The Kawanishi H8K is a flying boat used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service during World War II for maritime patrol duties. The Allied reporting name for the type was " Emily ".
110-541: The Kawanishi H8K was a large, four- engine aircraft designed for long range and extended endurance on patrols or bombing missions typically flown alone over the ocean . The prototype first flew in January 1941, and H8K1s made their first combat sortie in March 1942. The robust H8K2 "Emily" flying boat was also fitted with powerful defensive armament, for which Allied pilots had substantial respect wherever this aircraft
220-411: A 14-cylinder twin-row version of the firm's 80 hp Lambda single-row seven-cylinder rotary, however reliability and cooling problems limited its success. Two-row designs began to appear in large numbers during the 1930s, when aircraft size and weight grew to the point where single-row engines of the required power were simply too large to be practical. Two-row designs often had cooling problems with
330-451: A 9-cylinder 980 cubic inch (16.06 litre) displacement diesel radial aircraft engine, the 225 horsepower (168 kW) DR-980 , in 1928. On 28 May 1931, a DR-980 powered Bellanca CH-300 , with 481 gallons of fuel, piloted by Walter Edwin Lees and Frederick Brossy set a record for staying aloft for 84 hours and 32 minutes without being refueled. This record stood for 55 years until broken by
440-685: A 9-cylinder radial diesel aero engine, was used in the M1A1E1 , while the Continental R975 saw service in the M4 Sherman , M7 Priest , M18 Hellcat tank destroyer , and the M44 self propelled howitzer . A number of companies continue to build radials today. Vedeneyev produces the M-14P radial of 360–450 hp (270–340 kW) as used on Yakovlev and Sukhoi aerobatic aircraft. The M-14P
550-678: A build-it-yourself kit. Verner Motor of the Czech Republic builds several radial engines ranging in power from 25 to 150 hp (19 to 112 kW). Miniature radial engines for model airplanes are available from O. S. Engines , Saito Seisakusho of Japan, and Shijiazhuang of China, and Evolution (designed by Wolfgang Seidel of Germany, and made in India) and Technopower in the US. Liquid cooling systems are generally more vulnerable to battle damage. Even minor shrapnel damage can easily result in
660-415: A diverse collection of CNMI artists, released by 11th World Productions. The CD features artists ranging from Church choral works, to mellow acoustic works, and underground island hip-hop. Local television stations on Saipan are the following: Travel to and from the island is available from nine international airlines via Saipan International Airport . A small airline based on Tinian flies small twins to
770-399: A few French-built examples of the famous Blériot XI from the original Blériot factory — to a massive 20-cylinder engine of 200 hp (150 kW), with its cylinders arranged in four rows of five cylinders apiece. Most radial engines are air-cooled , but one of the most successful of the early radial engines (and the earliest "stationary" design produced for World War I combat aircraft)
880-456: A few of the many foods cultivated by local families and farmers. Saipan is home to multiple endemic bird species. Among them: the Mariana fruit dove , white-throated ground dove , bridled white-eye , golden white-eye , Micronesian myzomela and the endangered Saipan reed warbler . The island used to have a large population of giant African land snails , introduced either deliberately as
990-427: A five-cylinder engine the firing order is 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, and back to cylinder 1. Moreover, this always leaves a one-piston gap between the piston on its combustion stroke and the piston on compression. The active stroke directly helps compress the next cylinder to fire, making the motion more uniform. If an even number of cylinders were used, an equally timed firing cycle would not be feasible. As with most four-strokes,
1100-478: A food source, or accidentally by shipping, which became an agricultural pest. In the last few decades, its numbers have been substantially controlled by an introduced flatworm , Platydemus manokwari . Saipan has a borderline tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen Af )/ tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am ), moderated by seasonal trade winds from the northeast from November to March, and easterly winds from May to October. Average year-round maximum temperature
1210-488: A legendary Carolinian voyage of discovery of the primordial island. Traces of human settlements on Saipan have been found by archaeologists ranging over 4,000 years, including petroglyphs , ancient Latte Stones , and other artifacts pointing to cultural affinities with Melanesia and with similar stone monuments in Micronesia and Palau . Saipan, together with Tinian, was possibly first sighted by Europeans during
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#17327651747831320-419: A loss of coolant and consequent engine overheating, while an air-cooled radial engine may be largely unaffected by minor damage. Radials have shorter and stiffer crankshafts, a single-bank radial engine needing only two crankshaft bearings as opposed to the seven required for a liquid-cooled, six-cylinder, inline engine of similar stiffness. While a single-bank radial permits all cylinders to be cooled equally,
1430-677: A number of experiments and modifications) enough cooling air to the rear. This basic concept was soon copied by many other manufacturers, and many late-WWII aircraft returned to the radial design as newer and much larger designs began to be introduced. Examples include the Bristol Centaurus in the Hawker Sea Fury , and the Shvetsov ASh-82 in the Lavochkin La-7 . For even greater power, adding further rows
1540-510: A power-to-weight ratio near that of contemporary gasoline engines and a specific fuel consumption of roughly 80% that for an equivalent gasoline engine. During WWII the research continued, but no mass-production occurred because of the Nazi occupation. By 1943 the engine had grown to produce over 1,000 hp (750 kW) with a turbocharger . After the war, the Clerget company was integrated in
