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51-653: The Open Content Project by David A. Wiley in 1998 was a predecessor project which defined open content . In 2003, Wiley joined the Creative Commons as "Director of Educational Licenses" and announced the Creative Commons and their licenses as successors to his Open Content Project. Therefore, Creative Commons' Erik Möller in collaboration with Richard Stallman , Lawrence Lessig , Benjamin Mako Hill , Angela Beesley, and others started in 2006

102-482: A Silicon Valley –based journalist and commentator, with his work often focused on technology, business, public policy, education and science. He was a founding editor of American Public Media 's Marketplace program and a former columnist for CNBC.com and SFGate.com , the website of the San Francisco Chronicle . He joined CNBC.com the following year as full-time Silicon Valley correspondent for

153-587: A 1998 precursor project by David A. Wiley . Wiley subsequently joined Creative Commons as its director. The licenses published by the Open Content Project, the Open Content License and Open Publication License , were soon deprecated in favour of Creative Commons licenses. Aaron Swartz played a role in the early stages of Creative Commons, as did Matthew Haughey . As of 2019 , there were "nearly 2 billion" works licensed under

204-456: A call for a world where 'essential rights are unreservable' with the relatively hollow call for 'some rights reserved. ' " He also argued that Creative Commons enables license proliferation , by providing multiple licenses that are incompatible . The Creative Commons website states, "Since each of the six CC licenses functions differently, resources placed under different licenses may not necessarily be combined with one another without violating

255-501: A congressional investigation, and an audit by the Department of Defense Contracting Audit Agency that illuminated opportunities for hundreds of millions of dollars in annual savings. Plotkin received a letter of commendation for his work from David Packard , founder of Hewlett-Packard , and a former Deputy Secretary of Defense. In 1996, Plotkin wrote one of the first articles on Yahoo! , based on interviews he conducted with

306-406: A database of all works registered with it, but absence of registration does not imply absence of copyright, and CC licensed works can be registered on the same terms as unlicensed works or works licensed under any other licences. Although Creative Commons offers multiple licenses for different uses, some critics suggested that the licenses still do not address the differences among the media or among

357-490: A fee, and many other practices in contemporary media distribution. Creative Commons has not sought to resolve the confusion, in part because of high consumer demand for the noncommercial license as is with its ambiguity. In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched a bus stop advertising campaign which promoted its mobile phone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to

408-410: A magic marker." Critics also worried that the lack of rewards for content producers would dissuade artists from publishing their work, and questioned whether Creative Commons would enable the commons that it aimed to create. Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig countered that copyright laws have not always offered the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that today's law provides. Rather,

459-579: A photo at her church's fund-raising carwash, with the superimposed, mocking slogan "Dump Your Pen Friend". Chang sued Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons. The photo was taken by Chang's church youth counsellor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license. The case hinges on privacy, the right of people not to have their likeness used in an ad without permission. So, while Mr. Wong may have given away his rights as

510-480: A photographer, he did not, and could not, give away Alison's rights . In the lawsuit, which Mr. Wong is also a party to, there is an argument that Virgin did not honor all the terms of the nonrestrictive license. On November 27, 2007, Chang voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit against Creative Commons, focusing the lawsuit only against Virgin Mobile. The case was thrown out of court due to lack of jurisdiction and subsequently Virgin Mobile did not incur any damages towards

561-502: A project of Korea Association for Infomedia Law (KAFIL). The major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was consequently founded as a non-profit incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been actively promoting the liberal and open culture of creation as well as leading

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612-418: A range of licenses tailored to meet the different protection interests of authors of creative works, rather than forcing a single forced standard as a "base level of freedom" that all Creative Commons licenses must meet, and with which all licensors and users must comply. "By failing to take any firm ethical position and draw any line in the sand, CC is a missed opportunity. ...CC has replaced what could have been

663-526: A settlement in which G.E. made customer refunds and financial contributions to environmental groups in the amount of $ 3.25 million. Plotkin received no funds from the 1993 settlement. In 1980, Plotkin, aged 22, ran in a four-way race for the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors Fifth District against Thomas Ferri, James E. Jackson, and Rebecca Morgan . Plotkin campaigned to bring attention to incarcerated youth, in addition to favoring

714-527: A solar water heater ordinance and an ordinance on the ballot that year prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation. Plotkin was defeated, receiving 9.7% of the vote-share. In 1993, Plotkin won the Democratic party's nomination for a special election to fill Silicon Valley's seat in the California state Senate but was defeated in the general election by Tom Campbell , a former GOP member of

