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66-699: The Komi people first feature in the records of the Novgorod Republic in the 11th century, when traders from Novgorod traveled to the Perm region in search of furs and animal hides. The Novgorodians called these lands Zavolochye ("beyond the portage"), from the Russian word volok ("portage"), and the Komi were referred to as "the Chud beyond the portage". The Novgorodians penetrated deep into these lands, and

132-595: A UNESCO World Heritage Site , Virgin Komi Forests . It is the first natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in Russia and the largest expanse of virgin forests in Europe . The site includes two pre-existing protected areas: Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (created in 1930) and Yugyd Va National Park (created in 1994). Winters in the republic are long and cold, and the summers, while short, are quite warm. Deemed one of

198-534: A World Heritage Site , under the name Virgin Komi Forests . Pechora-Ilych is in the Urals montane tundra and taiga ecoregion, a region that covers the main ridge of the Ural Mountains (both sides) - a 2,000 km (north-south) by 300 km (west-east) region. The region is on the divide between European and Asian ecoregions, and also the meeting point of tundra and taiga. The climate of Pechora-Ilych

264-555: A penal colony . Russians explored the Komi territory most extensively in the 19th and early 20th centuries, starting with the expedition led by Alexander von Keyserling in 1843. They found ample reservoirs of various minerals, as well as timber, to exploit. After the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast was established on August 22, 1921, and on December 5, 1936, it

330-419: A distinct pole of genetic diversity. According to a 2018 study, approximately 19% of Komi autosomal ancestry can be estimated to be Nganasan -like. This Siberian-related component is typical for Uralic populations. Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve ( Russian : Печоро-Илычский заповедник , Pechoro-Ilychsky zapovednik ) is a Russian ' zapovednik ' (strict nature reserve) in

396-655: A power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy. The agreement was abolished on 20 May 2002. The republic is situated to the west of the Ural Mountains , in the north-east of the East European Plain . The Polar Urals rise in the northeastern part. Forests cover over 70% of the territory, and swamps cover approximately 15%. The Komi Republic is the second-largest federal region by area in European Russia after Arkhangelsk Oblast. Major rivers include: There are many lakes in

462-517: A river. Since the Komi people inhabit territories densely covered with forests, the main material for the construction of houses and farm buildings has traditionally been wood. Komi dwellings in many respects resemble North Russian houses in their internal structure. 2 major types of house types exist among the Komi, the Sysol house type (Сысольский тип) and the Vym house type (Bымский тип). The Sysol home

528-520: A single language with two regional language standards. The two separate standards were created in the early Soviet era partly because of the traditional administrative borders, and partly to hinder pan-Komi nationalistic aspirations. Until the 18th century, Komi was written in the Old Permic script (Komi: Важ Перым гижӧм, 𐍮𐍐‎𐍕 𐍟‎𐍔‎𐍠𐍨𐍜 𐍒‎𐍣‎𐍕𐍩𐍜‎, Važ Perym gižöm ), also known as Anbur in reference in reference to its first 2 letters, which

594-585: A wider area than the Russian Perm , extending into the Arkhangelsk Oblast . Since the 20th century, the name has been applied only to the southern Komi (Komi-Permyaks) in the Perm Krai. In Russia, permyak also means "an inhabitant of Perm or Perm Krai", regardless of ethnicity. The name for the northern Komis – Zyryans – has a more contradictory origin. It exists since at least

660-438: Is Humid continental climate, cool summer ( Köppen climate classification Subarctic climate (Dfc)). This climate is characterized by mild summers (only 1-3 months above 10 °C (50.0 °F)) and cold, snowy winters (coldest month below −3 °C (26.6 °F)). Russian geographer A.A. Korchagin divided the area of the reserve into five natural regions: Moose , beavers , squirrels , pine martens are abundant in

726-552: Is developed by Lukoil. The petroleum, wood and paper industries made up 94.5% of the Republic’s exports in 2021. Railroad transportation is very well developed. The most important railroad line is Kotlas – Vorkuta – Salekhard , which is used to ship most goods in and out of the republic. The rivers Vychegda and Pechora are navigable. There are airports in Syktyvkar , Ukhta , and Vorkuta . In 1997, total railroad trackage

