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.5% of the workforce. In 2008 there were a total of 403 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 18, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in

2349-595: The 12th to 8th centuries BC and Early Iron Age Europe (Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D) from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC ( Late Bronze Age ) and followed in much of its area by the La Tène culture . It is commonly associated with Proto-Celtic speaking populations. It is named for its type site , Hallstatt , a lakeside village in the Austrian Salzkammergut southeast of Salzburg , where there

2430-453: The 7th to early 6th century BC bear signs possibly resembling Greek or Etruscan letters. A single-word inscription (possibly a name) on a locally produced ceramic sherd from Montmorot in eastern France, dating from the late 7th to mid-6th century BC, has been identified as either Gaulish or Lepontic , written in either a 'proto-Lepontic' or Etruscan alphabet. A fragment of an inscription painted on local pottery has also been recovered from

2511-573: The 7th-6th century BC inscription from Montmorot "is at the beginning of a still limited series of documents attesting to the use of alphabetic signs and the use of writing in Eastern Gaul during the entire period characterised by the appearance, development and end of the Hallstattian 'princely phenomenon'. ... The first transmission of the alphabet north of the Alps, at the end of the 7th or in

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2592-542: The Celtic word for "king", written in the Lepontic alphabet. According to Olivier (2010), "this graffito represents one of the earliest attested occurrences of the word rîx which designates the "king" in the Celtic languages. ... It would also seem to represent the first co-occurrence in the Celtic world of a funerary archaeological context and a contemporaneous linguistic qualification as ‘royal’.” According to Verger (1998)

2673-785: The Czech Republic, Vix , Sainte-Colombe-sur-Seine and Lavau in France, Hochdorf , Hohmichele and Grafenbühl in Germany, and Mitterkirchen in Austria. A model of a chariot made from lead has been found in Frög , Carinthia , and clay models of horses with riders are also found. Wooden "funerary carts", presumably used as hearses and then buried, are sometimes found in the grandest graves. Pottery and bronze vessels, weapons, elaborate jewellery made of bronze and gold , as well as

2754-552: The Early Iron Age due to the so-called "Hallstatt-Plateau" , a phenomenon where radiocarbon dates cannot be distinguished between 750 and 400 BC. There are workarounds however, such as the wiggle matching technique. Therefore, dating in this time-period has been based mainly on Dendrochronology and relative dating . For the beginning of HaC wood pieces from the Cart Grave of Wehringen (Landkreis Augsburg) deliver

2835-540: The Eastern Hallstatt culture are indefensible and archeologically unsubstantiated. Trade with Greece is attested by finds of Attic black-figure pottery in the elite graves of the late Hallstatt period. It was probably imported via Massilia ( Marseilles ). Other imported luxuries include amber , ivory (as found at the Grafenbühl Tomb ) and probably wine . Red kermes dye was imported from

2916-452: The SVP/UDC incumbent Christoph Blocher led to the creation of the party. It comprised most of the SVP/UDC's old centrist-agrarian wing, which had been overshadowed in recent years by its nationalist-activist wing. The party's name in German, French, Italian and Romansh came from " bourgeois ", the traditional European term for a centre-right party. On 1 January 2021, the party merged with

2997-410: The alignment was marked with a large timber palisade. The knowledge required to create these alignments would have required long-term observation of the skies, possibly over several generations. At Glauberg other ditches and postholes associated with the mound may have been used to observe astronomical phenomena such as the solstices , with the whole ensemble functioning as a calendar . According to

3078-712: The archaeologist Allard Mees, the numerous burials within the Magdalenenberg mound were positioned to mirror the constellations as they appeared at the time of the summer solstice in 618 BC. Mees argues that the Magdalenenberg represented a lunar calendar and that knowledge of the 18.6 year lunar standstill cycle would have enabled the prediction of lunar eclipses . According to Mees many other burial mounds in this period were also aligned with lunar phenomena. An analysis of Hallstatt period burials by Müller-Scheeßel (2005) similarly suggested that they were oriented towards specific constellations. According to Gaspani (1998)

