The Copperbelt ( French : ceinture du cuivre ) is a natural region in Central Africa which sits on the border region between northern Zambia and the south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo . It is known for copper mining .
77-538: Traditionally, the term Copperbelt includes the mining regions of Zambia's Copperbelt Province (notably the towns of Ndola , Kitwe , Chingola , Luanshya , and Mufulira in particular) and the Congo's Haut-Katanga and Lualaba provinces (notably Lubumbashi , Kolwezi , and Likasi ). It arises because of the Katanga Supergroup , a Neoproterozoic sequence of geological formations . In some contexts
154-408: A distinctive composition or mode or origin. Special names still in wide use include amphibolite, greenschist , phyllite, marble, serpentinite , eclogite, migmatite , skarn , granulite , mylonite, and slate. The basic classification can be supplemented by terms describing mineral content or texture. For example, a metabasalt showing weak schistosity might be described as a gneissic metabasalt, and
231-455: A distinctive layering called foliation (derived from the Latin word folia , meaning "leaves"). Foliation develops when a rock is being shortened along one axis during recrystallization. This causes crystals of platy minerals, such as mica and chlorite , to become rotated such that their short axes are parallel to the direction of shortening. This results in a banded, or foliated, rock, with
308-410: A few hundred meters where pressures are relatively low (for example, in contact metamorphism ). Metamorphic processes change the texture or mineral composition of the metamorphosed rock. Metasomatism can change the bulk composition of a rock. Hot fluids circulating through pore space in the rock can dissolve existing minerals and precipitate new minerals. Dissolved substances are transported out of
385-524: A makeshift pressure vessel constructed from a cannon barrel and heated it in an iron foundry furnace. Hall found that this produced a material strongly resembling marble , rather than the usual quicklime produced by heating of chalk in the open air. French geologists subsequently added metasomatism , the circulation of fluids through buried rock, to the list of processes that help bring about metamorphism. However, metamorphism can take place without metasomatism ( isochemical metamorphism ) or at depths of just
462-469: A marble will not be identical with the amphibolite facies of a pelite. However, the facies are defined such that metamorphic rock with as broad a range of compositions as is practical can be assigned to a particular facies. The present definition of metamorphic facies is largely based on the work of the Finnish geologist, Pentti Eskola , with refinements based on subsequent experimental work. Eskola drew upon
539-533: A metamorphic rock to be classified in this manner, the protolith should be identifiable from the characteristics of the metamorphic rock itself, and not inferred from other information. Under the British Geological Survey's classification system, if all that can be determined about the protolith is its general type, such as sedimentary or volcanic, the classification is based on the mineral mode (the volume percentages of different minerals in
616-554: A new texture or mineral composition. The protolith may be an igneous , sedimentary , or existing metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. They are classified by their protolith, their chemical and mineral makeup, and their texture . They may be formed simply by being deeply buried beneath the Earth's surface, where they are subject to high temperatures and
693-413: A pelite containing abundant staurolite might be described as a staurolite pelite. [REDACTED] A metamorphic facies is a set of distinctive assemblages of minerals that are found in metamorphic rock that formed under a specific combination of pressure and temperature. The particular assemblage is somewhat dependent on the composition of that protolith, so that (for example) the amphibolite facies of
770-519: A relatively mild grade of metamorphism, at temperatures of 350–500 °C (662–932 °F) and pressures of 200–500 MPa (2,000–5,000 bar). They can be divided into a lower group of metabasalts, including rare meta komatiites ; a middle group of meta-intermediate-rock and meta-felsic-rock; and an upper group of metasedimentary rock. The greenstone belts are surrounded by high-grade gneiss terrains showing highly deformed low-pressure, high-temperature (over 500 °C (932 °F)) metamorphism to
847-410: A variety of metamorphic facies. Where subduction is taking place, the basalt of the subducting slab is metamorphosed to high-pressure metamorphic facies. It initially undergoes low-grade metamorphism to metabasalt of the zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies , but as the basalt subducts to greater depths, it is metamorphosed to the blueschist facies and then the eclogite facies . Metamorphism to
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#1732772384092924-655: Is a 500 million year old mountain chain , the Lufilian Arc , which formed when two large pieces of continental crust , the Kalahari craton and the Congo craton , collided. This collision was one of the many that happened between 700 and 500 million years ago to form the Gondwana supercontinent . This collision is thought to have remobilised base metals , largely already present in the sediments that had accumulated in
1001-417: Is a great variety of metamorphic rock types. In general, if the protolith of a metamorphic rock can be determined, the rock is described by adding the prefix meta- to the protolith rock name. For example, if the protolith is known to be basalt , the rock will be described as a metabasalt. Likewise, a metamorphic rock whose protolith is known to be a conglomerate will be described as a metaconglomerate . For
