24-507: Kümmel means " caraway " in German. It may refer to: Kümmel is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: Caraway Caraway , also known as meridian fennel and Persian cumin ( Carum carvi ), is a biennial plant in the family Apiaceae , native to western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. The etymology of "caraway" is unclear. Caraway has been called by many names in different regions, with names deriving from
48-462: A 100 grams (3.5 oz) reference amount, caraway seeds are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of protein , B vitamins (24–33% DV), vitamin C (25% DV), and several dietary minerals , especially iron (125% DV), phosphorus (81% DV), and zinc (58% DV) (table). When ground , caraway seeds yield up to 7.5% of volatile oil , mostly D-carvone , and 15% fixed oil of which
72-527: A meadow, the seeds were formerly offered on a tray by publicans to people who wished to disguise the odour of their drinker's breath. Anise Anise ( / ˈ æ n ɪ s / ; Pimpinella anisum ), also called aniseed or rarely anix , is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia . The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices and herbs, such as star anise , fennel , liquorice , and tarragon . It
96-689: A mild licorice flavor to soups and stews. The ancient Romans often served spiced cakes with aniseed called mustaceoe at the end of feasts as a digestive. This tradition of serving cake at the end of festivities is the basis for the tradition of serving cake at weddings. Anise is used to flavor Greek ouzo and Bulgarian mastika ; Italian sambuca ; French absinthe , anisette , and pastis ; Spanish anis de chinchón , anís , anísado , and Herbs de Majorca ; Turkish and Armenian rakı ; Lebanese, Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, Palestinian and Israeli arak ; and Algerian Anisette Cristal . Outside
120-476: Is 30–60 cm (12–24 in) tall, with small white or pink flowers in compound umbels composed of 5–16 unequal rays 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in) long. Caraway fruits , informally called seeds , are smooth, crescent -shaped, laterally compressed achenes , around 3 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 in) long, with five pale ridges and a distinctive pleasant smell when crushed. It flowers in June and July. Caraway
144-726: Is a dry oblong and curved schizocarp , 4–6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 6 – 1 ⁄ 4 in) long, usually called "aniseed". Anise is a food plant for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species ( butterflies and moths ), including the lime-speck pug and wormwood pug . Anise was first cultivated in Egypt and the Middle East , and was brought to Europe for its medicinal value. It has been cultivated in Egypt for approximately 4,000 years. Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well-drained soil. The seeds should be planted as soon as
168-596: Is a key ingredient in Mexican atole de anís and champurrado , which is similar to hot chocolate . In India and Pakistan , it is taken as a digestive after meals, used in brines in the Italian region of Apulia and as a flavoring agent in Italian sausage , pepperoni and other Italian processed meat products. The freshly chopped leaves are added to cheese spreads, dips or salads, while roots and stems impart
192-579: Is consumed as a winter root vegetable in some places, similar to parsnips . Caraway fruits are found in diverse European cuisines and dishes, for example sauerkraut , and the United Kingdom 's caraway seed cake . In Austrian cuisine , it is used to season beef and, in German cuisine , pork. In Hungarian cuisine , it is added to goulash , and in Norwegian cuisine and Swedish cuisine , it
216-454: Is good against belchings and upbraidings of the stomach, alaieth gripings of the belly, provoketh urine gently, maketh abundance of milke, and stirreth up bodily lust: it staieth the laske ( diarrhea ), and also the white flux ( leukorrhea ) in women. According to Pliny the Elder , anise was used as a cure for sleeplessness, chewed with alexanders and a little honey in the morning to freshen
240-535: Is planted in the winter as an annual. In temperate climates, it is planted as a summer annual or biennial. It is widely established as a cultivated plant. The Netherlands, Poland and Germany are the top caraway producers. Finland supplies about 28% (2011) of the world's caraway production from some 1500 farms, the high output occurring possibly from its favorable climate and latitudes, which ensure long summer hours of sunlight. Caraway seeds are 10% water, 50% carbohydrates , 20% protein , and 15% fat (table). In
264-550: Is used as a spice in breads , especially rye bread . A common use of caraway is whole as an addition to rye bread – often called seeded rye or Jewish rye bread (see Borodinsky bread ). Caraway seeds are often used in Irish soda bread and other baked goods. Caraway may be used in desserts , liquors , casseroles , and other foods. Its leaves can be added to salads, stews, and soups, and are sometimes consumed as herbs, either raw, dried, or cooked, similar to parsley . The root
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#1732765125261288-527: Is used for making caraway black bread. Caraway oil is used to for the production of Kümmel liquor in Germany and Russia, Scandinavian akvavit , and Icelandic brennivín . Caraway can be infused in a variety of cheeses, such as havarti and bondost to add flavor. In Latvian cuisine , whole caraway seeds are added to the Jāņi sour milk cheese . In Oxford , where the plant appeared to have become naturalised in
312-560: Is widely cultivated and used to flavor food, candy, and alcoholic drinks, especially around the Mediterranean . The name "anise" is derived via Old French from the Latin words anīsum or anēthum from Greek ἄνηθον ánēthon referring to dill . An obsolete English word for anise is anet , also coming from anīsum . Anise is an herbaceous annual plant growing to 60–90 centimetres (2–3 feet) or more. The leaves at