765-522: Is only a service provider for standardized license text, not a party in any agreement. No central database of Creative Commons works is controlling all licensed works and the responsibility of the Creative Commons system rests entirely with those using the licences. This situation is, however, not specific to Creative Commons. All copyright owners must individually defend their rights and no central database of copyrighted works or existing license agreements exists. The United States Copyright Office does keep

816-486: Is to counter the dominant and increasingly restrictive permission culture that limits artistic creation to existing or powerful creators. Lessig maintains that modern culture is dominated by traditional content distributors in order to maintain and strengthen their monopolies on cultural products such as popular music and popular cinema, and that Creative Commons can provide alternatives to these restrictions. In mid‑December 2020, Creative Commons released its strategy for

867-600: The Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike as main license, additionally to the previously used GNU Free Documentation License (which was made compatible). An improved license compatibility with the greater free content ecosystem was given as reason for the license change. In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation 's Open Definition 2.0 for Open Works and Open Licenses described "open" as synonymous to

918-502: The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) due to the license's anti- DRM provisions (which might, due to ambiguity, be covering more than DRM) and its requirement that downstream users remove an author's credit upon request from the author. Version 3.0 of the Creative Commons licenses addressed these concerns and, except for the non commercial and no-derivative variants, are considered to be compatible with

969-564: The Open Educational Resources movement. In 1992, Plotkin filed a class-action lawsuit against General Electric Company in connection with the misleading packaging of incandescent light bulbs. The settlement of Plotkin vs. General Electric and a related agreement between the company and the Federal Trade Commission raised public awareness about the growing practice of " greenwashing " and led to

1020-593: The United States Department of Education , Plotkin worked to advance the use of Open Educational Resources to increase access to high-quality educational opportunities and improve the quality of teaching and learning while lowering costs imposed on students, communities and schools. In 2006, Plotkin was the recipient of the San Francisco Bay Area Jewish Family and Children's Services FAMMY award. In 2016, Plotkin

1071-551: The copyleft movement, which seeks to provide alternative solutions to copyright , and has been dubbed "some rights reserved". Creative Commons has been credited with contributing to a re-thinking of the role of the " commons " in the Information Age . Their frameworks help individuals and groups distribute content more freely while still protecting themselves and their intellectual property rights legally. According to its founder Lawrence Lessig , Creative Commons' goal

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1122-513: The CC0 Public Domain Dedication tool) require attribution (attributing the authors of the original creative works), which can be inconvenient for works based on multiple other works. Critics feared that Creative Commons could erode the copyright system over time, or allow "some of our most precious resources – the creativity of individuals – to be simply tossed into the commons to be exploited by whomever has spare time and

1173-504: The DFSG. Kent Anderson, writing for The Scholarly Kitchen , a blog of the Society for Scholarly Publishing , criticized CC as being grounded on copyright principles and not really departing from it, and as being more complex and complicating than the latter – thus the public does not scrutinize CC, reflexively accepting it as one would a software license – while at the same time weakening

1224-821: The Foothill-De Anza Community College District's Policy on Public Domain Learning Materials which are now more commonly known as Open Educational Resources . Plotkin attended Palo Alto High School , where he was an editor for the student newspaper, The Campanile . Family circumstances led him to drop out of high school during his junior year in order to work full-time in whatever jobs he could find, including gas station bathroom cleaner and pizza maker. Plotkin managed to graduate with his high school class in 1975 after administrators gave him course credit for some of his employment activities. He attended college part-time over

1275-883: The Free Cultural Works project for defining free content . The first draft of the Definition of Free Cultural Works was published 2 April 2006. The 1.0 and 1.1 versions were published in English and translated into several languages. The Definition of Free Cultural Works is used by the Wikimedia Foundation . In 2008, the Attribution and Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons licenses were marked as "Approved for Free Cultural Works". Following in June 2009, Misplaced Pages migrated to use two licenses :

1326-890: The Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence (PDDL), the Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-BY) and the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL). Open Content Project This is an accepted version of this page Creative Commons ( CC ) is an American non-profit organization and international network devoted to educational access and expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright licenses , known as Creative Commons licenses , free of charge to

1377-638: The U.S. Congress. The following year, he was appointed to serve a two-year term on the California state Economic Strategy Panel by the then-Speaker of the California state Assembly, Willie Brown, Jr. In 1994, Plotkin served as a senior fellow of the World Economic Development Congress, where he helped organize a conference that brought PLO leader Yasser Arafat and then Israeli-president Chaim Herzog together for peace and economic cooperation talks in Madrid. While working for