1650-413: A remnant of a stratified composite volcanic cone whose Eocene center was not far north of the present peak. Saipan has some additional semi-attached islets, one of which being Bird Island, which is a nature reserve for birds. It is connected to Saipan only at low tide. Forbidden Island is similar, but larger on the south east side of Saipan. Mañagaha is a small 100 acre island off the west coast, and
1760-519: A significant loss of land and rights for the Chamorro natives. The Caroline Islands had suffered a devastating typhoon that destroyed their crops. The leader of this company was an individual named "Chief Aghurubw," who sailed to Guam to ask the Spanish governor permission to settle on the islands. The Spaniards allowed Chief Aghurubw to settle on the island of Saipan. The Marianas archipelago was under
1870-704: A similarly sized five-cylinder radial four-stroke model engine of their own as a direct rival to the OS design, with Saito also creating a series of three-cylinder methanol and gasoline-fueled model radial engines ranging from 0.90 cu.in. (15 cm ) to 4.50 cu.in. (75 cm ) in displacement, also all now available in spark-ignition format up to 84 cm displacement for use with gasoline. The German Seidel firm formerly made both seven- and nine-cylinder "large" (starting at 35 cm displacement) radio control model radial engines, mostly for glow plug ignition, with an experimental fourteen-cylinder twin-row radial being tried out -
1980-478: A single bank (or row) and an unusual double master connecting rod. Variants were built that could be run on either diesel oil or gasoline or mixtures of both. A number of powerhouse installations utilising large numbers of these engines were made in the U.S. Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) built the "pancake" engines 16-184 and 16-338 for marine use. Zoche aero-diesels are a prototype radial design that have an even number of cylinders, either four or eight; but this
2090-567: Is 84 °F or 28.9 °C. There is little seasonal temperature variation, and Saipan has been cited by the Guinness Book of World Records as having the least fluctuating temperatures in the world. However, the temperature is affected by elevation; hence, the island shows considerable variations between the coastal and mountainous areas. The drier season runs from December to June and the rainier season from July to November. Typhoon season runs from July to December, and Saipan, along with
2200-407: Is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is called a "star engine" in some other languages. The radial configuration was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. Since
2310-567: Is a popular tourist destination. Access is by ferry, which is about ten minutes from the mainland. An underwater limestone cavern called the Grotto, is up to 20 meters (70 feet) deep. The flora of Saipan is predominantly limestone forest . Some developed areas on the island are covered with Leucaena leucocephala , also known as "tangan-tangan" trees, which were spread broadly sometime after World War II . Tangan-Tangan trees were introduced, primarily, as an erosion-prevention mechanism, due to
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#17327651747832420-599: Is also used by builders of homebuilt aircraft , such as the Culp Special , and Culp Sopwith Pup , Pitts S12 "Monster" and the Murphy "Moose" . 110 hp (82 kW) 7-cylinder and 150 hp (110 kW) 9-cylinder engines are available from Australia's Rotec Aerosport . HCI Aviation offers the R180 5-cylinder (75 hp (56 kW)) and R220 7-cylinder (110 hp (82 kW)), available "ready to fly" and as
2530-533: Is home to about 90% of the population of the Northern Mariana Islands. It hosts many resorts, golf courses, beaches, nature sites, and WW2 historical sites. The legislative and executive branches of Commonwealth government are located in the village of Capitol Hill on the island while the judicial branch is headquartered in the village of Susupe . Since the entire island is organized as a single municipality , most publications designate Saipan as
2640-756: Is little to no public transportation on Saipan. Cars are the transportation of choice with motorcycles being the only other truly viable transportation method while bicycles are only viable in certain areas. Proper sidewalks are uncommon on the island with the majority located in Garapan and several at the corner turns of stoplights. The island of Saipan has a total of 30 "official" villages. However, there are many sub-areas and neighborhoods located in certain villages such as Afetnas in San Antonio and Tapochau and I Denne in Capitol Hill. Those marked "SV:" are
2750-412: Is not problematic, because they are two-stroke engines , with twice the number of power strokes as a four-stroke engine per crankshaft rotation. A number of radial motors operating on compressed air have been designed, mostly for use in model airplanes and in gas compressors. A number of multi-cylinder 4-stroke model engines have been commercially available in a radial configuration, beginning with
2860-514: Is separated by the Saipan Channel . Saipan is about 12 mi (19 km) long and 5.6 mi (9.0 km) wide, with a land area of 115.38 km (44.55 sq mi). The western side of the island is lined with sandy beaches and an offshore coral reef creates a large lagoon . The eastern shore is composed primarily of rugged rocky cliffs and a reef. A narrow underwater bank of Marpi Reef lies 28 mi (45 km) north of
2970-477: Is topped by a statue of Jesus Christ. Last Command Post (War history site of a Japanese command post in the WW2 Battle of Saipan), Bird Island Sanctuary beach (beach by Bird Island sanctuary), faces east. There is also a Bird Island observatory to the south for observing the birds), Forbidden Island, a small island that is connected to Saipan at low tide and can be hiked onto, but at high tide the water separates
3080-627: The Kawasaki Ki-100 and Yokosuka D4Y 3. In Britain, Bristol produced both sleeve valved and conventional poppet valved radials: of the sleeve valved designs, more than 57,400 Hercules engines powered the Vickers Wellington , Short Stirling , Handley Page Halifax , and some versions of the Avro Lancaster , over 8,000 of the pioneering sleeve-valved Bristol Perseus were used in various types, and more than 2,500 of
