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54-478: Caviar , sometimes Kaviar is, primarily, the name given to the luxury delicacy consisting of processed, salted, non-fertilized sturgeon roe . Caviar may also refer to: Caviar Caviar (also known as caviare , originally from the Persian : خاویار , romanized :  khâvyâr , lit.   'egg-bearing') is a food consisting of salt-cured roe of the family Acipenseridae . Caviar

108-565: A state monopoly brand, Zhaik Balyk, from the Kazakh word for the Ural River . Under the CITES agreement, Kazakhstan was granted the right to produce 13 of the 80 tons allowed up until 28 February 2011. Commercial caviar production historically involved stunning the fish and extracting the ovaries . Another method of extracting caviar is by removing eggs through a small incision, which allows

162-661: A business catching sturgeon on the Delaware River. He treated his caviar with German salt and exported a great deal of it to Europe. Around the same time, sturgeon was fished from the Columbia River on the West Coast of the United States , also supplying caviar. American caviar was so plentiful at the time that it was given away at bars to induce or prolong patrons' thirst. Today, the shortnose sturgeon

216-472: A concentrated solution of replacement ions, and rinsing the flushing solution from the resin. After treatment, ion-exchange resin beads saturated with calcium and magnesium ions from the treated water, are regenerated by soaking in brine containing 6–12% NaCl. The sodium ions from brine replace the calcium and magnesium ions on the beads. In lower temperatures, a brine solution can be used to de-ice or reduce freezing temperatures on roads. Quenching

270-423: A discharge is generated, commonly called brine. The characteristics of the discharge depend on different factors, such as the desalination technology used, salinity and quality of the water used, environmental and oceanographic characteristics, desalination process carried out, among others. The discharge of desalination plants by seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), are mainly characterized by presenting

324-453: A feature called a brinicle where cool brines descend, freezing the surrounding seawater. The brine cropping out at the surface as saltwater springs are known as "licks" or "salines". The contents of dissolved solids in groundwater vary highly from one location to another on Earth, both in terms of specific constituents (e.g. halite , anhydrite , carbonates , gypsum , fluoride -salts, organic halides , and sulfate -salts) and regarding

378-418: A process known as pickling . Meat and fish are typically steeped in brine for shorter periods of time, as a form of marination , enhancing its tenderness and flavor , or to enhance shelf period. Elemental chlorine can be produced by electrolysis of brine ( NaCl solution). This process also produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H 2 ). The reaction equations are as follows: Brine

432-416: A salinity concentration that can, in the worst case, double the salinity of the seawater used, and unlike of thermal desalination plants, have practically the same temperature and dissolved oxygen as the seawater used. The discharge could contain trace chemical products used during the industrial treatments applies,such as antiscalants , coagulants , flocculants which are discarded together with

486-534: A sequence that has not significantly changed over the last century. First, the ovaries are removed from a sedated female sturgeon and passed through a sieve to remove the membrane. Freed roes are rinsed to wash away impurities. Roes are now ready to become caviar by adding a precise amount of salt for taste and preservation. The fresh product is tasted and graded according to quality. Finally, the eggs are packed into lacquer-lined tins that will be further processed or sold directly to customers. A sturgeon caviar imitation

540-465: A series of mandatory requirements that are mainly related to the monitoring of discharge, using a series of measurements and characterizations based on physical-chemical and biological information. In addition, the PVAs could also include different requirements related to monitoring the effects of seawater intake and those that may potentially be related to effects on the terrestrial environment . Brine

594-451: A significant environmental hazard, both due to corrosive and sediment-forming effects of salts and toxicity of other chemicals diluted in it. Unpolluted brine from desalination plants and cooling towers can be returned to the ocean. From the desalination process, reject brine is produced, which proposes potential damages to the marine life and habitats. To limit the environmental impact, it can be diluted with another stream of water, such as

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648-598: A year. The farm is fed by the Dan River , a tributary of the Jordan River . Madagascar is the first African country that produces and exports caviar since 2018. In Malaysia, caviar production is relatively new and smaller in scale. Caviar is harvested from farmed sturgeon fish in Tanjung Malim , Perak . The caviar produced here is marketed as "tropical caviar". The first Malaysian brand of tropical caviar