3159-457: The area which saw the emergence of the Terni culture, which had strong similarities with the Celtic cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène. The Umbrian necropolis of Terni , which dates back to the 10th century BC, was virtually identical in every aspect to the Celtic necropolis of the Golasecca culture. Older assumptions of the early 20th century of Illyrians having been the bearers of especially

3240-409: The central Hallstatt regions toward the end of the period (Ha D), very rich graves of high-status individuals under large tumuli are found near the remains of fortified hilltop settlements. Tumuli graves had a chamber, rather large in some cases, lined with timber and with the body and grave goods set about the room. There are some chariot or wagon burials , including Býčí Skála and Brno-Holásky in

3321-735: The change from BPS to BDP was due to a name conflict with the extant minor party Bürgerpartei Schweiz (Citizen's Party of Switzerland), which has the same acronym BPS. As a result, the Grisons branch also changed its name to BDP Graubünden . Soon afterward, nearly all of the SVP/UDC's Bern section, including Schmid, defected to the new party. Eleven other cantonal branches were founded, predominantly in German-speaking Switzerland: Aargau , Basel-Landschaft , Fribourg , Glarus , Lucerne , Schwyz , Solothurn , St. Gallen , Thurgau , Valais and Zürich . The BDP

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3402-499: The diagonals of the rectangular Hochdorf burial chamber were also aligned with the major lunar standstill. Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland The Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland ( German : Bürgerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz , BDP; French : Parti bourgeois démocratique suisse , PBD; Italian : Partito Borghese Democratico Svizzero , PBD; Romansh : Partida burgais democratica Svizra PBD , PBD; Swiss Democratic Bourgeois Party )

3483-497: The early Iron Age (Ha C, 800-650 BC) show continuity with symbols from the Bronze Age Urnfield culture , and are thought to be related to mining and the metal trade. Inscriptions engraved on situlas or cauldrons from the Hallstatt cemetery in Austria, dating from c. 800-500 BC, have been interpreted as numerals, letters and words, possibly related to Etruscan or Old Italic scripts. Weights from Bavaria dating from

3564-401: The early period of Celtic art . Decoration is mostly geometric and linear, and best seen on fine metalwork finds from graves (see above). Styles differ, especially between the west and east, with more human figures and some narrative elements in the latter. Animals, with waterfowl a particular favourite, are often included as part of other objects, more often than humans, and in the west there

3645-624: The end of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age were divided into four periods: Bronze Age Urnfield culture: Early Iron Age Hallstatt culture: Paul Reinecke based his chronological divisions on finds from the south of Germany. Already by 1881 Otto Tischler had made analogies to the Iron Age in the Northern Alps based on finds of brooches from graves in the south of Germany. It has proven difficult to use radiocarbon dating for

3726-471: The feasts in which the situlae themselves figure, of the hunt or of war". Similar scenes are found on other vessel shapes, as well as bronze belt-plaques. The processions of animals, typical of earlier examples, or humans derive from the Near East and Mediterranean, and Nancy Sandars finds the style shows "a gaucherie that betrays the artist working in a way that is uncongenial, too much at variance with

3807-498: The first half of the 6th century, seems to be only the beginning of a process that was regularly renewed until the second half of the fifth century." The monumental burial mounds at Glauberg and Magdalenenberg in Germany featured structures aligned with the point of the major lunar standstill , which occurs every 18.6 years. At Glauberg this took the form of a 'processional avenue' lined by large ditches, whilst at Magdalenenberg

3888-476: The forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 46.2% is used for growing crops and 6.2% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located in the Urtenen river valley. It consists of the village of Fraubrunnen and the hamlets of Binel, Bischof, Unterberg and Tubenmoos. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Fraubrunnen,