3190-592: The Naval Advance Base Saipan from 1962 to 1986 was the headquarters for the U.N Trusteeship. East Field airbase was used as an airport until the 1960s, after its military use ended in 1946. Later on the area was made into a golf course. The Northern Mariana islanders voted to join the United States in 1975, and the island became a municipality of the newly-formed Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in 1978. On November 4, 1986,
3300-658: The Pacific War . The H8K2 was given the Allied code name "Emily". Four aircraft survived until the end of the war. One of these, an H8K2 (work number 426), was captured by U.S. forces at the end of the war and was evaluated before being eventually returned to Japan in 1979. It was on display at Tokyo 's Museum of Maritime Science until 2004, when it was moved to Kanoya Air Base Museum at Kanoya Air Field in Kagoshima . The submerged remains of an H8K can be found off
3410-532: The Rutan Voyager . The experimental Bristol Phoenix of 1928–1932 was successfully flight tested in a Westland Wapiti and set altitude records in 1934 that lasted until World War II. In 1932 the French company Clerget developed the 14D, a 14-cylinder two-stroke diesel radial engine. After a series of improvements, in 1938 the 14F2 model produced 520 hp (390 kW) at 1910 rpm cruise power, with
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3520-575: The SNECMA company and had plans for a 32-cylinder diesel engine of 4,000 hp (3,000 kW), but in 1947 the company abandoned piston engine development in favour of the emerging turbine engines. The Nordberg Manufacturing Company of the United States developed and produced a series of large two-stroke radial diesel engines from the late 1940s for electrical production, primarily at aluminum smelters and for pumping water. They differed from most radials in that they had an even number of cylinders in
3630-512: The South Seas Mandate . Militarily and economically, Saipan was one of the most important islands in the mandate and became the center of subsequent Japanese settlement. Immigration began in the 1920s by ethnic Japanese, Koreans, Taiwanese and Okinawans , who developed large-scale sugar plantations. The South Seas Development Company built sugar refineries and—under Japanese rule—extensive infrastructure development occurred, including
3740-499: The Westland Lysander , Bristol Blenheim , and Blackburn Skua . In the years leading up to World War II, as the need for armored vehicles was realized, designers were faced with the problem of how to power the vehicles, and turned to using aircraft engines, among them radial types. The radial aircraft engines provided greater power-to-weight ratios and were more reliable than conventional inline vehicle engines available at
3850-670: The American Pratt & Whitney company was founded, competing with Wright's radial engines. Pratt & Whitney's initial offering, the R-1340 Wasp , was test run later that year, beginning a line of engines over the next 25 years that included the 14-cylinder, twin-row Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp . More Twin Wasps were produced than any other aviation piston engine in the history of aviation; nearly 175,000 were built. In
3960-744: The American Evolution firm now sells the Seidel-designed radials, with their manufacturing being done in India. Saipan Saipan ( / s aɪ ˈ p æ n / ) is the largest island and capital of the Northern Mariana Islands , a Territory of the United States in the western Pacific Ocean . According to 2020 estimates by the United States Census Bureau , the population of Saipan
4070-607: The American single-engine Vought F4U Corsair , Grumman F6F Hellcat , Republic P-47 Thunderbolt , twin-engine Martin B-26 Marauder , Douglas A-26 Invader , Northrop P-61 Black Widow , etc. The same firm's aforementioned smaller-displacement (at 30 litres), Twin Wasp 14-cylinder twin-row radial was used as the main engine design for the B-24 Liberator , PBY Catalina , and Douglas C-47 , each design being among
4180-475: The CNMI and are subject to serious labor and human rights abuses. In contrast to US immigration policy, which admits immigrants for permanent residence and eventual citizenship, the CNMI admits aliens largely as temporary contract workers who are ineligible to gain either US citizenship or civil and social rights within the commonwealth. Only a few countries and no democratic society have immigration policies similar to
4290-418: The CNMI. The closest equivalent is Kuwait. The result of the CNMI policy is to have a minority population governing and severely limiting the rights of the majority population who are alien in every sense of the word. On March 31, 1998, US Senator Daniel Akaka said: The Commonwealth shares our American flag, but it does not share the American system of immigration. There is something fundamentally wrong with
4400-533: The CNMI: A report of the US Commission on Immigration Reform", January 7, 1998: The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) immigration system is antithetical to the principles that are at the core of the US immigration policy. Over time, the CNMI has developed an immigration system dominated by the entry of foreign temporary contract workers. These now outnumber US citizens but have few rights within
4510-635: The Centaurus and rapid movement to the use of turboprops such as the Armstrong Siddeley Python and Bristol Proteus , which easily produced more power than radials without the weight or complexity. Large radials continued to be built for other uses, although they are no longer common. An example is the 5-ton Zvezda M503 diesel engine with 42 cylinders in 6 rows of 7, displacing 143.6 litres (8,760 cu in) and producing 3,942 hp (2,940 kW). Three of these were used on