336-708: The Latin cuminum ( cumin ), the Greek karon (again, cumin), which was adapted into Latin as carum (now meaning caraway), and the Sanskrit karavi , sometimes translated as "caraway", but other times understood to mean " fennel ". English use of the term caraway dates to at least 1440, possibly having Arabic origin. The plant is similar in appearance to other members of the carrot family, with finely divided, feathery leaves with thread-like divisions, growing on 20–30 cm (8–12 in) stems. The main flower stem
360-529: The essential oil of anise, anethole , is found in both anise and an unrelated spice indigenous to South China called star anise ( Illicium verum ) widely used in South Asian , Southeast Asian and East Asian dishes. Star anise is considerably less expensive to produce and has gradually displaced P. anisum in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of
384-771: The Mediterranean region, it is found in Colombian aguardiente and Mexican Xtabentún . These liquors are clear, but on addition of water become cloudy, a phenomenon known as the ouzo effect . Anise is used together with other herbs and spices in some root beers , such as Virgil's in the United States. The main use of anise in traditional European herbal medicine was for its carminative effect (reducing flatulence ), as noted by John Gerard in his Great Herball , an early encyclopedia of herbal medicine: The seed wasteth and consumeth winde, and
408-422: The base of the plant are simple, 1–5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 –2 inches) long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery or lacy, pinnate , divided into numerous small leaflets . Both leaves and flowers are produced in large, loose clusters. The flowers are either white or yellow, approximately 3 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 8 in) in diameter, produced in dense umbels . The fruit
432-431: The breath, and, when mixed with wine, as a remedy for asp bites ( N.H. 20.72). In 19th-century medicine, anise was prepared as aqua anisi ("Water of Anise") in doses of an ounce or more and as spiritus anisi ("Spirit of Anise") in doses of 5–20 minims . In Turkish folk medicine, its seeds have been used as an appetite stimulant, tranquilizer or diuretic . Anise essential oil can be obtained from
456-1070: The essential oil of anise was only 8 tons , compared to 400 tons of star anise. As with all spices, the composition of anise varies considerably with origin and cultivation method. These are typical values for the main constituents. In particular, the anise seeds products should also contain more than 0.2 milliliter volatile oil per 100 grams of spice. Anise is sweet and aromatic , distinguished by its characteristic flavor. The seeds, whole or ground, are used for preparation of teas and tisanes (alone or in combination with other aromatic herbs), as well many regional and ethnic confectioneries, including black jelly beans (often marketed as licorice-flavored), British aniseed balls , aniseed twists and "troach" drops, Australian humbugs , New Zealand aniseed wheels, Italian pizzelle and biscotti , German Pfeffernüsse and Springerle , Austrian Anisbögen , Dutch muisjes , New Mexican bizcochitos and Peruvian picarones . The culinary uses of anise are not limited only to sweets and confections, as it
480-581: The fruits by either steam distillation or extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide . The yield of essential oil is influenced by the growing conditions and extraction process, with supercritical extraction being more efficient. Regardless of the method of isolation the main component of the oil is anethole (80–90%), with minor components including 4-anisaldehyde , estragole and pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methylbutyrates amongst others. (Alternately found by Orav et al. 2008 to be 2–6% extracted oil by weight of raw seed material, 74–94% being trans -anethole and
504-428: The ground warms up in spring. Because the plants have a taproot , they do not transplant well after being established so they should either be started in their final location or be transplanted while the seedlings are still small. Western cuisines have long used anise to flavor dishes, drinks, and candies. The word is used for both the species of herb and its licorice -like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of
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#1732765125261528-483: The major fatty acids are oleic , linoleic , petroselinic , and palmitic acids. Phytochemicals identified in caraway seed oil include thymol , o-cymene , γ‑terpinene , trimethylene dichloride, β-pinene , 2-(1-cyclohexenyl), cyclohexanone , β-phellandrene , 3-carene , α-thujene , and linalool . The fruits, usually used whole, have a pungent, anise -like flavor and aroma that comes from essential oils, mostly carvone , limonene , and anethole . Caraway
552-495: The remaining fraction estragole (methylchavicol), anisaldehyde and γ-himachalene .) Anethole is responsible for anise's characteristic odor and flavor. Builders of steam locomotives in Britain incorporated capsules of aniseed oil into white metal plain bearings so the distinctive smell would give warning in case of overheating. Anise can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both drag hunting and fishing . It
576-693: Was mentioned by the early Greek botanist Pedanius Dioscorides as a herb and tonic. It was later mentioned in the Roman Apicius as an ingredient in recipes. Caraway was known in the Arab world as karawiya , and cultivated in Morocco . The only species that is cultivated is Carum carvi , its fruits being used in many ways in cooking and in the preparation of medicinal products and liqueurs. The plant prefers warm, sunny locations and well-drained soil rich in organic matter. In warmer regions, it
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