3969-471: The insurance or financial industry, 28 or 14.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 30 or 15.7% were in education and 7 or 3.7% were in health care. In 2000, there were 334 workers who commuted into the municipality and 663 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 35.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 40.7% used

4050-453: The late Hallstatt site of Bragny-sur-Saône in eastern France, dating from the 5th century BC. A letter inscribed on a gold cup was deposited in a princely tomb at Apremont in eastern France, dating from c. 500 BC. Another fragmentary inscription on pottery was found in a princely burial near Bergères-les-Vertus in north-eastern France, dating from late 5th century BC (at the beginning of La Tène A). The inscription has been identified as

4131-403: The lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship . During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 332 students attending classes in Fraubrunnen. There were 3 kindergarten classes with a total of 49 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 8.2% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 16.3% have

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4212-615: The mass defection of the local SVP, the Conservative Democrats were the third-largest delegation in the Grand Council of Graubünden , with 30 seats, behind the Christian Democratic People's Party and FDP.The Liberals . The BDP also was the third-largest party in the Cantonal Council of neighbouring Glarus , with ten of the legislature's sixty seats. After the BDP lost four seats in the 2019 election (and, therefore, its status as an own parliamentary group),

4293-435: The merger, 4.06 km (1.57 sq mi) or 52.8% was used for agricultural purposes, while 2.97 km (1.15 sq mi) or 38.6% was forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.59 km (0.23 sq mi) or 7.7% was settled (buildings or roads), 0.07 km (17 acres) or 0.9% was either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.3%. Out of

4374-494: The mine workings themselves, the salt has preserved many organic materials such as textiles, wood and leather, and many abandoned artifacts such as shoes, pieces of cloth, and tools including miner's backpacks, have survived in good condition. In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer (1795–1874) discovered a large prehistoric cemetery near Hallstatt , Austria ( 47°33′40″N 13°38′31″E  /  47.561°N 13.642°E  / 47.561; 13.642 ), which he excavated during

4455-425: The municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Bern-Mittelland. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Bendlet Or between two Lions passant of the same. Fraubrunnen has a population (as of December 2020) of 5,203. As of 2010, 5.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010)

4536-532: The narrative scenes of the eastern zone, from Hallstatt C onwards, is generally traced to influence from the Situla art of northern Italy and the northern Adriatic, where these bronze buckets began to be decorated in bands with figures in provincial Etruscan centres influenced by Etruscan and Greek art. The fashion for decorated situlae spread north across neighbouring cultures including the eastern Hallstatt zone, beginning around 600 BC and surviving until about 400 BC;

4617-496: The party's Grisons and Bern sections, to which Widmer-Schlumpf and Schmid belonged respectively, would have had to expel them. On 2 April 2008, the national SVP/UDC leadership called for Widmer-Schlumpf to immediately resign from both the Federal Council and the party. When Widmer-Schlumpf declined to do so, the national SVP/UDC demanded that the Grisons branch expel her. The Grisons section stood by Widmer-Schlumpf, and

4698-601: The penetration by Greek and Etruscan culture after c.  600 BC , resulted in long-range trade relationships up the Rhone valley which triggered social and cultural transformations in the Hallstatt settlements north of the Alps. Powerful local chiefdoms emerged which controlled the redistribution of luxury goods from the Mediterranean world that is also characteristic of the La Tène culture . The apparently largely peaceful and prosperous life of Hallstatt D culture

4779-421: The population has changed at a rate of 11.9%. Migration accounted for 5.8%, while births and deaths accounted for 5.2%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (1,534 or 95.5%) as their first language, French is the second most common (13 or 0.8%) and Italian is the third (10 or 0.6%). As of 2008, the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. The population was made up of 823 Swiss men (46.4% of

4860-517: The population) and 49 (2.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 846 Swiss women (47.7%) and 56 (3.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 315 or about 19.6% were born in Fraubrunnen and lived there in 2000. There were 772 or 48.0% who were born in the same canton, while 356 or 22.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 114 or 7.1% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2010, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.4% of