702-423: Is a black or red-coloured lumpsucker caviar sold throughout Europe in small glass jars. In Sweden and Finland , the roes of many fish species, including vendace , burbot , salmon and common whitefish , are also commonly eaten in a similar manner as caviar. However, they are not caviar 'substitutes' but are enjoyed in their own right. Spherification of liquids with alginate (a seaweed polysaccharide)

756-514: Is a byproduct of many industrial processes, such as desalination , power plant cooling towers , produced water from oil and natural gas extraction, acid mine or acid rock drainage , reverse osmosis reject, chlor-alkali wastewater treatment, pulp and paper mill effluent, and waste streams from food and beverage processing. Along with diluted salts, it can contain residues of pretreatment and cleaning chemicals, their reaction byproducts and heavy metals due to corrosion. Wastewater brine can pose

810-582: Is a close cousin of beluga caviar. An expensive caviar example at 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) sold for £20,000 (then US$ 34,500) is the Iranian 'Almas' product (from Persian : الماس , "diamond") produced from the eggs of a rare albino sturgeon between 60 and 100 years old from the southern Caspian Sea . Wild beluga sturgeon caviar from the Caspian Sea was priced in 2012 at $ 16,000 per 1 kilogram (35 oz). Cheaper alternatives have been developed from

864-426: Is a heat-treatment process when forging metals such as steel. A brine solution, along with oil and other substances, is commonly used to harden steel. When brine is used, there is an enhanced uniformity of the cooling process and heat transfer. The desalination process consists of the separation of salts from an aqueous solution to obtain fresh water from a source of seawater or brackish water ; and in turn,

918-673: Is a top producer of caviar. In the early 20th century, Canada and the United States were the major caviar suppliers to Europe ; they harvested roe from the lake sturgeon in the North American Midwest , and from the shortnose sturgeon and the Atlantic sturgeon spawning in the rivers of the East Coast of the United States . The American caviar industry started when Henry Schacht, a German immigrant, opened

972-586: Is considered a delicacy and is eaten as a garnish or spread . Traditionally, the term caviar refers only to roe from wild sturgeon in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea ( beluga , ossetra and sevruga caviars). The term caviar can also describe the roe of other species of sturgeon or other fish such as paddlefish , salmon , steelhead , trout , lumpfish , whitefish , or carp . The roe can be "fresh" (non-pasteurized) or pasteurized , which reduces its culinary and economic value . According to

1026-426: Is formed as different dissolved ions reach the saturation states of minerals, typically gypsum and halite . Dissolution of such salt deposits into water can produce brines as well. As seawater freezes, dissolved ions tend to remain in solution resulting in a fluid termed a cryogenic brine. At the time of formation, these cryogenic brines are by definition cooler than the freezing temperature of seawater and can produce

1080-519: Is fully ionized. Other cations found in various brines include K , Mg , Ca , and Sr . The latter three are problematic because they form scale and they react with soaps. Aside from chloride, brines sometimes contain Br and I and, most problematically, SO 4 . Purification steps often include the addition of calcium oxide to precipitate solid magnesium hydroxide together with gypsum (CaSO 4 ), which can be removed by filtration. Further purification

1134-400: Is not involved in the purification process itself, but used for regeneration of ion-exchange resin on cyclical basis. The water being treated flows through the resin container until the resin is considered exhausted and water is purified to a desired level. Resin is then regenerated by sequentially backwashing the resin bed to remove accumulated solids, flushing removed ions from the resin with

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1188-566: Is rated Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of endangered species and rated Endangered per the Endangered Species Act . With the depletion of Caspian and Black Sea caviar, production of farmed or "sustainable" caviar has greatly increased. In particular, northern California is reported to account for 70% to 80% of U.S. production. In 2021, a significant illegal sturgeon egg harvesting and selling ring run in part by