1078-426: Is called a paired metamorphic belt . The main islands of Japan show three distinct paired metamorphic belts, corresponding to different episodes of subduction. Metamorphic rock is also exposed in metamorphic core complexes , which form in region of crustal extension. They are characterized by low-angle faulting that exposes domes of middle or lower crust metamorphic rock. These were first recognized and studied in
1155-651: Is correlated with the Sturtian glaciation, while another correlates with the Marinoan Glaciation, both global glaciation events that had profound influence on the history of the planet. The Lufilian Arc is correlated along trend to the west with the Damara Orogen in Namibia , which also hosts large mineral deposits. Copperbelt Province is rich with mineral finds and mines. The name of the province
1232-464: Is dominated by metamorphic rock that has reached the amphibolite facies. Within the upper crust, which is the only part of the Earth's crust geologists can directly sample, metamorphic rock forms only from processes that can occur at shallow depth. These are contact (thermal) metamorphism , dynamic (cataclastic) metamorphism , hydrothermal metamorphism , and impact metamorphism . These processes are relatively local in occurrence and usually reach only
1309-476: Is formed as tectonic plates move apart. Hydrothermal metamorphism is extensive here. This is characterized by metasomatism by hot fluids circulating through the rock. This produces metamorphic rock of the greenschist facies. The metamorphic rock, serpentinite , is particularly characteristic of these settings, and represents chemical transformation of olivine and pyroxene in ultramafic rock to serpentine group minerals. Contact metamorphism takes place when magma
1386-406: Is given by the rich finds of copper ore (e.g. Chingola, Konkola, Nchanga Mines), but notable are also emerald mines along Kafubu River, which in the first 6 months of 2011 yielded 3.74 tons of high quality emeralds. There are no national parks in this most urban and industrial of Zambia's provinces. Other parks with wildlife aspects: As 2004, the province had 856 basic schools, 71 high schools and
1463-403: Is injected into the surrounding solid rock ( country rock ). The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it. Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a contact aureole . Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from
1540-405: Is known as burial metamorphism . This tends to produce low-grade metamorphic rock. Much more common is metamorphic rock formed during the collision process itself. The collision of plates causes high temperatures, pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts. Metamorphic rock formed in these settings tends to shown well-developed schistosity. Metamorphic rock of orogenic belts shows
1617-443: Is mined in the province. As per the 2010 Zambian census , Copperbelt Province had a population of 1,972,317 accounting to 15.21% of the total Zambian population of 13,092,666. There were 981,887 males and 990,430 females, making the sex ratio to 1,009 for every 1,000 males, compared to the national average of 1,028. The literacy rate stood at 83.10% against a national average of 70.2%. The rural population constituted 19.11%, while
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#17327723840921694-651: Is partially missing at the surface of the crystal, producing a surface energy that makes the surface thermodynamically unstable. Recrystallization to coarser crystals reduces the surface area and so minimizes the surface energy. Although grain coarsening is a common result of metamorphism, rock that is intensely deformed may eliminate strain energy by recrystallizing as a fine-grained rock called mylonite . Certain kinds of rock, such as those rich in quartz, carbonate minerals , or olivine, are particularly prone to form mylonites, while feldspar and garnet are resistant to mylonitization. Many kinds of metamorphic rocks show
1771-482: Is stable only within certain limits, the presence of certain minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which the rock underwent metamorphism. These minerals are known as index minerals . Examples include sillimanite , kyanite , staurolite , andalusite , and some garnet . Other minerals, such as olivines , pyroxenes , hornblende , micas , feldspars , and quartz , may be found in metamorphic rocks but are not necessarily
1848-506: Is sufficiently hard and dense that it is difficult to quarry. However, some quartzite is used as dimension stone , often as slabs for flooring, walls, or stairsteps. About 6% of crushed stone, used mostly for road aggregate, is quartzite. Marble is also prized for building construction and as a medium for sculpture. Schistose bedrock can pose a challenge for civil engineering because of its pronounced planes of weakness. A hazard may exist even in undisturbed terrain. On August 17, 1959,
1925-400: Is uncertain. Special classifications exist for metamorphic rocks with a volcaniclastic protolith or formed along a fault or through hydrothermal circulation . A few special names are used for rocks of unknown protolith but known modal composition, such as marble, eclogite , or amphibolite . Special names may also be applied more generally to rocks dominated by a single mineral, or with
2002-426: Is used only when very little else is known about the rock that would allow a more definite classification. Textural classifications may be prefixed to indicate a sedimentary protolith ( para- , such as paraschist) or igneous protolith ( ortho- , such as orthogneiss). When nothing is known about the protolith, the textural name is used without a prefix. For example, a schist is a rock with schistose texture whose protolith