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4620-518: The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) and businesses on Saipan, its capital, commercial center, and one of its three principal islands. Later lobbying efforts involved mailings from a Ralph Reed marketing company and bribery of Roger Stillwell, a Department of the Interior official who in 2006 pleaded guilty to accepting gifts from Abramoff. Excerpted from "Immigration and
4730-598: The Commonwealth's capital. As of 2023, Saipan's mayor is Ramon Camacho and the governor of the Northern Mariana Islands is Arnold Palacios . Saipan was hit by Typhoon Yutu in 2018, which caused widespread damage. In the Chamorro language , the island is called Saipan . Carolinian people who wished to claim prior inhabitance of the island have asserted that the name derives from the Carolinian word sááypéél (literal meaning, "a voyage empty"), in reference to
4840-745: The German single-seat, single-engine Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Würger , and twin-engine Junkers Ju 88 . In Japan, most airplanes were powered by air-cooled radial engines like the 14-cylinder Mitsubishi Zuisei (11,903 units, e.g. Kawasaki Ki-45 ), Mitsubishi Kinsei (12,228 units, e.g. Aichi D3A ), Mitsubishi Kasei (16,486 units, e.g. Kawanishi H8K ), Nakajima Sakae (30,233 units, e.g. Mitsubishi A6M and Nakajima Ki-43 ), and 18-cylinder Nakajima Homare (9,089 units, e.g. Nakajima Ki-84 ). The Kawasaki Ki-61 and Yokosuka D4Y were rare examples of Japanese liquid-cooled inline engine aircraft at that time but later, they were also redesigned to fit radial engines as
4950-617: The Gnome and Le Rhône rotary powerplants, and Siemens-Halske built their own designs, including the Siemens-Halske Sh.III eleven-cylinder rotary engine , which was unusual for the period in being geared through a bevel geartrain in the rear end of the crankcase without the crankshaft being firmly mounted to the aircraft's airframe, so that the engine's internal working components (fully internal crankshaft "floating" in its crankcase bearings, with its conrods and pistons) were spun in
5060-513: The Japanese O.S. Max firm's FR5-300 five-cylinder, 3.0 cu.in. (50 cm ) displacement "Sirius" radial in 1986. The American "Technopower" firm had made smaller-displacement five- and seven-cylinder model radial engines as early as 1976, but the OS firm's engine was the first mass-produced radial engine design in aeromodelling history. The rival Saito Seisakusho firm in Japan has since produced
5170-533: The Jupiter. Although other piston configurations and turboprops have taken over in modern propeller-driven aircraft , Rare Bear , which is a Grumman F8F Bearcat equipped with a Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone radial engine, is still the fastest piston-powered aircraft . 125,334 of the American twin-row, 18-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp , with a displacement of 2,800 in (46 L) and between 2,000 and 2,400 hp (1,500-1,800 kW), powered
5280-566: The Saipan, and CK Reef lies in the west of the island. The highest elevation on Saipan is a limestone-covered mountain called Mount Tapochau at 1,560 ft (480 m). Unlike many of the mountains in the Mariana Islands, it is not an extinct volcano but is a limestone formation. To the north of Mount Tapochau towards Banzai Cliff , is a ridge of hills. Mount Achugao, situated about 2 miles north, has been interpreted to be
5390-583: The Spanish expedition of Ferdinand Magellan , when it made a landing in the southern Marianas on March 6, 1521. It is likely Saipan was sighted by Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa in 1522 on board of Spanish ship Trinidad , which he commanded after the death of Ferdinand Magellan who died in the Battle of Mactan in Cebu, Philippines. This is likely to have occurred after the sighting of the Maug Islands between
5500-476: The U.S. Navy also landed, to initiate construction projects. With the capture of Saipan, the American military was only 1,300 miles (2,100 km) from the Japanese home islands , which placed most Japanese cities within striking distance of United States' B-29 Superfortress bombers. The loss of Saipan was a heavy blow to both the military and civilian administration of Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō , who
5610-519: The U.S.A." and the clothing shipped to the U.S. market was also exempt from U.S. tariffs. By 1998, the island's garment industry exported close to $ 1 billion worth of apparel products to the mainland. The working conditions and treatment experienced by employees in these factories were the subject of controversy and criticism. When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) expired in 2005, thus eliminating quotas on textile exports to
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#17327651747835720-758: The United Kingdom the Bristol Aeroplane Company was concentrating on developing radials such as the Jupiter, Mercury , and sleeve valve Hercules radials. Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union started with building licensed versions of the Armstrong Siddeley, Bristol, Wright, or Pratt & Whitney radials before producing their own improved versions. France continued its development of various rotary engines but also produced engines derived from Bristol designs, especially
5830-573: The United States, Saipan's garment factories started closing one after another. From a high of 34 garment factories in the late 1990s, By March 2007, 19 companies manufactured garments on Saipan. In addition to many foreign-owned and run companies, many well-known U.S. brands also operated garment factories in Saipan for much of the last three decades. Brands included Gap , Levi Strauss , Phillips-Van Heusen , Abercrombie & Fitch , L'Oreal subsidiary Ralph Lauren ( Polo ), Lord & Taylor , Tommy Hilfiger , and Walmart . By January 15, 2009,
5940-504: The animated illustration, four cam lobes serve all 10 valves across the five cylinders, whereas 10 would be required for a typical inline engine with the same number of cylinders and valves. Most radial engines use overhead poppet valves driven by pushrods and lifters on a cam plate which is concentric with the crankshaft, with a few smaller radials, like the Kinner B-5 and Russian Shvetsov M-11 , using individual camshafts within