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792-408: Is in a square-shaped, divided internally between a commercial section and the private section for its residents. The Vym house type is not very easy to distinguish from the Sysol home, its major differences lying in the windows and internal arrangement. The Izhma Komi, living in sparsely-wooded areas live in chum tents. The efforts of Stephen of Perm to convert the Komi people to Orthodoxy had allowed

858-399: Is known that their height and abnormal shapes make the top of these rock giants inaccessible even to experienced rock-climbers. Population : 737,853 ( 2021 Census ) ; 901,189 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,018,674 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,261,024 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Source: According to the 2010 Census , ethnic Russians make up 65.1% of the republic's population, while

924-630: Is typical for the Uralic-speaking peoples. 37% carry its subclade N1c and 18.5 percent belong to subgroup N-P43 . The second most common Y-haplogroup for Komi is R1a (27.4%). Among the mtDNA haplogroups, the most common is H (33%). About one in four have the haplogroup U . 13.6 % belong to its subgroup U4 and 9.9% belong to subgroup U5 . Haplogroup T is found with a frequency of 13.3%. A study on northeastern European populations, published in March 2013, found that Komi-Zyryans form

990-455: The 2021 Bandy World Championship , but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and then cancelled after many participants pulled out after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine . Komi people The Komi ( Komi : комияс , romanized:  komijas also коми-войтыр , komi-vojtyr ) are a Permian ethnic group who are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit a region around

1056-549: The Catholic Church . In addition, 41% of the population declared to be " spiritual but not religious ", 14% is atheist , and 6.4% follows other religions or failed to answer the question. There are over 450 secondary schools in the republic (with ~180,000 students). The most important higher education facilities include Komi Republican Academy of State Service and Administration, Syktyvkar State University and Ukhta State Technical University . The head of government in

1122-605: The Ilych , from whose names the name of the reserve is derived. The idea of the creation of a nature reserve in the upper Pechora, as a sable zakaznik (sanctuary), was proposed in 1915 by S. T. Nat, the Chief Forester of Vologda Guberniya , in his article in Lesnoy Zhurnal ( Forest Journal ). The nature reserve was created on May 4, 1930, originally occupying 11,350 square kilometers. The borders of

1188-652: The Komi Republic , Russia . It currently occupies 7,213 square kilometers and forms the core of the World Heritage Site Virgin Komi Forests . The nature reserve is located in the south-eastern corner of the Komi Republic ( Troitsko-Pechorsky District ), on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains and the adjacent foothills and lowlands. The area is drained by the upper course of the Pechora River and its tributary

1254-616: The Seven Wonders of Russia , the Komi Republic is home to Manpupuner (Man-Pupu-Nyer), a mysterious site in the northern Ural mountains , in the Troitsko-Pechorsky District , made out of seven rock towers bursting out of the flat plateau known as the "7 Strong Men". Manpupuner is a very popular attraction in Russia, but not on an international level. Information regarding its origin is scarce. However, it

1320-531: The ermine , the American and European mink , the pine marten , the sable , and the Siberian weasel . Over the years, scientific research in many areas of biology and ecology was conducted in the reserve. Topics of research ranged from ants to squirrels to fish . The moose was a particularly important topic of research in the reserve. The moose ( Alces alces ) has long been an object of research at

1386-467: The 10th century and came from the ancient name of the land between the Mezen and Pechora rivers– Perm or " Great Perm " ( Russian : Пермь Великая ). Several origins of the name have been proposed but the most accepted is from Veps Peräma "back, outer or far-away land". In Old Norse and Old English , it was known as Bjarmaland and Beormas respectively but those Germanic names designate

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1452-540: The 14th century and has many different forms in various Russian sources such as Seryan, Siryan, Syryan, Suryan and Ziryan, Ziranian, Zyryan ( Russian : серьяне, сирьяне, сыряне, суряне, зиряне, зыряне ), but the latter finally became predominant. Turkin believed that it may come from a small tribe of the Komi (probably named saran ) which was first met by the Russians, who used the name for all northern Komi. The neighbouring Uralic-speaking peoples use similar names for