2079-475: Is usually devoid of schistosity and forms a tough, equigranular rock. If the rock was originally banded or foliated (as, for example, a laminated sandstone or a foliated calc- schist ) this character may not be obliterated, and a banded hornfels is the product. Contact metamorphism close to the surface produces distinctive low-pressure metamorphic minerals, such as spinel , andalusite, vesuvianite , or wollastonite . Similar changes may be induced in shales by
2156-470: Is very low in silica) to metafelsic-rock (with a high silica content). Where the mineral mode cannot be determined, as is often the case when rock is first examined in the field , then classification must be based on texture. The textural types are: A hornfels is a granofels that is known to result from contact metamorphism. A slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock that easily splits into thin plates but shows no obvious compositional layering. The term
2233-570: The Basin and Range Province of southwestern North America, but are also found in southern Aegean Sea , in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands , and in other areas of extension. Continental shields are regions of exposed ancient rock that make up the stable cores of continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of Archean age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone belts. The greenstone belts contain metavolcanic and metasedimentary rock that has undergone
2310-719: The Falls on the Incalla river, and twelve miles from the Kafukwe [now known as the Kafue River ] and still on the high plateau is probably one of the greatest copper fields on the continent. The natives have worked this ore for ages, as can be seen by their old dumps, and they work it to-day. The field is very extensive, and reaches away to Katanga ... The natives inhabiting this part of the country are skilled workmen, and have traded their handiwork with all comers, even as far afield as
2387-626: The Lamba people . Both provinces are rich in mineral wealth. The Copperbelt was not inhabited before the arrival of the Lamba people from the Luba and Lunda kingdoms. The Lamba settled at Lake Kashiba , and from there the Lamba kingdom spread eastward, northward, southward and westward. The Western discovery of copper in Zambia is partly due to American scout Frederick Russell Burnham . In 1895 he led
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2464-739: The metamorphosed calcareous shales and arkoses of the Lower Roan Formation in the Katanga System. The Katanga Supergroup is a Neoproterozoic sequence of geological formations found in central Africa . The formation is well-studied for its rich stratiform copper-cobalt deposits mined extensively in from the Central African Copperbelt in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of
2541-631: The Congo . Particularly rich outcrops of the Roan Group of the supergroup occur in eastern Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo where open-pit copper mining has occurred. The Katanga Supergroup nonconformably overlies the 883 Ma Nchanga Granite. The Katangan Supergroup is divided into four metasedimentary series, from the oldest siliclastic and dolomitic Roan Group conglomerates, sandstones, and shales, to Nguba Group of mostly carbonates and carbon-rich shales, to
2618-535: The Copperbelt are Kitwe , Ndola , Mufulira , Luanshya , Chingola , Kalulushi and Chililabombwe . Roads and rail links extend north into the Congo to Lubumbashi , but the Second Congo War brought economic contact between the two countries to a standstill, now recovering. It is informally referred to at times as 'Copala' or 'Kopala', invoking the vernacular-like term of the mineral copper that
2695-712: The East Coast at a less expense than the product of Montana and Arizona can be laid on the dock at New York . Many years later, the British South Africa Company built towns along the river and a railroad to transport the copper through Mozambique . During the 1950s, the Copperbelt was the largest copper-producing area in the world, including the Roan Antelope Mine , Nkana Mine, Nchanga Mines , Mufulira Mine, and Rokana Mine. Chalcopyrite , bornite , and chalcocite are found in
2772-725: The Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. expedition, which determined that major copper deposits existed in Central Africa. Along the Kafue River in then- Northern Rhodesia , Burnham saw many similarities to copper deposits he had worked in the United States , and he encountered natives wearing copper bracelets. In his report to the British South Africa Company Burnham said about the region: About 200 miles north of
2849-633: The Portuguese of the West Coast and the Arabs of the East. These natives, being miners and workers of copper and iron, and being permanently located in the ground, would give the very element needed in developing these fields. The increasing use of copper bids fair to make it one of the most valuable products a country can have.... The copper mines of Montana and Arizona have proven of more value than
2926-482: The amphibolite or granulite facies. These form most of the exposed rock in Archean cratons. The granite-greenstone belts are intruded by a distinctive group of granitic rocks called the tonalite - trondhjemite - granodiorite or TTG suite. These are the most voluminous rocks in the craton and may represent an important early phase in the formation of continental crust. Mid-ocean ridges are where new oceanic crust