6050-403: The axes of the cylinders are coplanar, the connecting rods cannot all be directly attached to the crankshaft unless mechanically complex forked connecting rods are used, none of which have been successful. Instead, the pistons are connected to the crankshaft with a master-and-articulating-rod assembly. One piston, the uppermost one in the animation, has a master rod with a direct attachment to
6160-460: The compression stroke, this liquid, being incompressible, stops piston movement. Starting or attempting to start the engine in such condition may result in a bent or broken connecting rod. Originally radial engines had one row of cylinders, but as engine sizes increased it became necessary to add extra rows. The first radial-configuration engine known to use a twin-row design was the 160 hp Gnôme "Double Lambda" rotary engine of 1912, designed as
6270-504: The construction of port facilities, waterworks, power stations, paved roads and schools, along with entertainment facilities and Shinto shrines . By October 1943, Saipan had a civilian population of 29,348 Japanese settlers and 3,926 Chamorro and Carolinian Islanders. Japan considered Saipan to be part of the last line of defenses for the Japanese homeland, and thus had strongly committed to defending it. The Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy garrisoned Saipan heavily from
6380-502: The crankcase and cylinders revolved with the propeller. It was similar in concept to the later radial, the main difference being that the propeller was bolted to the engine, and the crankshaft to the airframe. The problem of the cooling of the cylinders, a major factor with the early "stationary" radials, was alleviated by the engine generating its own cooling airflow. In World War I many French and other Allied aircraft flew with Gnome , Le Rhône , Clerget , and Bentley rotary engines,
6490-572: The crankcase for each cylinder. A few engines use sleeve valves such as the 14-cylinder Bristol Hercules and the 18-cylinder Bristol Centaurus , which are quieter and smoother running but require much tighter manufacturing tolerances . C. M. Manly constructed a water-cooled five-cylinder radial engine in 1901, a conversion of one of Stephen Balzer 's rotary engines , for Langley 's Aerodrome aircraft. Manly's engine produced 52 hp (39 kW) at 950 rpm. In 1903–1904 Jacob Ellehammer used his experience constructing motorcycles to build
6600-408: The crankshaft takes two revolutions to complete the four strokes of each piston (intake, compression, combustion, exhaust). The camshaft ring is geared to spin slower and in the opposite direction to the crankshaft. Its cam lobes are placed in two rows; one for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves. The radial engine normally uses fewer cam lobes than other types. For example, in the engine in
6710-431: The crankshaft. The remaining pistons pin their connecting rods ' attachments to rings around the edge of the master rod. Extra "rows" of radial cylinders can be added in order to increase the capacity of the engine without adding to its diameter. Four-stroke radials have an odd number of cylinders per row, so that a consistent every-other-piston firing order can be maintained, providing smooth operation. For example, on
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#17327651747836820-416: The decimation of the landscape brought on by World War II. Remaining native forest occurs in small isolated fragments on steep slopes at low elevations and highland conservation areas of the island. Coconuts , papayas , and Thai hot peppers – locally called "donni' såli" or "boonie peppers" – are among the fruits that grow wild. Mangoes , taro root, breadfruit (locally called "Lemai"), and bananas are
6930-544: The development program in December 1941. The IJNAS accepted the first production version as the H8K1, Navy Type 2 Flying Boat, Model 11, of which 14 would be built. The improved H8K2 variant soon appeared, and its extremely heavy defensive armament earned it deep respect among Allied aircrews . The H8K2 was an upgrade over the H8K1 with more powerful engines, slightly revised armament, and an increase in fuel capacity. This
7040-486: The early 1920s Le Rhône converted a number of their rotary engines into stationary radial engines. By 1918 the potential advantages of air-cooled radials over the water-cooled inline engine and air-cooled rotary engine that had powered World War I aircraft were appreciated but were unrealized. British designers had produced the ABC Dragonfly radial in 1917, but were unable to resolve the cooling problems, and it
7150-611: The end of August and the end of September 1522. Gonzalo de Vigo deserted in the Maugs from Gomez de Espinosa's Trinidad and during the next four years, living with the local indigenous Chamorro people , visited thirteen main islands in the Marianas and possibly Saipan among them. The first clear evidence of Europeans arriving to Saipan was by the Manila galleon Santa Margarita commanded by Juan Martínez de Guillistegui, that wrecked on
7260-566: The fast Osa class missile boats . Another one was the Lycoming XR-7755 which was the largest piston aircraft engine ever built in the United States with 36 cylinders totaling about 7,750 in (127 L) of displacement and a power output of 5,000 horsepower (3,700 kilowatts). While most radial engines have been produced for gasoline, there have been diesel radial engines. Two major advantages favour diesel engines — lower fuel consumption and reduced fire risk. Packard designed and built
7370-630: The four-engine Boeing B-29 Superfortress and others. The Soviet Shvetsov OKB-19 design bureau was the sole source of design for all of the Soviet government factory-produced radial engines used in its World War II aircraft, starting with the Shvetsov M-25 (itself based on the American Wright Cyclone 9 's design) and going on to design the 41-litre displacement Shvetsov ASh-82 fourteen cylinder radial for fighters, and
7480-522: The island from the Japanese. The battle cost the Americans 3,426 killed and 10,364 wounded. Of the estimated 30,000 Japanese defenders, only 921 were taken prisoner. The weapons used, and the tactics of close quarter fighting, also resulted in high civilian casualties. Some 20,000 Japanese civilians perished during the battle, including over 1,000 who jumped from " Suicide Cliff " and " Banzai Cliff " rather than be caught and taken prisoner. Seabees of
