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36-575: The goal of KDM is to ensure interoperability between tools for maintenance, evolution, assessment and modernization. KDM is defined as a metamodel that can be also viewed as an ontology for describing the key aspects of knowledge related to the various facets of enterprise software. KDM support means investment into the KDM ecosystem – a growing open-standard based cohesive community of tool vendors, service providers, and commercial components. KDM represents entire enterprise software systems, not just code. KDM

72-697: A UML CASE tool. Praxis (process) Praxis is the process by which a theory , lesson, or skill is enacted, embodied, realized, applied, or put into practice. "Praxis" may also refer to the act of engaging, applying, exercising, realizing, or practising ideas. This has been a recurrent topic in the field of philosophy, discussed in the writings of Plato , Aristotle , St. Augustine , Francis Bacon , Immanuel Kant , Søren Kierkegaard , Ludwig von Mises , Karl Marx , Antonio Gramsci , Martin Heidegger , Hannah Arendt , Jean-Paul Sartre , Paulo Freire , Murray Rothbard , and many others. It has meaning in

108-411: A 'philosophy' based on 'a practice', Marx's philosophy, is described correspondingly in this manner, as the only 'philosophy' that is at the same time a 'history in action' or a 'life' itself (Gramsci, Hoare and Nowell-Smith, 1972, p. 332). Praxis is also key in meditation and spirituality , where emphasis is placed on gaining first-hand experience of concepts and certain areas, such as union with

144-605: A cycle which can be viewed in terms of educational settings, learners and educational facilitators. Scott and Marshall (2009) refer to praxis as "a philosophical term referring to human action on the natural and social world" . Furthermore, Gramsci (1999) emphasises the power of praxis in Selections from the Prison Notebooks by stating that "The philosophy of praxis does not tend to leave the simple in their primitive philosophy of common sense but rather to lead them to

180-407: A high-fidelity intermediate representation which can be used, for example, for performing static analysis of existing software systems. micro-KDM is similar in purpose to a virtual machine for KDM, although KDM is not an executable model, or a constraint model, but a representation of existing artifacts for analysis purposes. KDM facilitates incremental analysis of existing software systems, where

216-459: A higher conception of life". To reveal the inadequacies of religion, folklore, intellectualism and other such 'one-sided' forms of reasoning, Gramsci appeals directly in his later work to Marx's 'philosophy of praxis', describing it as a 'concrete' mode of reasoning. This principally involves the juxtaposition of a dialectical and scientific audit of reality; against all existing normative, ideological, and therefore counterfeit accounts. Essentially

252-416: A mass movement in a successful revolution as the best exemplar of such a fused group. In The Human Condition , Hannah Arendt argues that Western philosophy too often has focused on the contemplative life ( vita contemplativa ) and has neglected the active life ( vita activa ). This has led humanity to frequently miss much of the everyday relevance of philosophical ideas to real life. For Arendt, praxis

288-560: A recurring passage through a cyclical process of experiential learning , such as the cycle described and popularised by David A. Kolb . Paulo Freire defines praxis in Pedagogy of the Oppressed as "reflection and action directed at the structures to be transformed." Through praxis, oppressed people can acquire a critical awareness of their own condition, and, with teacher-students and students-teachers, struggle for liberation. In

324-458: Is a central theme: The coincidence of the changing of circumstances and of human activity or self-change [Selbstveränderung] can be conceived and rationally understood only as revolutionary practice. (3rd thesis) All social life is essentially practical. All the mysteries which lead theory towards mysticism find their rational solution in human praxis and in the comprehension of this praxis. (8th thesis) Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted

360-517: Is a model of a model, and metamodeling is the process of generating such metamodels. Thus metamodeling or meta-modeling is the analysis, construction, and development of the frames, rules, constraints, models, and theories applicable and useful for modeling a predefined class of problems. As its name implies, this concept applies the notions of meta- and modeling in software engineering and systems engineering . Metamodels are of many types and have diverse applications. A metamodel/ surrogate model

396-401: Is a model of the model, i.e. a simplified model of an actual model of a circuit, system, or software-like entity. Metamodel can be a mathematical relation or algorithm representing input and output relations. A model is an abstraction of phenomena in the real world ; a metamodel is yet another abstraction, highlighting the properties of the model itself. A model conforms to its metamodel in