1428-549: The definition of free in the "Definition of Free Cultural Works" (and also the Open Source Definition and Free Software Definition ). A distinct difference is the focus given to the public domain and that it focuses also on the accessibility (" open access ") and the readability (" open formats "). The same three creative commons licenses are recommended for open content ( CC BY , CC BY-SA , and CC0 ) as additionally three for open data intended own licenses,

1479-773: The diffusion of Creative Common in the country. Bassel Khartabil was a Palestinian Syrian open source software developer who served as a project lead and public affiliate for Creative Commons Syria. On March 15, 2012, he was detained by the Syrian government in Damascus at Adra Prison for no crime. On October 17, 2015, the Creative Commons Board of Directors passed a resolution calling for Bassel Khartabil's release. In 2017, Bassel's wife received confirmation that Bassel had been killed shortly after she lost contact with him in 2015. All current CC licenses (except

1530-500: The duration of copyright used to be limited to much shorter terms of years, and some works never gained protection because they did not follow the now-abandoned compulsory format. The maintainers of Debian , a Linux distribution known for its strict adherence to a particular definition of software freedom , rejected the Creative Commons Attribution License prior to version 3 as incompatible with

1581-545: The economic and professional viability of high-quality independent fact-based journalism. Plotkin was the founding editor of the Center for Media Change's first project, www.ReelChanges.org, which launched on May 1, 2008. ReelChanges was the first online site to pioneer crowdfunding of high-quality documentary film projects. ReelChanges won a small grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting 's Media Innovation Fund but

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1632-780: The first printed references to the term " mass customization ;" "Tear Down the Walls," which made an early case for what has become the Open Educational Resources movement, a description of the new "higher education ecosystem" made possible by the Internet; the first article about Creative Commons , and a variety of articles for Harvard Business School Press. In 1988, Plotkin's investigative reports on potential media influence buying by Pentagon contractors associated with misleading, unnecessary, and expensive full-page daily newspaper classified help wanted ads led to

1683-585: The first through third rounds of CCJP. In February 2007, the ICC x ClipLife 15 second CM competition was held. In June, iSummit 07 was held. In July, the fourth CCJP was held. On July 25, Tokyo approved Nobuhiro Nakayama ( 中山信弘 ) to become the NGO chairman of CCJP. In 2008, Taipie ACIA joined CCJP. The main theme music which was chosen by CCJP was announced. In 2009, INTO INFINITY shown in Tokyo and Sapporo . iPhone held

1734-486: The founders while they were seeking initial investors, and which was published shortly before the company went public. He also wrote an early article about Confinity, which was later renamed PayPal . Plotkin is also the founder, chairman of the board, and former CEO of the Center for Media Change , a Palo Alto–based non-profit organization that facilitates the creation, development and use of new business models to preserve

1785-484: The individual negotiations for specific rights between copyright owner (licensor) and licensee , that are necessary under an " all rights reserved " copyright management. The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig , Hal Abelson , and Eric Eldred with the support of Center for the Public Domain . The first article in a general interest publication about Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin ,

1836-626: The license terms." Works licensed under incompatible licenses may not be recombined in a derivative work without obtaining permission from the copyright owner. Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation stated in 2005 that he could not support Creative Commons as an activity because "it adopted some additional licenses which do not give everyone that minimum freedom", that freedom being "the freedom to share, noncommercially, any published work". Those licenses have since been retired by Creative Commons. Creative Commons

1887-584: The multitude of rights that can be passed on to subsequent creators. Various commentators have reported confusion in understanding what "noncommercial" use means. Creative Commons issued a report in 2009, "Defining noncommercial", which presented research and various perspectives. The report claimed that noncommercial to many people means "no exchange of money or any commerce". Beyond that simple statement, many people disagree on whether noncommercial use permits publishing on websites supported with advertising, sharing noncommercial media through nonprofit publishing for

1938-835: The next 10 years while working a variety of jobs, including as a Comprehensive Employment and Training Act worker serving as an aide to then-Santa Clara County Supervisor Rod Diridon, Sr. In 1979, Plotkin began working as a researcher, writer, editor and broadcaster. His earliest journalism jobs included serving as news and public affairs director for KPEN 97.7 FM and writing for the San Jose Metro alternative newspaper. Plotkin eventually earned his Associate of Arts degree in history from Foothill College in 1985 and his Bachelor of Arts degree in behavioral sciences, with distinction, at San Jose State University in 1986. He also ghostwrote two books and served as an editorial consultant on several others during this period. Plotkin worked as

1989-569: The online operations of the financial news television network. He worked for CNBC.com from the day the site went online in July 1999 until Microsoft Corp. took over editorial operations in July 2001. Plotkin has written more than 650 articles for a wide variety of publishers, including Barron's , Inc. , Forbes ASAP , Harvard Business Publishing , California Business , Metro , Family Business and International Business magazines. Plotkin's articles and essays include "Riches From Rags," one of