3003-404: The bands showing the colors of the minerals that formed them. Foliated rock often develops planes of cleavage . Slate is an example of a foliated metamorphic rock, originating from shale , and it typically shows well-developed cleavage that allows slate to be split into thin plates. The type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade. For instance, starting with a mudstone ,
3080-540: The basin between the two cratons. These brines then concentrated the base metals either along stratigraphic boundaries, or along fractures, faults or within structurally controlled 'traps' (such as the nose of a fold). The collision also produced crustal shortening , during which the stratigraphic sequence was tectonically pushed northwards on top of the Congo Craton. The Lufilian Arc contains two diamictites , megaconglomerates of glacial origin. One of those
3157-399: The burning of coal seams. This produces a rock type named clinker . There is also a tendency for metasomatism between the igneous magma and sedimentary country rock, whereby the chemicals in each are exchanged or introduced into the other. In that case, hybrid rocks called skarn arise. Dynamic (cataclastic) metamorphism takes place locally along faults . Here intense shearing of
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3234-427: The collision of tectonic plates at convergent boundaries . Here formerly deeply buried rock has been brought to the surface by uplift and erosion. The metamorphic rock exposed in orogenic belts may have been metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above. This kind of regional metamorphism
3311-491: The contact area to unmetamorphosed (unchanged) country rock some distance away. The formation of important ore minerals may occur by the process of metasomatism at or near the contact zone. Contact aureoles around large plutons may be as much as several kilometers wide. The term hornfels is often used by geologists to signify those fine grained, compact, non-foliated products of contact metamorphism. The contact aureole typically shows little deformation, and so hornfels
3388-595: The councils with the majority of them being infrastructure management and local administration. Councils are mandated to maintain each of their community centres, zoos, local parks, drainage system, playgrounds, cemeteries, caravan sites, libraries, museums and art galleries. They also work along with specific government departments for helping in agriculture, conservation of natural resources, postal service, establishing and maintaining hospitals, schools and colleges. The councils prepare schemes that encourage community participation. The Copperbelt region of Zambia and Congo D.R.
3465-483: The district headquarters and has provincial local government officers and auditors. Each council is responsible for raising and collecting local taxes and the budgets of the council are audited and submitted every year after the annual budget. The elected members of the council do not draw salaries, but are paid allowances from the council. The Copperbelt province is a predominantly urban district and has three city councils. The government stipulates 63 different functions for
3542-415: The district headquarters are the same as the district names. There are ten councils in the province, each of which is headed by an elected representative, called councilor. Each councilor holds office for three years. The administrative staff of the council is selected based on Local Government Service Commission from within or outside the district. The office of the provincial government is located in each of
3619-423: The eclogite facies releases a great deal of water vapor from the rock, which drives volcanism in the overlying volcanic arc . Eclogite is also significantly denser than blueschist, which drives further subduction of the slab deep into the Earth's mantle . Metabasalt and blueschist may be preserved in blueschist metamorphic belts formed by collisions between continents. They may also be preserved by obduction onto
3696-437: The following sequence develops with increasing temperature: The mudstone is first converted to slate, which is a very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock, characteristic of very low grade metamorphism. Slate in turn is converted to phyllite , which is fine-grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism. Schist is medium to coarse-grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism. High-grade metamorphism transforms
3773-524: The formation of metamorphic rock was first noted by the pioneering Scottish naturalist, James Hutton , who is often described as the father of modern geology. Hutton wrote in 1795 that some rock beds of the Scottish Highlands had originally been sedimentary rock but had been transformed by great heat. Hutton also speculated that pressure was important in metamorphism. This hypothesis was tested by his friend, James Hall , who sealed chalk into
3850-440: The forsterite reacts chemically. Many complex high-temperature reactions may take place between minerals without them melting, and each mineral assemblage produced indicates the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism. These reactions are possible because of rapid diffusion of atoms at elevated temperature. Pore fluid between mineral grains can be an important medium through which atoms are exchanged. The change in
3927-469: The gold mines, regardless of the fact that the copper had to be hauled two thousand miles by rail to the seaboard, and the coal and coke to smelt it hauled hundreds of miles to the mines. So far as natural difficulties are concerned, this northern field can be fed from the coal deposits of the valley of the Zambezi [Burnham had previously discovered massive coal fields at Hwange ], and the product shipped to