4941-418: The population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15.6%. As of 2000, there were 660 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 841 married individuals, 51 widows or widowers and 55 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000, there were 138 households that consist of only one person and 47 households with five or more people. In 2000,

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5022-400: The pottery and brooches . Burials were mostly inhumations. Halstatt D has been further divided into the sub-phases D1–D3, relating only to the western zone, and mainly based on the form of brooches. Major activity at the site appears to have finished about 500 BC, for reasons that are unclear. Many Hallstatt graves were robbed, probably at this time. There was widespread disruption throughout

5103-469: The second half of the 19th century. Eventually the excavation would yield 1,045 burials, although no settlement has yet been found. This may be covered by the later village, which has long occupied the whole narrow strip between the steep hillsides and the lake. Some 1,300 burials have been found, including around 2,000 individuals, with women and children but few infants. Nor is there a "princely" burial, as often found near large settlements. Instead, there are

5184-419: The secondary sector was 194 of which 185 or (95.4%) were in manufacturing and 9 (4.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 191. In the tertiary sector; 30 or 15.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 15 or 7.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 12 or 6.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 12 or 6.3% were in the information industry, 5 or 2.6% were

5265-605: The south as well; it was found at Hochdorf . Notable individual imports include the Greek Vix krater (the largest known metal vessel from Western classical antiquity), the Etruscan lebes from Sainte-Colombe-sur-Seine , the Greek hydria from Grächwil , the Greek cauldron from Hochdorf and the Greek or Etruscan cauldron from Lavau . The largest settlements were mostly fortified, situated on hilltops, and frequently included

5346-540: The temper of the craftsmen and the craft". Compared to earlier styles that arose organically in Europe "situla art is weak and sometimes quaint", and "in essence not of Europe". Except for the Italian Benvenuti Situla , men are hairless, with "funny hats, dumpy bodies and big heads", though often shown looking cheerful in an engaging way. The Benevenuti Situla is also unusual in that it seems to show

5427-627: The very rich grave at Vix . The Heuneburg is thought to correspond to the Celtic city of ' Pyrene ' mentioned by Herodotus in 450 BC. Other important sites include the Glauberg , Hohenasperg and Ipf in Germany, the Burgstallkogel in Austria and Molpír in Slovakia . However, most settlements were much smaller villages. The large monumental site of Alte Burg may have had a religious or ceremonial function, and possibly served as

5508-668: The west and north, their growth perhaps overlapping with the final years of the Hallstatt culture. Occasional iron artefacts had been appearing in central and western Europe for some centuries before 800 BC (an iron knife or sickle from Ganovce in Slovakia, dating to the 18th century BC, is possibly the earliest evidence of smelted iron in Central Europe). By the later Urnfield (Hallstatt B) phase, some swords were already being made and embellished in iron in eastern Central Europe, and occasionally much further west. Initially iron

5589-488: The western Hallstatt zone, and the salt workings had by then become very deep. By then the focus of salt mining had shifted to the nearby Hallein Salt Mine , with graves at Dürrnberg nearby where there are significant finds from the late Hallstatt and early La Tène periods, until the mid-4th century BC, when a major landslide destroyed the mineshafts and ended mining activity. Much of the material from early excavations

5670-647: The workshops of bronze, silver and gold smiths. Major settlements are known as 'princely seats' (or Fürstensitze in German), and are characterized by elite residences, rich burials, monumental buildings and fortifications. Some of these central sites are described as urban or proto-urban, and as "the first cities north of the Alps". Typical sites of this type are the Heuneburg on the upper Danube surrounded by nine very large grave tumuli, and Mont Lassois in eastern France near Châtillon-sur-Seine with, at its foot,

