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37-546: The area has historically been a working class quarter, dissected by major transport corridors and characterized by industry along the harbour-front. Since the turn of the millennium, this picture is starting to change. While the central parts of the district in general remains a relatively poor neighbourhood with social challenges, the harbour-front areas of Sluseholmen and Teglholmen have undergone massive redevelopment into new residential neighbourhoods. A cluster of IT and telecommunications companies have also emerged in

74-485: A working class neighbourhood. The Ford assembly plant closed in 1965 and most of the remaining industry disappeared in the 1970s and 80s. Gradually, Kongens Enghave gained a reputation for being the area in Denmark with most people on social welfare , the lowest education rate and life expectancy and high incidence of all major social problems. In the 1990s, companies such as Nokia , Philips and TDC established in

111-449: A "slum of hope" from the 1920s and 1930s, members of this class are given hardly any chances of attaining membership of the formal economic structures. Diane Reay stresses the challenges that working-class students can face during the transition to and within higher education, and research intensive universities in particular. One factor can be the university community being perceived as a predominately middle-class social space, creating

148-632: A factory in Godley , near Manchester, England, and in 1894 he built a vast margarine works in Southall , London. Mønsteds butter company was renamed to Otto Mønsted Aarhus in 1909 - usually just shortened to OMA - and the OMA margarine brand became very familiar in Denmark, as he introduced innovative marketing techniques for his time. He also tried to gain a foothold on the Russian market with margarine, but lost

185-512: A great deal of money as a consequence of World War I and the Russian Revolution . In Aarhus, he was very active in the city's economic life and was a member of the city council from 1885 to 1891. He led the establishing of the first local telephone company of Århus Telefonselskab and donated a large sum of money to the establishment of Aarhus Theatre and financed the interior artistic decorations as well. Mønsteds' contributions

222-470: A key change in these Soviet-style societies has been a new type of proletarianization , often effected by the administratively achieved forced displacement of peasants and rural workers. Since then, four major industrial states have turned towards semi-market-based governance ( China , Laos , Vietnam , Cuba ), and one state has turned inwards into an increasing cycle of poverty and brutalization ( North Korea ). Other states of this sort have collapsed (such as

259-460: A mental institution, was opened by Johan Keller in 1876. Vestre Prison opened in 1895. In the beginning of the 20th century, Port of Copenhagen was expanded with extensive docklands with many industrial enterprises in the area. Otto Mønsted opened a margarine factory in 1911. It was joined by Lemvig Møller & Munch and Sømderværftet (1818), a subsidiary of Københavns Flydeværft & Skibsdok. Burmeister & Wain established an iron foundry in

296-505: A population density of 3,455 per km (2008). It used to be one of 15 administrative districts of Copenhagen, but since an administrative reform in 2006-08, it has been part of the official district of Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave . Kongens Enghave is bounded by the Carlsberg area to the north, Vesterbro to the north-east and Valby to the west, while Copenhagen Harbour to the east and south separates it from Amager Vest . Kongens Enghave

333-401: A self-identification with the working class group. This subjective approach allows individuals, rather than researchers, to define their own "subjective" and "perceived" social class. Karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as those individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production . He argued that they were responsible for creating

370-407: A sense of otherness due to class differences in social norms and knowledge of navigating academia. Working classes in different countries Otto M%C3%B8nsted Rasmus Otto Mønsted (23 November 1838 - 4 September 1916) was an industrialist and margarine manufacturer from Denmark. Born at the rural family manor of Lyngsbækgård on Mols near Ebeltoft , Otto Mønsted became

407-585: A smaller factory-plant, in which the research and development of diesel-technology takes place, being the last active heavy industry-plant in the area. There are two S-train stations located in Kongens Enghave: Sydhavn station and Sjælør station , both of which are on the Køge radial of the S-train network. A third S-train station, serviced by trains on Vestbanen and Frederikssundbanen ,

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444-564: A wholesaler of butter, grain and feed in the town of Aarhus in 1865 after some trading experience in Grenå , Roskilde and Copenhagen . In 1876, he founded a large business exporting butter in hermetically sealed containers to places like England, China and Africa. Although the butter company was successful, he diversified into manufacturing margarine , and in 1883 opened the first margarine factory in Denmark . He followed five years later with