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#17327723840924004-443: The great pressure of the rock layers above. They can also form from tectonic processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction, and distortion. Metamorphic rock can be formed locally when rock is heated by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about
4081-437: The low-pressure facies, such as the hornfels and sanidinite facies . Most metamorphic rock is formed by regional metamorphism in the middle and lower crust, where the rock reaches the higher-pressure metamorphic facies. This rock is found at the surface only where extensive uplift and erosion has exhumed rock that was formerly much deeper in the crust. Metamorphic rock is extensively exposed in orogenic belts produced by
4158-501: The mineral kyanite transforms to andalusite at a temperature of about 190 °C (374 °F). Andalusite, in turn, transforms to sillimanite when the temperature reaches about 800 °C (1,470 °F). All three have the identical composition, Al 2 SiO 5 . Likewise, forsterite is stable over a broad range of pressure and temperature in marble , but is converted to pyroxene at elevated pressure and temperature in more silicate-rich rock containing plagioclase , with which
4235-412: The number of school children out of school in ages between 7 and 15 stood at 856. The unemployment rate was 32 per cent and the general unemployment rate for youth stood at 55 per cent as of 2008. The province had 213 doctors as of 2005. There were 377 Malaria incidence for every 1,000 people in the province as of 2005 and there were 26,799 AIDS death as of 2010. The total area of crops planted during
4312-441: The often larger quartz crystals are interlocked. Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the atoms and ions in solid crystals to migrate, thus reorganizing the crystals, while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact. Metamorphic rocks are characterized by their distinctive mineral composition and texture. Because every mineral
4389-460: The overriding plate as part of ophiolites . Eclogites are occasionally found at sites of continental collision, where the subducted rock is rapidly brought back to the surface, before it can be converted to the granulite facies in the hot upper mantle. Many samples of eclogite are xenoliths brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Many orogenic belts contain higher-temperature, lower-pressure metamorphic belts. These may form through heating of
4466-403: The particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called recrystallization . For instance, the small calcite crystals in the sedimentary rock limestone and chalk change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock marble . In metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which
4543-589: The province is the Permanent Secretary, appointed by the President. There is a Deputy Permanent Secretary, heads of government departments and civil servants at the provincial level. Copperbelt Province is divided into ten districts , namely, Chililabombwe District , Chingola District , Kalulushi District , Kitwe District , Luanshya District , Lufwanyama District , Masaiti District , Mpongwe District , Mufulira District and Ndola District . All
4620-469: The province was 66.10%. The unemployment rate of the province was 22.10%. The total fertility rate was 5.0, complete birth rate was 5.8, crude birth rate was 29.0, child women population at birth was 587, general fertility rate was 112, gross reproduction rate was 1.8 and net reproduction rate was 1.7. The total labour force constituted 50.40% of the total population. Out of the labour force, 63.2% were men and 37.7% women. The annual growth rate of labour force
4697-442: The result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals can also form during the crystallization of igneous rocks. They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process. Metamorphic rocks are typically more coarsely crystalline than the protolith from which they formed. Atoms in the interior of a crystal are surrounded by a stable arrangement of neighboring atoms. This
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#17327723840924774-475: The rock by ascending magmas of volcanic arcs, but on a regional scale. Deformation and crustal thickening in an orogenic belt may also produce these kinds of metamorphic rocks. These rocks reach the greenschist , amphibolite, or granulite facies and are the most common of metamorphic rocks produced by regional metamorphosis. The association of an outer high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic zone with an inner zone of low-pressure, high-temperature metamorphic rocks
4851-421: The rock by the fluids while new substances are brought in by fresh fluids. This can obviously change the mineral makeup of the rock. However, changes in the mineral composition can take place even when the bulk composition of the rock does not change. This is possible because all minerals are stable only within certain limits of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment. For example, at atmospheric pressure,
4928-423: The rock to gneiss , which is coarse to very coarse-grained. Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides, or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits, will not be foliated. Marble lacks platy minerals and is generally not foliated, which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture. Metamorphic rocks are one of the three great divisions of all rock types, and so there