7590-761: The island in February 1600 and whose survivors stayed on it for two years, until 250 were rescued by the Santo Tomas and the Jesus María . The Spanish formally occupied the island in 1668, with the missionary expedition of Diego Luis de San Vitores who named it San José . After 1670, it became a port of call for Portuguese, Spanish, occasional English, Dutch and French ships as a supply station for food and water. The native population shrank dramatically due to European-introduced diseases and conflicts over land. The Chamorros were forcibly relocated to Guam fearing
7700-593: The island's last garment factory shuttered their doors. On November 28, 2009, the federal government took control of immigration to the Northern Mariana Islands. More recently, casino gaming has come to Saipan with at least five casinos now operating on the island. As of 2016, Imperial Pacific International Holdings , a Chinese company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (but majority owned by billionaire businesswoman Cui Lijie ), which develops and operates casinos, hotels, and restaurants in CNMI,
7810-479: The islanders of the Northern Marianas including Saipan became United States citizens and the Northern Marianas formally became a part of the United States of America. This meant that U.S. citizens could visit or live in Saipan and the rest of the CNMI without a passport and vice versa. Saipan is the largest island in the Northern Mariana Islands. It is about 120 mi (190 km) north of Guam and 5 nautical miles (9.3 km) northeast of Tinian , from which it
7920-486: The islands of the Northern Marianas, typically short flights from island to island and Guam. A ferry once operated between Saipan and Tinian but was halted in 2010, reportedly for maintenance, and was never reinstated. One of the island's two main thoroughfares, Beach Road, is located on the western coast of Saipan. At some parts of the road, the beach is only a few feet away. Flame trees and pine trees line
8030-561: The largest casinos in Macau, leading to accusations of money laundering. There has been criticism by local doctors after dead and seriously injured Chinese workers have appeared at the hospital, often illegally working under tourist visas. Jack Abramoff and his law firm were paid at least $ 6.7 million by the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) from 1995 to 2001 to change and/or prevent Congressional action regarding
8140-620: The largest-displacement production British radial from the Bristol firm to use sleeve valving, the Bristol Centaurus were used to power the Hawker Tempest II and Sea Fury . The same firm's poppet-valved radials included: around 32,000 of Bristol Pegasus used in the Short Sunderland , Handley Page Hampden , and Fairey Swordfish and over 20,000 examples of the firm's 1925-origin nine-cylinder Mercury were used to power
8250-470: The late 1930s, building numerous coastal artillery batteries, shore defenses, underground fortifications and an airstrip. In mid-1944, nearly 30,000 troops were based on the island. The Battle of Saipan , from June 15 to July 9, 1944, was one of the major campaigns of World War II . The United States Marine Corps and United States Army landed on the beaches of the south-western side of the island and, after more than three weeks in heavy fighting, captured
8360-447: The late-war Hawker Sea Fury and Grumman F8F Bearcat , two of the fastest production piston-engined aircraft ever built, using radial engines. Whenever a radial engine remains shut down for more than a few minutes, oil or fuel may drain into the combustion chambers of the lower cylinders or accumulate in the lower intake pipes, ready to be drawn into the cylinders when the engine starts. As the piston approaches top dead center (TDC) of
8470-584: The main economic driving forces in Saipan when the U.S. government agreed that the CNMI would be exempted from certain federal minimum wage and immigration laws. While one result of these changes was an increase in hotels and tourism, the main consequence was that dozens of garment factories opened and clothing manufacturing became the island's chief economic force, employing thousands of foreign contract laborers (mostly young Chinese women) at low wages. The manufacturers could legally label these low cost garments "Made in
8580-487: The massive, 58-litre displacement Shvetsov ASh-73 eighteen-cylinder radial in 1946 - the smallest-displacement radial design from the Shvetsov OKB during the war was the indigenously designed, 8.6 litre displacement Shvetsov M-11 five cylinder radial. Over 28,000 of the German 42-litre displacement, 14-cylinder, two-row BMW 801 , with between 1,560 and 2,000 PS (1,540-1,970 hp, or 1,150-1,470 kW), powered
8690-504: The night of 4 March 1942 in a second raid on Pearl Harbor . Since the target lay out of range for the flying boats, this audacious plan involved a refuelling by submarine at French Frigate Shoals , some 900 km (560 mi) north-west of Hawaii , en route . Two planes from the Yokohama Kōkūtai (Naval Air Corps) attempted to bomb Pearl Harbor but, due to poor visibility, did not accomplish any significant damage. Six days after
8800-548: The opposing direction to the crankcase and cylinders, which still rotated as the propeller itself did since it was still firmly fastened to the crankcase's frontside, as with regular umlaufmotor German rotaries. By the end of the war the rotary engine had reached the limits of the design, particularly in regard to the amount of fuel and air that could be drawn into the cylinders through the hollow crankshaft, while advances in both metallurgy and cylinder cooling finally allowed stationary radial engines to supersede rotary engines. In
8910-595: The production leaders in all-time production numbers for each type of airframe design. The American Wright Cyclone series twin-row radials powered American warplanes: the nearly-43 litre displacement, 14-cylinder Twin Cyclone powered the single-engine Grumman TBF Avenger , twin-engine North American B-25 Mitchell , and some versions of the Douglas A-20 Havoc , with the massive twin-row, nearly 55-litre displacement, 18-cylinder Duplex-Cyclone powering