481-410: Is defined and used in different ways. One definition used by many socialists is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour, a group otherwise referred to as the proletariat . In this sense, the working class includes white and blue-collar workers, manual and menial workers of all types, excluding individuals who derive their livelihood from business ownership or

518-505: Is first mentioned in 1632. The area was used for harvesting of hay for the royal stables at Copenhagen Castle . In 1776, a small plague hospital was built on Kalvebod Beach. The name Frederiksholm is first seen in 1667–68 when large areas on the coast were reclaimed and drained. The history of the district dates back to 1795 when the old Enghavevej was built, running all the way from Vesterbrogade to Gammel Køge Landevej by way of present-day Sydhavns Plads and Mozarts Plads. The land

555-591: Is located in Vesterbro, just on the border to Kongens Enghave. The closest mainline train station is Copenhagen South , which served by the 7A bus which runs through Sydhavnen. Copenhagen Harbour Buses lines 991 and 992 serve Sluseholmen and Teglholmen. There are also regular buses connecting from Mozarts Plads, Sluseholmen and Teglholmen to the city centre. A metro line, the M4 , is scheduled to open in 2024. Stations are being built at Mozarts Plads and Sluseholmen, and

592-532: The Soviet Union ). Since 1960, large-scale proletarianization and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world , generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, expanding the size of the urban working class. The informal working class is a sociological term coined by Mike Davis for a class of over a billion predominantly young urban people who are in no way formally connected to

629-408: The global economy and who try to survive primarily in slums . According to Davis, this class no longer corresponds to the socio-theoretical concepts of a class, from Marx, Max Weber or the theory of modernization . Thereafter, this class developed worldwide from the 1960s, especially in the southern hemisphere. In contrast to previous notions of a class of the lumpen proletariat or the notions of

666-454: The wealth of a society, asserting that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land or factories . A sub-section of the proletariat, the lumpenproletariat ( rag-proletariat ), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as day labourers and homeless people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness. In Marxist terms wage labourers and those dependent on

703-403: The welfare state are working class, and those who live on accumulated capital are not, and this broad dichotomy defines the class struggle . In The Communist Manifesto , Marx and Friedrich Engels argue that it is the destiny of the working class to displace the capitalist system, with the dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the " dictatorship of the bourgeoisie ") abolishing

740-636: The 2009 Danish Urban Planning Award. The most important green spaces of the Kongens Enghave district include Vestre Cemetery and the semi-natural Sydhavnstippen area. A cluster of Danish headquarters of multinational companies such as Nokia , Sonofon , Philips , TDC , Statoil , DaimlerChrysler and BMW Group has formed in the Sydhavnen area. Also, as a precedor, and through the takeover, of Burmeister and Wain, MAN Diesel & Turbo has its Danish headquarter on Teglholmen, together with

777-548: The English Working Class , E. P. Thompson argues that the English working class was present at its own creation, and seeks to describe the transformation of pre-modern labouring classes into a modern, politically self-conscious, working class. Starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class (see Soviet working class ). Some historians have noted that

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814-504: The United States limit its membership to workers who hold blue-collar and pink-collar jobs, or whose income is insufficiently high to place them in the middle class , or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into this category; thus, this definition can include almost all of the working population of industrialized economies . As with many terms describing social class , working class

851-507: The area in 1920 and took over Sønderværftet in 1926. In 1924 Ford Motor Company moved its assembly plant from Nørrebro to the Southern Docklands. The factory was designed by Albert Kahn and opened on 15 November 1924. The Kongens Enghave district developed around the heavy industry of the Southern Docklands. The residential areas were built to satisfy a demand for housing for the workers and it has thus always been considered

888-507: The area. In 2002 a masterplan was adopted for redevelopment of the Southern Docklands. It was created by Copenhagen Municipality, By & Havn and Sjoerd Soeters . This redevelopment, which is still ongoing, has attracted new residents. Dramatically rising real-estate prices and a shortage of cheap accommodation in Copenhagen during the last half of the 1990s and the first half of the 2000s have also drawn new income groups and students to