1518-528: The 1860s. A national movement to revive Komi culture also emerged. Russian rule in the area collapsed after World War I and the revolutions of 1917 . In the subsequent Russian Civil War , the Bolsheviks fought the Allies for control of the region. The Allied forces encouraged the Komi to set up their own independent state with the help of political prisoners freed from the local penal colonies. After

1584-586: The 336,309 recorded as Komi in the 1989 census. The Komi language belongs to the Permian branch of the Uralic family . There is limited mutual intelligibility with Udmurt . There are two main dialects: Zyrian in the Komi Republic and Permyak in the Komi-Permyak Okrug , which have been traditionally treated as separate languages. They are mutually intelligible, and can also be considered to form

1650-582: The Allies withdrew in 1919, the Bolsheviks took over. They promoted Komi culture with the policy of korenizatsiya , but increased industrialisation damaged the Komi traditional way of life and the landscape of the republic. Stalin 's purges of the 1930s devastated the Komi intelligentsia , who were accused of "bourgeois nationalism". The remote and inhospitable region was also regarded as an ideal location for gulags . The influx of political prisoners and

1716-575: The Komi Republic is the Head of the Republic. As of 2024, the current Head is Rostislav Goldshteyn . The State Council is the legislature. The Komi Republic's major industries include oil processing, timber, woodworking, paper, natural gas and electric power industries. Major industrial centers are Syktyvkar , Inta , Pechora , Sosnogorsk , Ukhta , and Vorkuta . Komigaz conducts natural gas transportation and distribution. The Yaregskoye oil field

1782-514: The Komi Republic resides in urban centres but a notable minority continues to live in villages. The Komi population in the countryside tends to be higher than that of Komi in urban areas, where ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population. Like the rest of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, the population continues to steadily decrease - the 2010 census recorded only 228,235 people who indicated their nationality as "Komi", as compared to

1848-401: The Komi people is quite diverse and has numerous local variants. While men's clothing had remained mostly similar throughout the territories inhabited by the Komi people (excluding the winter costumes of Komi males), women's clothing has more variety, each region having its own distinct clothing type. These differences lie in the embroidery technique, type of fabrics and ornamentation. In general,

1914-574: The Komi to begin constructing and experimenting with church architecture, creating many churches with the tented-roof style similarly to the constructions happening in Northern Russia and Pomerania. While most churches in the territory of the republic were constructed with wood, select churches and monasteries featured stone construction. The republic had over 430 churches in 1917, but this number has fallen down to just 130, 31 of which are registered under heritage programs. The national dress of

1980-667: The Komi to have invented skis , Joma (Ёма) who is regarded to be a Komi equivalent to the Baba Yaga and Pera (Пера) who is a character from the tales of the Komi-Permyaks known for his courage. Information regarding the pre-Christian Komi religion is not well researched, with formal research by Russian ethnologists only beginning during the later half of the 19th century. Klavdij Alekseevich Popov (1874), Alexandr Vasilevich Krasov (1896), and Kallistrat Faloleevich Zhakov  [ ru ] (1901) all made attempts to reconstruct

2046-556: The Komi, known by contemporary Russians as Zyrians ( zyriane ). He settled in Ust-Vym and became the first bishop of Perm. After Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, the Komi territories came under the influence of Moscow in the late 15th and early 16th century. The site of Syktyvkar , settled from the 16th century, was known as Sysolskoye (Сысольскoe). In 1780, under Catherine the Great , it was renamed to Ust-Sysolsk (Усть-Сысольск) and used as

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2112-493: The Komi: Khanty sərän, sərån, săran, sārån , Mansi sarän , Nenets sānnğr, saran , Udmurt sara-kum . The name Komi is the endonym for all subgroups of the people. It was first recorded by ethnographers in the 18th century. It originates from a Finno-Ugric word meaning "man, human": Komi kom , Udmurt kum , Mansi kom, kum , Khanty xum , Selkup qum , Hungarian hím "male". The theory that stated

2178-464: The Komis. Syktyvkar ( Ust-Sysolsk before 1930) was founded as the chief Russian city in the region in the 18th century. The Russian government established penal settlements in the north for criminals and political prisoners. There were several Komi rebellions in protest against Russian rule and the influx of Slav settlers, especially after large numbers of freed serfs started arriving in the region in