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432-433: Is a wide-spectrum entity-relationship representation for describing existing software. KDM represents structural and behavior elements of existing software systems. The key concept of KDM is a container : an entity that owns other entities. This allows KDM to represent existing systems at various degrees of granularity. KDM defines precise semantic foundation for representing behavior, the so-called micro-KDM . It provides

468-540: Is good", the psalm says; and that's wisdom: tasting life. No one can do it for us. The mystical tradition is very much a Sophia tradition. It is about tasting and trusting experience, before institution or dogma. According to Strong's Concordance , the Hebrew word ta‛am is, properly, a taste. This is, figuratively, perception and, by implication, intelligence; transitively, a mandate: advice, behaviour, decree, discretion, judgment, reason, taste, understanding. Praxis

504-467: Is no evidence that Karl Marx himself read this book, it may have had an indirect influence on his thought through the writings of his friend Moses Hess . Marx uses the term "praxis" to refer to the free, universal, creative and self-creative activity through which man creates and changes his historical world and himself. Praxis is an activity unique to man, which distinguishes him from all other beings. The concept appears in two of Marx's early works:

540-440: Is the highest and most important level of the active life. Thus, she argues that more philosophers need to engage in everyday political action or praxis, which she sees as the true realization of human freedom. According to Arendt, our capacity to analyze ideas, wrestle with them, and engage in active praxis is what makes us uniquely human. In Maurizio Passerin d'Etreves's estimation, "Arendt's theory of action and her revival of

576-465: Is the systematic use of model transformation languages . The OMG has proposed a standard for this called QVT for Queries/Views/Transformations. QVT is based on the meta-object facility (MOF). Among many other model transformation languages (MTLs), some examples of implementations of this standard are AndroMDA, VIATRA , Tefkat , MT , ManyDesigns Portofino . Meta-models are closely related to ontologies . Both are often used to describe and analyze

612-532: The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 and the Theses on Feuerbach (1845). In the former work, Marx contrasts the free, conscious productive activity of human beings with the unconscious, compulsive production of animals. He also affirms the primacy of praxis over theory, claiming that theoretical contradictions can only be resolved through practical activity. In the latter work, revolutionary practice

648-472: The British Channel 4 television documentary New Order: Play at Home , Factory Records owner Tony Wilson describes praxis as "doing something, and then only afterwards, finding out why you did it". Praxis may be described as a form of critical thinking and comprises the combination of reflection and action. Praxis can be viewed as a progression of cognitive and physical actions: This creates

684-474: The Divine, which can only be explored through praxis due to the inability of the finite mind (and its tool, language) to comprehend or express the infinite. In an interview for YES! Magazine , Matthew Fox explained it this way: Wisdom is always taste—in both Latin and Hebrew , the word for wisdom comes from the word for taste—so it's something to taste, not something to theorize about. "Taste and see that God

720-417: The ancient notion of praxis represent one of the most original contributions to twentieth century political thought. ... Moreover, by viewing action as a mode of human togetherness, Arendt is able to develop a conception of participatory democracy which stands in direct contrast to the bureaucratized and elitist forms of politics so characteristic of the modern epoch." Praxis is used by educators to describe

756-421: The basis of human history. In his view, praxis is an attempt to negate human need. In a revision of Marxism and his earlier existentialism , Sartre argues that the fundamental relation of human history is scarcity . Conditions of scarcity generate competition for resources, exploitation of one over another and division of labor , which in its turn creates struggle between classes . Each individual experiences

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792-422: The end goal being truth; poietical, the end goal being production; and practical, the end goal being action. Aristotle further divided the knowledge derived from praxis into ethics , economics , and politics . He also distinguished between eupraxia (εὐπραξία, "good praxis") and dyspraxia (δυσπραξία, "bad praxis, misfortune"). Young Hegelian August Cieszkowski was one of the earliest philosophers to use

828-470: The following four layers: The KDM Infrastructure Layer consists of the Core , kdm , and Source packages which provide a small common core for all other packages, the inventory model of the artifacts of the existing system and full traceability between the meta-model elements as links back to the source code of the artifacts, as well as the uniform extensibility mechanism. The Core package determines several of

864-500: The initial KDM representation is analyzed and more pieces of knowledge are extracted and made explicit as KDM to KDM transformation performed entirely within the KDM technology space. The steps of the knowledge extraction process can be performed by tools, and may involve the analyst. KDM is the uniform language- and platform- independent representation. Its extensibility mechanism allows addition of domain-, application- and implementation-specific knowledge. KDM packages are arranged into