925-532: The area. In 2011, Nokia closed their large R&D department in Copenhagen with more than 1,000 employees. Their buildings now house an Aalborg University campus. The parts of Kongens Enghave attracting most attention today are the redeveloped harbour-front areas of Sluseholmen and Teglholmen. In particular, the Sluseholmen Canal District is generally recognized as one of the most successful new neighbourhoods in Copenhagen, for which it won

962-545: The area. The former Nokia Copenhagen headquarter is now occupied by a branch of Aalborg University . However, the traditional parts of the district still haven't undergone the gentrification process seen in more central former working class areas such as Vesterbro and Nørrebro . The central parts of Sydhavnen are served by Sydhavn and Sjælør station of the S-train system. There are also several bus lines. The Øresund Railway (to Copenhagen Airport and Malmö) traverses

999-418: The district mostly underground, but does not have any stations here. A metro branch line, the M4 , is under construction and due to open in 2024. It will serve three stations in the district (Enghave Brygge, Sluseholmen and Mozarts Plads) as well as two stations bordering the district (Havneholmen and the hub of København Syd ). Kongens Enghave covers an area of 4.46 km, has a population of 15,414 and

1036-533: The grounds. The storm surge in November 1872 led to widespread floodings in the area. In response, as a private initiative, the Køhler brothers carried out extensive reclamations along the coast, and- Shortly thereafter, they established Frederiksholm Harbour in association with their brickyard. The brick yard produced many of the bricks used in the construction of Vesterbro prior to its closure in 1918. Karens Minde,

1073-743: The labour of others. The term, which is primarily used to evoke images of laborers suffering "class disadvantage in spite of their individual effort", can also have racial connotations, applying diverse themes of poverty and implications about whether one is deserving of aid. In other contexts the term working class refers to a section of society dependent on physical labour , especially when compensated with an hourly wage (for certain types of science, as well as journalistic or political analysis). Working-class occupations can be categorized into four groups: unskilled labourers, artisans, outworkers , and factory workers. Common alternative definitions of Working Class include definition by income level, whereby

1110-514: The late 18th century, under the influence of the Enlightenment , European society was in a state of change, and this change could not be reconciled with the idea of a changeless God-created social order. Wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics (i.e. excessive consumption of alcohol, perceived laziness and inability to save money). In The Making of

1147-500: The line will terminate at Copenhagen South railway station . 55°39′48″N 12°32′10″E  /  55.6633°N 12.5361°E  / 55.6633; 12.5361 Working class The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary -based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition. Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour . Most common definitions of "working class" in use in

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1184-478: The same social unit , a third estate of people who were neither aristocrats nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies . The social position of these labouring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants' War . In

1221-461: The social relationships underpinning the class system before then developing into a communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." In feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the labouring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of

1258-524: The working class is contrasted with a middle class on the basis of access to economic resources, education , cultural interests, and other goods and services, and the "white working class" has been "loosely defined" by the New York Times as comprising white people without college degrees. Researchers in Australia have suggested that working class status should be defined subjectively as

1295-430: Was divided into 22 estates at the same event. From about 1900, a few country houses and farmsteads were built along the road: Frederiksholm, "Larsens Minde", Lises Minde, Frederikslund, Wilhelms Minde as well as a few small cottages, mainly used by fishermen and hunters. Frederiksholm, the only of these houses that still exist today, was built by king Frederick VI . The estate covered about 50 hectares, about half of which

1332-470: Was gardens and the remainder meadows. In 1834, it kept about 40 cows and 10 horses. From the 1870s, it served as residence for the manager of Frederiksholm Brickworks . Copenhagen's city walls were decommissioned in 1857, leading to new development in the area. Vestre Cemetery was established in 1870. In 1871, two brothers, Køhler, purchased the Frederiksholm estate and established a brickyard in

1369-660: Was not limited to the town of Aarhus though and he was made a Knight of the Dannebrog . He built himself a villa in 1896-97, Kristianiagade 5 in Copenhagen , designed by the architect Vilhelm Dahlerup . The building is now the Russian Embassy . When Mønsted died, he was one of Denmark's richest men. The Otto Mønsted Foundation was created, which contributes to the development of the Danish business community. In 1956,

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