1242-499: Is referred to as smörgåskaviar (meaning "sandwich caviar"). Outside Scandinavia, the product is referred to as creamed smoked roe or in French as Caviar de Lysekil . Caviar is highly perishable and must be kept refrigerated until consumption. Caviar is 48% water, 25% protein , 18% fats , and 4% carbohydrates . In a common serving amount of 16 grams (one tablespoon ), caviar supplies 44 kilocalories of food energy, 53% of

1296-455: Is required, both for the construction and operational phases. During its development, the most important legal management tools are established within the local environmental regulation, to prevent and adopt mitigation measures that guarantee the sustainable development of desalination projects. This includes a series of administrative tools and periodic environmental monitoring, to adopt preventive, corrective and further monitoring measures of

1350-598: Is the medium-sized, light brown to rich brown Ossetra , also known as Russian caviar. Others in the quality ranking are the grey sevruga caviar, the Chinese Kaluga caviar, and the American white sturgeon caviar. The Siberian variety with black beads is similar to sevruga and is popular because of its reduced (five years) harvest period, but it has a higher brine content than other kinds. The Chinese Kaluga hybrid varies in colour from dark grey to light golden green and

1404-455: Is used as a secondary fluid in large refrigeration installations for the transport of thermal energy . Most commonly used brines are based on inexpensive calcium chloride and sodium chloride . It is used because the addition of salt to water lowers the freezing temperature of the solution and the heat transport efficiency can be greatly enhanced for the comparatively low cost of the material. The lowest freezing point obtainable for NaCl brine

1458-406: Is used to recreate caviar's texture. With liquids flavored to resemble caviar, one obtains kosher and vegan caviar substitutes. They resemble beluga caviar in appearance and are either used as a food prop for television and film or enjoyed by vegetarians and other people worldwide. In Scandinavia , a type of sandwich spread is available, made from smoked cod roe and other ingredients, which

1512-457: Is −21.1 °C (−6.0 °F) at the concentration of 23.3% NaCl by weight. This is called the eutectic point. Because of their corrosive properties salt-based brines have been replaced by organic liquids such as ethylene glycol . Sodium chloride brine spray is used on some fishing vessels to freeze fish. The brine temperature is generally −5 °F (−21 °C). Air blast freezing temperatures are −31 °F (−35 °C) or lower. Given

1566-564: The Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus' . The main types of caviar from sturgeon species native to the Caspian Sea are Beluga , Sterlet , Kaluga hybrid , Ossetra , Siberian sturgeon and Sevruga . American White Sturgeon caviar is abundant and native to California and the U.S. Pacific Northwest . The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran , Kazakhstan , Russia , Turkmenistan , and Azerbaijan . Wild caviar production

1620-701: The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) supported an international embargo on caviar export. In January 2007, this ban was partly lifted, allowing the sale of 96 tons of caviar, 15% below the official 2005 level. In July 2010, Russia and some other CIS countries restarted the export of caviar. The 2010 quotas allow for the export of three tons of beluga, 17 tons of sevruga and 27 tons of osetra. In September 2010, Kazakhstan launched

1674-510: The Daily Value (DV) of vitamin B12 , and moderate amounts (10-15% DV) of sodium , iron , magnesium , and selenium , with no other micronutrients in significant content. Brine Brines are produced in multiple ways in nature. Modification of seawater via evaporation results in the concentration of salts in the residual fluid, a characteristic geologic deposit called an evaporite

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1728-561: The United States Customs Service , and France . The term caviar is sometimes used to describe dishes that are perceived to resemble caviar, such as "eggplant caviar" (made from eggplant ) and " Texas caviar " (made from black-eyed peas ). Caviar and sturgeon from the Sea of Azov began reaching the tables of aristocratic and noble Greeks in the 10th century, after the commencement of large-scale trading between

1782-632: The Ybarra family had a factory in Coria del Río . Overfishing , pollution and the Alcalá del Río dam eliminated the wild population of Acipenser naccarii . In Spain, a fish farm called Caviar de Riofrío produces organic caviar at Loja, Granada , Andalusia. As well with Canada and the United States, Uruguay has become a major producer and exporter. Kibbutz Dan in Israel produces four tons of caviar