2244-619: The Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve. In the late 1940s, the management of the reserve encountered the problem of unsustainable growth of the moose population. By the early 1950s, pastures in the reserve started to be exhausted. To handle the problem, in 1956 a moose hunting enterprise ( лосепромысловое хозяйство ) was instituted. The enterprise was affiliated with the reserve, but located outside of its territory. It has been economically successful. Between 1956 and 1968, 1000 moose were taken, providing 200 tons of meat. At

2310-622: The United States) was created outside of the reserve; the size of the buffer area size was increased in 1984 by additional 330 km . Since 1986 reserve has been listed by UNESCO as one of the biosphere reserves of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves . In 1995 the forest area including the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and its northern neighbor, the Yugyd Va National Park , were recognized by UNESCO as

2376-773: The ancient religion of the Komi-Zyryans. Nikolai Abramovich Rogov (1858, 1860), Nikolai Dobrotvorsky (1883), Ivan Nikolaevich Smirnov (1891), and Vladimir Mikhailovich Yanovich (1903) made reconstructions of the aspects of the Komi religion focusing on the natural world. According to The Life of Saint Stefan, the Bishop of Perm (1897) by Epiphany the Wise, the Komi ancestors had many deities, whose wooden images stood in dedicated cult sanctuaries for higher-ranking deities, while those of domestic deities were kept in Komi dwellings. More than half of Komi-Zyryan men have haplogroup N , which

2442-628: The basins of the Vychegda , Pechora and Kama rivers in northeastern European Russia . They mostly reside in the Komi Republic , Perm Krai , Murmansk Oblast , Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug , and Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Federation . There have been at least three names for the Komi: Permyaks , Zyrians (Russian: пермяки, зыряне ) and Komi . The name Permyaks first appeared in Russian sources in

2508-486: The biologists from the reserve, as well as from the research institutes in Syktyvkar and Moscow (e.g. ) Knorre's and his associates' moose domestication work at Pechora Ilych, as well as somewhat similar Muskox Domestication Project at the University of Alaska 's Institute of Northern Agricultural Research , also provided valuable insights in the general theory of animal domestication. The facility, located in

2574-401: The creation of the world as a result of the struggle of two gods, En (Komi: Ен) and Omöl' (Komi: Омöль ). These 2 deities are regarded as creator-gods in the Komi mythos, who created all life in the world (though it was En who would vivify them). As the Komi were gradually Christianized, the depictions of En & Omöl began to mirror those of God and Satan, in which Omöl would be depicted as

2640-405: The depredations of wolves, bears, and poachers on the free-ranging population. Among the potential productive uses of the moose, the milk production was found the most promising. However, riding a moose and using it to pull a sleigh were tried at the farm as well. Over the years, a number of research articles dealing with the physiology , ethology , and ecology of the moose were published by

2706-521: The diet of the northern Komi, while dishes utilizing berries were more common in the south. Popular dishes of Komi cuisine are grain pies with fish, various porridges, Serbanka , other sour soups, cold soups based on bread, kvass , etc. The popular Russian dumpling dish pelmeni likely has its origins in the cuisine of the Komi and Udmurt peoples, its name (пельнянь, pel'n'an' ) meaning "ear bread" in both languages. Most Komi myths are related to shamanism and paganism. The most widespread myths are about

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2772-424: The director. The main objectives of the farm were to learn more about moose biology and to use this knowledge to develop suitable food rations for the moose and techniques for caring for them; to study the feasibility of raising a farm-bred population; and to explore the possibilities of the use of the moose in the national economy. Over the first 40-plus years of the project, six generations of moose were raised on

2838-399: The ethnic Komi make up 23.7%. Other groups include Ukrainians (4.2%), Tatars (1.3%), Belarusians (1%), Ethnic Germans (0.6%), Chuvash (0.6%), Azeris (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. Excluding 46,886 people who were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that