5751-486: Was 1 person who was Buddhist , 9 individuals who were Hindu and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 70 (or about 4.36% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 44 individuals (or about 2.74% of the population) did not answer the question. In Fraubrunnen about 659 or (41.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 275 or (17.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or

5832-617: Was a conservative political party in Switzerland from 2008 to 2020. After the 2019 federal election , the BDP had three members in the National Council . It was founded as a moderate splinter group from the national-conservative Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC); it was created as a political party on the federal level on 1 November 2008. It was led by Martin Landolt . It had, until January 2016, one Federal Councillor , Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf , whose election in defiance of

5913-403: Was a member of the SVP/UDC's moderate wing; the party's dominant nationalist wing reckoned them both as unrepresentative of the SVP/UDC's populist campaigns. Some party members demanded that Widmer-Schlumpf and Schmid be thrown out of the party altogether. However, Swiss parties are legally federations of cantonal parties, so the SVP/UDC could not expel them directly. For them to have been expelled,

5994-610: Was a rich salt mine, and some 1,300 burials are known, many with fine artifacts. Material from Hallstatt has been classified into four periods, designated "Hallstatt A" to "D". Hallstatt A and B are regarded as Late Bronze Age and the terms used for wider areas, such as "Hallstatt culture", or "period", "style" and so on, relate to the Iron Age Hallstatt C and D. By the 6th century BC, it had expanded to include wide territories, falling into two zones, east and west, between them covering much of western and central Europe down to

6075-525: Was described as being centre to centre-right , and supported bilateral accords with the European Union , and it opposed the tightening of Switzerland's asylum . It opposed additional benefits to health insurance , although it did not necessarily support limiting them. The BDP supported the raising of the retirement age , opposed any relaxation to requirements to receive social welfare , and supported same-sex marriage . The party favoured

6156-583: Was dispersed, and is now found in many collections, especially German and Austrian museums, but the Hallstatt Museum in the town has the largest collection. It is probable that some if not all of the diffusion of Hallstatt culture took place in a Celtic -speaking context. In northern Italy the Golasecca culture developed with continuity from the Canegrate culture . Canegrate represented

6237-425: Was disrupted, perhaps even collapsed, right at the end of the period. There has been much speculation as to the causes of this, which remain uncertain. Large settlements such as Heuneburg and the Burgstallkogel were destroyed or abandoned, rich tumulus burials ended, and old ones were looted. There was probably a significant movement of population westwards, and the succeeding La Tène culture developed new centres to

6318-484: Was expelled from the national SVP/UDC on the following 1 June. On 16 June 2008, the delegates' convention of the SVP/UDC's former Grisons branch voted to change its name to BPS Graubünden (Conservative Party of Switzerland-Graubünden), becoming the first cantonal section of what would become the BDP/PBD. A second cantonal section was founded in Bern on 21 June 2008 under the name BDP/PBD (Conservative Democratic Party);

6399-507: Was possible to divide HaD into three stages (D1-D3). In HaD1 snake brooches are predominant, while in HaD2 drum brooches appear more often, and in HaD3 the double-drum and embellished foot brooches. The transition to the La Tène period is often connected with the emergence of the first animal-shaped brooches, with Certosa -type and with Marzabotto -type brooches. The community at Hallstatt

6480-467: Was rather exotic and expensive, and sometimes used as a prestige material for jewellery. Iron swords became more common after c.  800 BC , and steel was also produced from 800 BC as part of the production of swords. The production of high-carbon steel is attested in Britain after c.  490 BC . The remarkable uniformity of spoked-wheel wagons from across the Hallstatt region indicates

6561-484: Was untypical of the wider, mainly agricultural, culture, as its booming economy exploited the salt mines in the area. These had been worked from time to time since the Neolithic period, and in this period were extensively mined with a peak from the 8th to 5th centuries BC. The style and decoration of the grave goods found in the cemetery are very distinctive, and artifacts made in this style are widespread in Europe. In

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