This is an accepted version of this page
22-595: Indus Kohistanis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group speaking the Indus Kohistani language. They mainly reside in Indus Kohistan , Hazara Division in northern Pakistan . Kohistan is home to several ethnic groups Inhabiting the region of Indus Kohistan , Hazara Division . The Kohistani's like their neighbours in the Hazara Division formerly practised Hinduism and Buddhism , until
44-761: A diverse collection of peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent . Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language . The early Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely related to the Indo-Iranian group that have resided north of the Indus River ; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, Indo-Aryan speakers are found south of
66-530: A lesser extent, Central Asian steppe pastoralists. South Indian Tribal Dravidians descend majorly from South Asian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent Iranian hunter-gatherers. Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia. Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that
88-575: A range of definitions and usages. Denis Sinor , for example, used "Inner Asia" in contrast to agricultural civilizations, noting its changing borders, such as when a Roman province was taken by the Huns, areas of North China were occupied by the Mongols , or Anatolia came under Turkish influence , eradicating Hellenistic culture. Scholars or historians of the Qing dynasty , such as those who compiled
110-963: A region consisting of West Turkestan , East Turkestan (i.e., Xinjiang), Eastern Iran , Northern Pakistan , Afghanistan, Tibet , Qinghai , Sichuan , Gansu and northwestern Yunnan . The Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge defines Inner Asia as "an area centred on Mongolia and extending across the region of the great steppes to the Himalayas ", including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, East Turkestan, Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Nepal , Sikkim , Bhutan , Inner Mongolia , Liaoning , Jilin , Heilongjiang , Altai , Tuva , Buryatia and Chita . In French , Asie centrale can mean either "Central Asia" or "Inner Asia", while Mongolia and Tibet are grouped as Haute Asie ( lit. ' Upper Asia ' ). The terms meaning "Inner Asia" in
132-416: Is negative. It is that part of the continent of Eurasia that lies beyond the borders of the great sedentary civilizations.... Although the area of Central Eurasia is subject to fluctuations, the general trend is that of diminution. With the territorial growth of the sedentary civilizations, their borderline extends and offers a larger surface on which new layers of barbarians will be deposited. Central Europe
154-573: Is sometimes contrasted to "China proper", that is, the territories originally unified under the Qin dynasty with majority Han populations. In 1800, Chinese Inner Asia consisted of four main areas, namely Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria ), the Mongolian Plateau ( Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia ), Xinjiang ( Chinese Turkestan or East Turkestan ), and Tibet . Many of these areas had been only recently conquered by
176-455: Is the birthplace of Inner Asian studies in the West. Hungarian explorers and scholars of the early 19th century travelled to Inner Asia with an attempt to find their own national origins. Sándor Kőrösi Csoma was the first among these explorers, who became the founder of Tibetology . The Hungarian count Béla Széchenyi led a scientific expedition to Inner Asia in 1877–1880 and subsequently founded
198-771: The New Qing History , often use the term "Inner Asia" when studying Qing interests or reigns outside China proper , although previous Chinese dynasties like the Han dynasty , Tang dynasty and Ming dynasty also expanded their realms and influences into Inner Asia. According to Morris Rossabi , Inner Asia is composed not only of the five Central Asian countries, which includes Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Kazakhstan , but also includes Afghanistan , Xinjiang , Mongolia , Manchuria , and parts of Iran . The Committee on Inner Asian and Altaic Studies of Harvard University defines Inner Asia as
220-562: The Qing dynasty of China and, during most of the Qing period, they were governed through administrative structures different from those of the older Chinese provinces. A Qing government agency, the Lifan Yuan , supervised the empire's Inner Asian regions , also known as Chinese Tartary . The frontier regions of China proper— Gansu , Qinghai , Sichuan and Yunnan —are also sometimes included as part of Inner Asia. "Inner Asia" today has
242-1228: The 15th century, when the Hazarewals started converting to Islam . A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province thus notes that their neighbours, "The Pathans call them, and all Muhammadis (صلى الله عليه وسلم) of Indian descent in the Hindu Kush valleys, Kohistanis." During the winter, the Kohistani people reside near their fields, while in the summer they migrate to camping grounds that are located 14,000 feet in altitude. Indo-Aryan peoples Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Indo-Aryan peoples are
SECTION 10
#1732772990699264-794: The BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India. The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennium BCE. The GGC , Cemetery H , Copper Hoard , OCP , and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans. The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia,
286-471: The Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India. Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains
308-831: The Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE), and the Andronovo culture , which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea , present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians, moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture , south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from
330-543: The Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship. Inner Asia Inner Asia refers to the northern and landlocked regions spanning North , Central and East Asia . It includes parts of western and northeast China , as well as southern Siberia . The area overlaps with some definitions of "Central Asia", mostly
352-570: The Indus, across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh , Nepal , eastern- Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Maldives and northern- India . The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka ). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after
374-487: The historical ones, but certain regions that are often included in Inner Asia, such as Manchuria , are not a part of Central Asia by any of its definitions. Inner Asia may be regarded as the western and northern "frontier" of China proper and as being bounded by East Asia proper, which consists of China proper, Japan and Korea. The extent of Inner Asia has been understood differently in different periods. "Inner Asia"
396-636: The invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia . Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria (c. 1500–1300 BC); the other group was the Vedic people. Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun , an Indo-European Caucasoid people of Inner Asia in antiquity , were also of Indo-Aryan origin. The Proto-Indo-Iranians , from which
418-552: The journal Turán in 1913. The term "Inner Asian studies" (Hungarian: belső-ázsiai kutatások ; German: innerasiatische Studien ) first appeared in the masthead of Turán . Aurel Stein 's discoveries of Inner Asian antiquities contributed significantly to the knowledge of the civilizations of this region. In 1928, he published his 4-volume work entitled Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran, Carried Out and Described under
440-539: The languages of Inner Asia itself are all modern translations of terms in European languages, mostly Russian. " Central Asia " normally denotes the western part of Inner Asia; that is, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan , with Afghanistan sometimes also included as part of Central Asia. However, The Library of Congress subject classification system treats "Central Asia" and Inner Asia as synonymous. According to Morris Rossabi ,
462-422: The strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted. Genetically, most Indo-Aryan-speaking populations are descendants of a mix of Central Asian steppe pastoralists, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and, to a lesser extent, South Asian hunter-gatherers—commonly known as Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI). Dravidians are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers and Iranian hunter-gatherers, and to
SECTION 20
#1732772990699484-399: The term "Inner Asia" is the well-established term for the area in the literature. However, because of its deficiencies, including the implication of an "Outer Asia" that does not exist, Denis Sinor has proposed the neologism "Central Eurasia", which emphasizes the role of the area in intercontinental exchange. According to Sinor: The definition that can be given of Central Eurasia in space
#698301