9020-866: The protectorate of the Spanish General Government of the Philippines; the Guardia Civil and Macabebe soldiers of the Province of Pampanga frequently made port calls to the islands to ensure law and order. After the Spanish–American War of 1898, Saipan was occupied by the United States. However, it was then sold by Spain to the German Empire under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899. The island
9130-409: The rear bank of cylinders, but a variety of baffles and fins were introduced that largely eliminated these problems. The downside was a relatively large frontal area that had to be left open to provide enough airflow, which increased drag. This led to significant arguments in the industry in the late 1930s about the possibility of using radials for high-speed aircraft like modern fighters. The solution
9240-738: The rest of the Mariana Islands, is subject to at least one typhoon each year. Music on Saipan can generally be broken down into three categories: local, mainland American, and Asian. Local consists of Chamorro , Carolinian , Micronesian Hawaiian Reggae and Palauan music, often with traditional dance for many occasions. Mainland American consists of much of the same music that can be found on U.S. radio. Asian consists of Japanese , Korean , Thai and Philippine music, among others. There are seven radio stations on Saipan, which play mainly popular and classic English-language songs as well as local and Philippine music. In 2017, an album called Music Of The Marianas: Made In Saipan Vol.1 , featured 20 songs from
9350-465: The same is not true for multi-row engines where the rear cylinders can be affected by the heat coming off the front row, and air flow being masked. A potential disadvantage of radial engines is that having the cylinders exposed to the airflow increases drag considerably. The answer was the addition of specially designed cowlings with baffles to force the air between the cylinders. The first effective drag-reducing cowling that didn't impair engine cooling
9460-514: The second Pearl Harbor raid, one of the Emilys was sent on a daylight photo-reconnaissance mission of Midway Atoll . It was intercepted by radar-directed Brewster F2A Buffalo fighters of Marine Fighting Squadron 221 ( VMF-221 ) and shot down. All aboard were killed, including Lt. Hashizume Hisao, the lead pilot of the second Pearl Harbor raid. H8K2s were used on a wide range of patrol , reconnaissance , bombing , and transport missions throughout
9570-478: The spread of leprosy in 1720 for better control and assimilation. Under Spanish rule, the island was developed into ranches for raising cattle and pigs, which were used as provision for Spanish galleons originating from the Philippines on their way to Mexico and vice versa. Around 1815, many Carolinians from Satawal settled Saipan during a period when the Chamorros were imprisoned on Guam, which resulted in
9680-459: The street. The street also connects more than six villages that lie on the western coast of the island. Middle Road is the island's largest road and runs through its central section. Like Beach Road, Middle Road connects several villages throughout the island. Several offices, shops, hotels, and residences lie on or nearby these highways. Middle Road is labeled "Chalan Pale Arnold" on maps, but very few people call it that. Aside from school buses, there
9790-456: The sub-villages. Noted tourist destinations on Saipan include Managaha Island (100 acre tropical beach island visited by ferry), American Memorial Park and Micro Beach, a 1 km beach on the west side, making it possible to see the sun set., Latte Stones (old stones structures from the island's past), Mount Tapochau (highest point with views of Saipan), this site is known for its views and its possible to see other islands on clear day and
9900-600: The time. This reliance had a downside though: if the engines were mounted vertically, as in the M3 Lee and M4 Sherman , their comparatively large diameter gave the tank a higher silhouette than designs using inline engines. The Continental R-670 , a 7-cylinder radial aero engine which first flew in 1931, became a widely used tank powerplant, being installed in the M1 Combat Car , M2 Light Tank , M3 Stuart , M3 Lee , and LVT-2 Water Buffalo . The Guiberson T-1020 ,
10010-501: The two. The island also features a lookout., Japanese Lighthouse (a lighthouse built in 1934 when the Northern Marianas were in the Japanese Mandate, currently a cafe with island views), NMI Museum of History and Culture , and The Grotto, a large underwater limestone cavern. Tourism had traditionally been a vital source of the island's revenue and economic activities. But in the 1980s, garment manufacturing became one of
10120-492: The ultimate examples of which reached 250 hp (190 kW) although none of those over 160 hp (120 kW) were successful. By 1917 rotary engine development was lagging behind new inline and V-type engines, which by 1918 were producing as much as 400 hp (300 kW), and were powering almost all of the new French and British combat aircraft. Most German aircraft of the time used water-cooled inline 6-cylinder engines. Motorenfabrik Oberursel made licensed copies of
10230-598: The west coast of Saipan , where it is a popular scuba diving attraction known erroneously as the "B-29", or the "Emily". Another wrecked H8K lies in Chuuk Lagoon, Chuuk , in Micronesia. This aircraft is located off the south-western end of Dublon Island. Data from General characteristics Performance Armament Avionics Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Radial engine The radial engine
10340-623: The world's first air-cooled radial engine, a three-cylinder engine which he used as the basis for a more powerful five-cylinder model in 1907. This was installed in his triplane and made a number of short free-flight hops. Another early radial engine was the three-cylinder Anzani , originally built as a W3 "fan" configuration, one of which powered Louis Blériot 's Blériot XI across the English Channel . Before 1914, Alessandro Anzani had developed radial engines ranging from 3 cylinders (spaced 120° apart) — early enough to have been used on