2904-430: The farm, with some 30–35 animals at the farm in any given year. About 15 moose calves were raised at the farm in a good spring. The total number of the animals raised over the year is said to have exceeded 500. The farm's adult moose would spend most of the time browsing in the forest; however, a pregnant moose cow would always come back to the farm to give birth. Then, during the lactation period of three to five months,

2970-472: The latter due to his efforts to hamper En's creation process. Even with the Christianization of the Komi, there are relatively few Christian legends and tales in the folklore of the Komi, but tales of c hudins , who are pagans and flee away from the new order to the forests, have become widespread. Some notable characters from Komi mythology include Jirkap (Йиркап) from Sindor , who is thought by

3036-485: The methods used were typical of those used by later Russians in subsequent campaigns. The Moscow principality also played an increasing role in the expansion into Komi territories, accompanied by a great increase in monastic activity in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church . The missionary Stephen of Perm , a native of Ustyug , created the first alphabet for

3102-498: The moose cow would come to the farm several times a day, at the same hours, to be milked. The milk production of a moose is small compared to a dairy cow : over the lactation season, a total of 300–500 liters (75–125 gallons) of milk is obtained from a moose. However, the milk has a high (12–14%) fat content, and is rich in vitamins and micronutrient elements; it is said to have medicinal properties. A farm-raised moose can live as long as 18 years, although few reached that age because of

3168-608: The prehistoric Permians are assumed to have split into two peoples during the first millennium BC: the Komi and the Udmurts . By the 16th-17th centuries, the Komi further divided into the Komi-Permyaks (who remained in the Kama River basin) and the Komi-Zyryans (who migrated north). From the 12th century the Russians began to expand into the Perm region and the Komi came into contact with Novgorod . Novgorodian traders travelled to

3234-456: The proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. According to a 2012 survey, 30.2% of the population of Komi adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Rodnovers or Komi native religious believers, 1% are Muslims , 1% are Orthodox Christians not belonging to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches , 1% are Old Believers , and 0.4% are members of

3300-497: The rapid industrialisation of the region as a result of World War II left the Komi a minority in their own lands. Stalin carried out further purges of the Komi intellectual class in the 1940s and 1950s, and Komi language and culture were suppressed. Since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Komi have reasserted their claims to a separate identity. The Komi settlements were set-up with large, multi-courtyard churchyards and villages, which were typically constructed along or close to

3366-581: The region in search of furs and animal hides. The Novgorodians referred to the southern Komi region as "the Great Perm ". Komi dukes unified the Great Perm with its centre at the stronghold of Cherdyn . As the Middle Ages progressed, Novgorod gave way to Moscow as the leading Russian power in the region. In 1365, Dmitry Donskoy , Prince of Moscow, gave Stephen of Perm the task of converting

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3432-492: The region to Christianity. Stephen's mission led to the creation of the eparchy of Perm in 1383. After his death, Stephen became the patron saint of the Komi. He also devised an alphabet for the Komi language . Some Komi resisted Christianisation, notably the shaman Pama. The Duke of Perm accepted baptism only in 1470 (he was given the Christian name Mikhail), possibly in an attempt to stave off Russian military pressure in

3498-451: The region. Mikhail's conversion failed to stop an attack by Moscow which seized Cherdyn in 1472. Mikhail was allowed to keep his title of duke but was now a vassal of Moscow. The duchy survived only until 1505 when Mikhail's son Matvei was replaced by a Russian governor and Komi independence came to an end. In the 1500s, many Russian migrants began to move into the region, beginning a long process of colonisation and attempts at assimilating

3564-474: The remote Northern Urals taiga, was never meant to turn a profit, and found itself in a difficult situation after the government funding cutbacks of the early 1990s. According to a recent trip report, the moose farm operations have been greatly reduced; the remaining buildings are in a poor conditions, and only a few animals remain. A Moscow teacher visiting in 2003 reported that there were only five left. However, moose domestication experiments in Russia continue at

3630-428: The republic. Major lakes include: The republic's natural resources include coal , oil , natural gas , gold , diamonds , and timber . Native reindeer are in abundance and have been intentionally bred for human usage by the indigenous population. Around 32,800 km of mostly boreal forest (as well as some alpine tundra and meadows) in the Republic's Northern Ural Mountains have been recognized in 1995 as