1836-668: The Ferrara territory, and the Venetian Republic about sturgeon fishing rights in the Po River, the border between the two states. From about 1920 and until 1942, there was a shop in Ferrara, named "Nuta" from the nickname of the owner Benvenuta Ascoli, that processed all the sturgeons caught in the Po River for caviar extraction, using an elaboration of the original Messisbugo recipe, and shipped it to Italy and Europe. A new owner sporadically continued production until 1972, when

1890-609: The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization , roe from any fish not belonging to the Acipenseriformes order (including Acipenseridae , or sturgeon sensu stricto , and Polyodontidae or paddlefish) are not caviar, but "substitutes of caviar". This position is also adopted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora , the World Wide Fund for Nature ,

1944-481: The concentration level. Using one of several classification of groundwater based on total dissolved solids (TDS), brine is water containing more than 100,000 mg/L TDS. Brine is commonly produced during well completion operations, particularly after the hydraulic fracturing of a well. Brine is a common agent in food processing and cooking. Brining is used to preserve or season the food. Brining can be applied to vegetables , cheeses , fruit and some fish in

1998-499: The construction of desalination plants with more corrosion-resistant coatings . Therefore, the concentration values of heavy metals in the discharge of SWRO plants are much lower than the acute toxicity levels to generate environmental impacts on marine ecosystems. The discharge is generally dumped back into the sea, through an underwater outfall or coastal release, due to its lower energy and economic cost compared to other discharge methods. Due to its increase in salinity,

2052-436: The discharge has a greater density compared to the surrounding seawater. Therefore, when the discharge reaches the sea, it can form a saline plume that can tends to follow the bathymetric line of the bottom until it is completely diluted. The distribution of the salt plume may depend on different factors, such as the production capacity of the plant, the discharge method, the oceanographic and environmental conditions of

2106-554: The discharge point, among others. Brine discharge might lead to an increase in salinity above certain threshold levels that has the potential to affect benthic communities , especially those more sensitive to osmotic pressure, finally having an effect on their abundance and diversity. However, if appropriate mitigation measures are applied, the potential environmental impacts of discharges from SWRO plants can be correctly minimized. Some examples can be found in countries such as Spain , Israel , Chile or Australia , in which

2160-493: The discharge, and which could affect the physical-chemical quality of the effluent . However, these are practically consumed during the process and the concentrations in the discharge are very low, which are practically diluted during the discharge, without affecting marine ecosystems . The materials used in SWRO plants are dominated by non-metallic components and stainless steels , since lower operating temperatures allow

2214-400: The female to continue producing roe. Other farmers use a process called "stripping", which extracts the caviar from the fish via a small incision made along the urogenital muscle when the fish is deemed to be ready to be processed. An ultrasound is used to determine the correct timing. Removing the caviar by massage may yield higher quality and a more sustainable source. Preparation follows

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2268-567: The first recorded recipe in Italy about extraction of the eggs from the roe and caviar preparation "to be consumed fresh or to preserve". The writer and voyager Jérôme Lalande in his book " Voyage en Italie ", Paris, 1771, vol. 8, page 269, noted that many sturgeon were caught in the Po delta area in the territory of Ferrara . In 1753 a diplomatic war broke out between the Papal States , governing

2322-521: The fish by massage (higher value) rather than by killing it. Caviar is generally sold in ounces. An ounce of sturgeon caviar costs between $ 45 and $ 1,000, depending on the variety of sturgeon and other factors. China produces the most caviar of any single country. The largest caviar company in the world is the Chinese brand Kaluga Queen , which cultivates sturgeon at Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang . In

2376-552: The former top sturgeon biologist for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was discovered and broken up by investigators. In coastal British Columbia , Fraser River white sturgeon are sustainably farmed to produce caviar. The 17th-century book Don Quixote mentions "cavial" in a banquet of German pilgrims. Until 1992, sturgeons and caviar were collected at the lower parts of rivers Guadalquivir , Ebro , Duero and Tajo . From 1932 to 1970,