2040-456: The photo-sharing site Flickr using a Creative Commons by Attribution license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation being required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL, leading to the photographer's Flickr page, on each of their ads. However, one picture depicted 15-year-old Alison Chang posing for

2091-723: The plaintiff. Hal Plotkin Hal Wayne Plotkin (born September 14, 1957) is an American journalist and activist. He is currently the senior open policy fellow at Creative Commons . From 2009 to 2014, Plotkin served as the Senior Policy Advisor in the Office of the Under Secretary of Education, United States Department of Education , which has responsibility for all federal U.S. higher education policies and programs. In 2003, Plotkin initiated

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2142-434: The public. These licenses allow authors of creative works to communicate which rights they reserve and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. An easy-to-understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual symbols, explains the specifics of each Creative Commons license. Content owners still maintain their copyright, but Creative Commons licenses give standard releases that replace

2193-477: The rights provided by copyright. Anderson ends up concluding that this is the point, and that "Creative Commons receives significant funding from large information companies like Google , Nature Publishing Group , and RedHat ", and that Google money is especially linked to CC's history; for him, CC is "an organization designed to promulgate the interests of technology companies and Silicon Valley generally". According to Mako Hill , Creative Commons has established

2244-704: The shows with Audio Visual Mixer for INTO INFINITY. ( Apple joint research and development with CCJP) In 2012, the 10th anniversary ceremony was held in Japan. In 2015, Creative Commons 4.0 and Creative Commons 0 were released in Japanese language. Creative Commons Korea ( CC Korea ) is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon (in Korean : 윤종수), former Presiding Judge of Incheon District Court, as

2295-563: The upcoming five years, which will focus more on three core of goals including advocacy, infrastructure innovation, and capacity building. Until April 2018, Creative Commons had over 100 affiliates working in over 75 jurisdictions to support and promote CC activities around the world. In 2018 this affiliate network has been restructured into a network organisation. The network no longer relies on affiliate organisation but on individual membership organised in Chapter. Creative Commons Hungary

2346-858: The various Creative Commons licenses. Misplaced Pages and its sister projects use one of these licenses. According to a 2017 report, Flickr alone hosted over 415 million cc-licensed photos, along with around 49 million works in YouTube , 40 million works in DeviantArt and 37 million works in Wikimedia Commons . The licenses are also used by Stack Exchange , MDN , Internet Archive , Khan Academy , LibreTexts , OpenStax , MIT OpenCourseWare , WikiHow , TED , OpenStreetMap , GeoGebra , Doubtnut , Fandom , Arduino , ccmixter.org , Ninjam , etc., and formerly by Unsplash , Pixabay , and Socratic . Creative Commons has been an early participant in

2397-470: The various concerns that different authors have. Lessig wrote that the point of Creative Commons is to provide a middle ground between two extreme views of copyright protection – one demanding that all rights be controlled, and the other arguing that none should be controlled. Creative Commons provides a third option that allows authors to pick and choose which rights they want to control and which they want to grant to others. The multitude of licenses reflects

2448-563: Was launched by GLOCOM University. CC Japan is the world's second CC affiliated network (the first is in America). In March 2006, CC Japan become the NPO and be in motion. In the same month, the CC founder Lawrence Lessig came to Japan to be one of the main holders of the open ceremony. Within the same year, between May and June, different international events were held in Japan, including iSummit 06 and

2499-512: Was published in February 2002. The first set of copyright licenses was released in December 2002. The founding management team that developed the licenses and built the Creative Commons infrastructure as it is known today included Molly Shaffer Van Houweling , Glenn Otis Brown, Neeru Paharia, and Ben Adida. In 2002, Creative Commons was selected as the successor of the Open Content Project,

2550-663: Was the affiliated network of Creative Commons in Hungary. The non-profit organization was founded in Budapest, Hungary in 2008 and was deleted from the official registry on 6 February 2017. Creative Commons Japan (CC Japan/CCJP) is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in Japan. In 2003, the International University GLOCOM held a meeting for the CC Japan preparation. In March 2004, CC Japan

2601-569: Was unable to attract additional financial support. Despite generating considerable buzz ReelChanges went offline in March 2009, when Plotkin accepted a position in the Obama administration. The Center for Media Change, Inc. also served as the parent 501(C)3 non-profit for a similar site, spot.us , founded by David Cohn. Spot.us was acquired by American Public Media in early 2012. In recent years, Plotkin has devoted much of his time to advancing

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