3696-413: The reserve was greatly reduced in size, to a mere 930 km ; its area became non-contiguous, with a small lowland section near Yaksha being separated from the highland part. In 1959 the area of the reserve was increased to its current size (7,213 km ), but it still remains non-contiguous. To better protect the reserve, in 1973 a buffer area of 324 km (similar in status to a national forest in

3762-533: The reserve were set on July 30, 1931. Originally, the reserve's main office was built in the village of Ust-Ilych , at the fall of the Ilych into the Pechora. Access to that location being extremely difficult, the main office was moved in 1935 to the village of Yaksha , further upstream on the Pechora, but closer to the Kama River basin, via which the area communicated with the outside world in those days. In 1951

3828-427: The reserve. Sables are known to live in the piedmont forest region of the reserve. The wild reindeer have almost disappeared after the loss of the pine forest section of the reserve in 1951, and consequent habitat destruction . The large predators include brown bears , wolves , and wolverines . Ten mustelid species make the reserve their home, from the largest, the wolverine , to the least weasel , as well as

3894-482: The rivers where they live: The majority of the Komi live in the Komi Republic as a separate national-administrative entity of the Russian Federation, numbering 256,000 as of the beginning of the 21st century, roughly 30% of the Republic's population. About 60% (607,000) are Russians, about 6% (62,000) are Ukrainians, 1.5% (15,500) are Tatars, and 1.4% (15,000) are Belarusians. Most of the population of

3960-550: The same time, hunting operations allowed the collection of valuable statistics on the biology of the Pechora moose population. Besides moose hunting, in 1949 the reserve staff created the facility they referred to as a "moose farm" ( лосеферма , loseferma ) to study the feasibility of moose domestication. The first director of this project was Yevgeny Knorre . After he moved to the Volga-Kama Nature Reserve in 1962, his student M. V. Kozhukhov became

4026-608: The traditional clothing of the southern and central Komi closely resembles that of the Northern Russians and other Finno-Ugric groups, while the costume of the Izhma Komi has many common features with the Nenets . Hunting, gathering and fishing have long been the main source of food for the Komi people, displayed through the dominance of meat, fish, berries and mushrooms in most Komi diets. Meat dishes were more common in

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4092-415: The untouched tundra and taiga . The first mine, "Rudnik No. 1", became the city of Vorkuta , and other towns of the region have similar origins: "Prisoners planned and built all of the republic's major cities, not just Ukhta but also Syktyvkar, Pechora, Vorkuta, and Inta. Prisoners built Komi's railways and roads, as well as its original industrial infrastructure." On 21 March 1996, the Komi Republic signed

4158-630: The word came from the name of the Kama River has been disproven, though some scholars like Paula Kokkonen favour this version. The Komi are divided into two main groups, which are the Zyryans (northern Komi) and the Permyaks (southern Komi). These are divided into 8 subgroupings (9 if counting the almost completely russified Komi of the Upper Kama), which are further divided into even smaller subgroups. The Komi have been traditionally named after

4224-565: Was 1,708 km, automobile roads 4,677 km. Stroitel plays again in the Russian Bandy Super League in the 2017–18 season, after several years in Russian Bandy Supreme League , the second highest division. In 2015 a bandy federation for the republic was founded. In 2016 the authorities presented a five-year plan to develop bandy in the republic. There was an application in place to host

4290-662: Was created by Saint Stephen of Perm in the 14th century, seeing use up to the 16th century after which it saw use as a cryptographic writing system for Russian speakers. Cyrillic was used from the 19th century and briefly replaced by the Latin alphabet between 1932 and 1936. The Komi language is currently written in Cyrillic, adding two extra letters - Іі and Ӧӧ - to represent vowel sounds which do not exist in Russian. The first book to be printed in Komi (a vaccination manual) appeared in 1815. Based on linguistic reconstruction ,

4356-667: Was reorganized into the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with its administrative center located at the town of Syktyvkar . Many of the "settlers" who arrived in the early 20th century were prisoners of the Gulag – sent by the hundreds of thousands to perform forced labor in the Arctic regions of the USSR. Towns sprang up around labor-camp sites, which gangs of prisoners initially carved out of

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