2430-441: The higher temperature of brine, the system efficiency over air blast freezing can be higher. High-value fish usually are frozen at much lower temperatures, below the practical temperature limit for brine. Brine is an auxiliary agent in water softening and water purification systems involving ion exchange technology. The most common example are household dishwashers , utilizing sodium chloride in form of dishwasher salt . Brine

2484-608: The mitigation measures adopted reduce the area affected by the discharge, guaranteeing a sustainable development of the desalination process without significant impacts on marine ecosystems. When noticeable effects have been detected on the environment surrounding discharge areas, it generally corresponds to old desalination plants in which the correct mitigation measures were not implemented. Some examples can be found in Spain, Australia or Chile, where it has been shown that saline plumes do not exceed values of 5% with respect to

2538-414: The natural salinity of the sea in a radius less than 100 m from the point of discharge when proper measures are adopted. The mitigation measures that are typically employed to prevent negatively impact sensitive marine environment are listed below: Currently, in many countries, such as Spain , Israel , Chile and Australia , the development of a rigorous environmental impact assessment process

2592-1072: The outfall of a wastewater treatment or power plant. Since brine is heavier than seawater and would accumulate on the ocean bottom, it requires methods to ensure proper diffusion, such as installing underwater diffusers in the sewerage . Other methods include drying in evaporation ponds , injecting to deep wells, and storing and reusing the brine for irrigation, de-icing or dust control purposes. Technologies for treatment of polluted brine include: membrane filtration processes, such as reverse osmosis and forward osmosis ; ion exchange processes such as electrodialysis or weak acid cation exchange ; or evaporation processes, such as thermal brine concentrators and crystallizers employing mechanical vapour recompression and steam. New methods for membrane brine concentration, employing osmotically assisted reverse osmosis and related processes, are beginning to gain ground as part of zero liquid discharge systems (ZLD). Brine consists of concentrated solution of Na and Cl ions. Sodium chloride per se does not exist in water: it

2646-465: The roe of whitefish and the North Atlantic salmon . Conventional sturgeon caviar was priced in 2014 at about $ 105 per 1 ounce (28 g) and from albino sturgeon up to $ 800 per ounce. Other quality factors are texture – with firmness having higher quality value – flavour qualities, such as creaminess , butter taste, and brine or mild fish finish , and whether the caviar was taken from

2700-470: The state of the surrounding marine environment. Under the context of this environmental assessment process, numerous countries require compliance with an Environmental Monitoring Program (PVA), in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the preventive and corrective measures established during the environmental assessment process, and thus guarantee the operation of desalination plants without producing significant environmental impacts. The PVAs establishes

2754-532: The sturgeon stopped swimming up the Po River. Since 2015, some sturgeon have reappeared in the Po. Currently, Italian caviar is obtained almost entirely from bred sturgeons. The caviar production is concentrated predominantly in Brescia , which is considered the capital of Italian caviar: in this area, in Calvisano , is located the world's largest sturgeon farm that produces annually 25 tonnes of caviar. Italy

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2808-503: The wake of over-fishing, the harvest and sale of black caviar were banned in Russia in 2007. The ban on sturgeon fishing in the Caspian Sea has led to the development of aquaculture as an economically viable means of commercial caviar production. Russian caviar exports were also banned from 2002 to 2011. Cristoforo da Messisbugo in his book Libro novo nel qual si insegna a far d'ogni sorte di vivanda , Venice, 1564, at page 110, gave

2862-559: Was launched in March 2019. Overfishing, smuggling and pollution caused by sewage entry into the Caspian Sea have considerably reduced the sea's sturgeon population. In September 2005, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service banned the import of Caspian Sea Beluga caviar to protect the endangered Beluga sturgeon; a month later, the ban was extended to include Beluga caviar from the entire Black Sea basin. In January 2006,

2916-426: Was suspended in Russia between 2008 and 2011 to allow wild stocks to replenish. Azerbaijan and Iran also allow the fishing of sturgeon off their coasts. Beluga caviar is prized for its soft, extremely large (pea-size) eggs. It can range in colour from pale silver-grey to black. It is followed by the small golden sterlet caviar which is rare and was once reserved for Russian, Iranian and Austrian royalty. Next in quality

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