5005-495: The rock typically forms mylonites. Impact metamorphism is unlike other forms of metamorphism in that it takes place during impact events by extraterrestrial bodies. It produces rare ultrahigh pressure metamorphic minerals, such as coesite and stishovite . Coesite is rarely found in eclogite brought to the surface in kimberlite pipes , but the presence of stishovite is unique to impact structures. Slate tiles are used in construction, particularly as roof shingle. Quartzite
5082-486: The rock). Metasedimentary rocks are divided into carbonate-rich rock (metacarbonates or calcsilicate-rocks) or carbonate-poor rocks, and the latter are further classified by the relative abundance of mica in their composition. This ranges from low-mica psammite through semipelite to high-mica pelite . Psammites composed mostly of quartz are classified as quartzite. Metaigneous rocks are classified similarly to igneous rocks, by silica content, from meta-ultramafic-rock (which
5159-541: The south. It was the backbone of the Northern Rhodesian economy during British colonial rule and fuelled the hopes of the immediate post-independence period, but its economic importance was severely damaged by a crash in global copper prices in 1973. The province adjoins the Haut-Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , which is similarly mineral-rich. The main cities and towns of
5236-484: The temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss , slate , marble , schist , and quartzite . Slate and quartzite tiles are used in building construction. Marble is also prized for building construction and as a medium for sculpture. On the other hand, schist bedrock can pose a challenge for civil engineering because of its pronounced planes of weakness. Metamorphic rocks form one of
5313-452: The term Copperbelt may exclude the Congo entirely. Zambia's Copperbelt became a province soon after independence in 1964, when it was named "Western province". President Kenneth Kaunda changed the name to its present-day "Copperbelt province" in 1969. From the time of the Bantu expansion , both the Congo's Katanga and Zambia's Copperbelt regions have been called "Ilamba" or "Lambaland", after
5390-436: The three great divisions of rock types. They are distinguished from igneous rocks , which form from molten magma , and sedimentary rocks , which form from sediments eroded from existing rock or precipitated chemically from bodies of water. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rock is transformed physically or chemically at elevated temperature, without actually melting to any great degree. The importance of heating in
5467-431: The transformation of existing rock to new types of rock in a process called metamorphism . The original rock ( protolith ) is subjected to temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C (300 to 400 °F) and, often, elevated pressure of 100 megapascals (1,000 bar ) or more, causing profound physical or chemical changes. During this process, the rock remains mostly in the solid state, but gradually recrystallizes to
5544-469: The urban population was 80.89%. The total area of the province was 31,328 km and the population density was 63.00 per km . The population density during 2000 Zambian census stood at 63.00. The decadal population growth of the province was 2.20%. The median age in the province at the time of marriage was 21.7. The average household size was 5.3, with the families headed by females being 4.8 and 5.5 for families headed by men. The total eligible voters in
5621-451: The use of granulite as a classification for rock metamorphosed to the granulite facies. Instead, such rock will often be classified as a granofels. However, this approach is not universally accepted. Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. The lower continental crust is mostly metamafic-rock and pelite which have reached the granulite facies . The middle continental crust
5698-535: The year 2014 in the province was 122,525.52 hectares which constituted 6.46% of the total area cultivated in Zambia. The net production stood at 315,153 metric tonnes, which formed 7.74% of the total agricultural production in the country. Maize was the major crop in the province with 37,610 metric tonnes, constituting 17.56% of the national output. Ndola City Council 13°00′S 28°00′E / 13.000°S 28.000°E / -13.000; 28.000 Metamorphosed Metamorphic rocks arise from
5775-511: The youngest, upper most Kundelungu Group including glacial metasediments and a cap carbonate . The Katanga Supergroup correlates with rocks of the Makuti Group in other parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo. 12°S 28°E / 12°S 28°E / -12; 28 Copperbelt Province Copperbelt Province is a province in Zambia which covers the mineral-rich Copperbelt , and farming and bush areas to
5852-566: The zonal schemes, based on index minerals, that were pioneered by the British geologist, George Barrow . The metamorphic facies is not usually considered when classifying metamorphic rock based on protolith, mineral mode, or texture. However, a few metamorphic facies produce rock of such distinctive character that the facies name is used for the rock when more precise classification is not possible. The chief examples are amphibolite and eclogite . The British Geological Survey strongly discourages
5929-514: Was 2.7%. Bemba was the most spoken language with 83.90% speaking it. The total population in the province with albinism stood at 2,912. The life expectancy at birth stood at 54 compared to the national average of 51. Provincial administration is set up purely for administrative purposes. The province is headed by a minister appointed by the President and there are ministries of central government for each province. The administrative head of
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