900-600: The main focus of this article. In software engineering , the use of models is an alternative to more common code-based development techniques. A model always conforms to a unique metamodel. One of the currently most active branches of Model Driven Engineering is the approach named model-driven architecture proposed by OMG . This approach is embodied in the Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification. Typical metamodelling specifications proposed by OMG are UML , SysML , SPEM or CWM. ISO has also published

936-427: The other as a threat to his or her own survival and praxis; it is always a possibility that one's individual freedom limits another's. Sartre recognizes both natural and man-made constraints on freedom: he calls the non-unified practical activity of humans the "practico-inert". Sartre opposes to individual praxis a "group praxis" that fuses each individual to be accountable to each other in a common purpose. Sartre sees

972-658: The patterns that are reused by other KDM packages. Although KDM is a meta-model that uses Meta-Object Facility , there is an alignment between the KDM Core and Resource Description Framework (RDF). The Program Elements Layer consists of the Code and Action packages. The Resource Layer represents the operational environment of the existing software system. It is related to the area of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI). The Abstraction Layer represents domain and application abstractions. Metamodeling A metamodel

1008-471: The political, educational, spiritual and medical realms. The word praxis is from Ancient Greek : πρᾶξις , romanized :  praxis . In Ancient Greek the word praxis (πρᾶξις) referred to activity engaged in by free people. The philosopher Aristotle held that there were three basic activities of humans: theoria (thinking), poiesis (making), and praxis (doing). Corresponding to these activities were three types of knowledge: theoretical ,

1044-629: The relations between concepts: For software engineering, several types of models (and their corresponding modeling activities) can be distinguished: A library of similar metamodels has been called a Zoo of metamodels. There are several types of meta-model zoos. Some are expressed in ECore. Others are written in MOF 1.4 – XMI 1.2. The metamodels expressed in UML - XMI 1.2 may be uploaded in Poseidon for UML,

1080-595: The revolutionary praxis of the mass whose interest coincides with that of society as a whole—the proletariat . This will be an act of society understanding itself, in which the subject changes the object by the very fact of understanding it. Seemingly inspired by the Theses, the nineteenth century socialist Antonio Labriola called Marxism the "philosophy of praxis". This description of Marxism would appear again in Antonio Gramsci 's Prison Notebooks and

1116-451: The right metamodels to represent that behavior. Common uses for metamodels are: Because of the "meta" character of metamodeling, both the praxis and theory of metamodels are of relevance to metascience , metaphilosophy , metatheories and systemics , and meta-consciousness. The concept can be useful in mathematics , and has practical applications in computer science and computer engineering / software engineering . The latter are

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1152-398: The standard metamodel ISO/IEC 24744 . All the languages presented below could be defined as MOF metamodels. Metadata modeling is a type of metamodeling used in software engineering and systems engineering for the analysis and construction of models applicable and useful to some predefined class of problems. (see also: data modeling ). One important move in model-driven engineering

1188-436: The term praxis to mean "action oriented towards changing society" in his 1838 work Prolegomena zur Historiosophie ( Prolegomena to a Historiosophy ). Cieszkowski argued that while absolute truth had been achieved in the speculative philosophy of Hegel , the deep divisions and contradictions in man's consciousness could only be resolved through concrete practical activity that directly influences social life. Although there

1224-403: The way that a computer program conforms to the grammar of the programming language in which it is written. Various types of metamodels include polynomial equations, neural networks, Kriging , etc. "Metamodeling" is the construction of a collection of "concepts" (things, terms, etc.) within a certain domain. Metamodeling typically involves studying the output and input relationships and then fitting

1260-482: The world in various ways; the point is to change it. (11th thesis) Marx here criticizes the materialist philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach for envisaging objects in a contemplative way. Marx argues that perception is itself a component of man's practical relationship to the world. To understand the world does not mean considering it from the outside, judging it morally or explaining it scientifically. Society cannot be changed by reformers who understand its needs, only by

1296-546: The writings of the members of the Frankfurt School . Praxis is also an important theme for Marxist thinkers such as Georg Lukacs , Karl Korsch , Karel Kosik and Henri Lefebvre , and was seen as the central concept of Marx's thought by Yugoslavia's Praxis School , which established a journal of that name in 1964. In the Critique of Dialectical Reason , Jean-Paul Sartre posits a view of individual praxis as

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