10450-719: Was 43,385. Its people have been United States citizens since the 1980s. Saipan is one of the main homes of the Chamorro , the Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands . Saipan has been inhabited for over four thousand years. From the 17th century, the island experienced Spanish occupation and rule until the Spanish–American War of 1898, when Saipan was briefly occupied by the United States , before being formally sold to Germany . About 15 years of German rule were followed by 30 years of Japanese rule , which
10560-423: Was a large, shoulder-winged design that is widely regarded as the best flying boat of the war. Despite this, initial development was troublesome, with the prototype displaying terrible handling on the water. Deepening of the hull , redesigning of the planing bottom and the addition of spray strips under the nose rectified the water handling problems. Two further prototypes — actually pre-production aircraft — joined
10670-528: Was administered by Germany as part of German New Guinea , but during the German period, there was no attempt to develop or settle the island, which remained under the control of its Spanish and mestizo landowners. In 1914, during World War I , the island was captured by the Empire of Japan . Japan was awarded formal control of the island in 1919 by the League of Nations as a part of its mandated territory of
10780-512: Was carried out in the US, and demonstrated that ample airflow was available with careful design. This led to the R-4360 , which has 28 cylinders arranged in a 4 row corncob configuration. The R-4360 saw service on large American aircraft in the post- World War II period. The US and Soviet Union continued experiments with larger radials, but the UK abandoned such designs in favour of newer versions of
10890-683: Was developed in 1922 with Navy funding, and using aluminum cylinders with steel liners ran for an unprecedented 300 hours, at a time when 50 hours endurance was normal. At the urging of the Army and Navy the Wright Aeronautical Corporation bought Lawrance's company, and subsequent engines were built under the Wright name. The radial engines gave confidence to Navy pilots performing long-range overwater flights. Wright's 225 hp (168 kW) J-5 Whirlwind radial engine of 1925
11000-704: Was encountered in the Pacific theater . Aircraft historian René Francillon called the H8K "the most outstanding water-based combat aircraft of the Second World War." At the same time the type's predecessor, the Kawanishi H6K , was entering service in 1938 the Navy ordered the development of a larger, longer-ranged patrol aircraft under the designation Navy Experimental 13- Shi Large-size Flying Boat. The result
11110-657: Was ended by the Battle of Saipan , as the United States began to take control of the Philippine Sea . Following World War II , Saipan became part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , and was administered by the United States, along with rest of the Northern Marianas. In 1978, Saipan formally joined the United States as part of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Today, Saipan
11220-566: Was forced to resign. The wartime history is interpreted on Saipan at American Memorial Park and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Museum of History and Culture. After the war, nearly all of the surviving Japanese settlers were repatriated to Japan. After World War II, Saipan became part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , administered by the United States. The U.S. bases on Saipan closed or were converted to other purposes, for example
11330-453: Was introduced with the BMW 801 14-cylinder twin-row radial. Kurt Tank designed a new cooling system for this engine that used a high-speed fan to blow compressed air into channels that carry air to the middle of the banks, where a series of baffles directed the air over all of the cylinders. This allowed the cowling to be tightly fitted around the engine, reducing drag, while still providing (after
11440-483: Was not considered viable due to the difficulty of providing the required airflow to the rear banks. Larger engines were designed, mostly using water cooling although this greatly increased complexity and eliminated some of the advantages of the radial air-cooled design. One example of this concept is the BMW 803 , which never entered service. A major study into the airflow around radials using wind tunnels and other systems
11550-746: Was not until the 1920s that Bristol and Armstrong Siddeley produced reliable air-cooled radials such as the Bristol Jupiter and the Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar . In the United States the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) noted in 1920 that air-cooled radials could offer an increase in power-to-weight ratio and reliability; by 1921 the U.S. Navy had announced it would only order aircraft fitted with air-cooled radials and other naval air arms followed suit. Charles Lawrance 's J-1 engine
11660-551: Was reportedly the largest taxpayer in Saipan. In 2014, Imperial Pacific was granted a 25-year license to build and operate casinos on Saipan with an option to extend the license for another 15 years. The Imperial Pacific Resort, still unfinished as of June 2019, is set to include a luxury hotel, casino, restaurants, retail space, and leisure facilities. The complex was supposed to be completed by August 2018. The existing casinos are already handling over $ 2 billion monthly in VIP bets, more than
11770-545: Was the Salmson 9Z series of nine-cylinder water-cooled radial engines that were produced in large numbers. Georges Canton and Pierre Unné patented the original engine design in 1909, offering it to the Salmson company; the engine was often known as the Canton-Unné. From 1909 to 1919 the radial engine was overshadowed by its close relative, the rotary engine , which differed from the so-called "stationary" radial in that
11880-709: Was the British Townend ring or "drag ring" which formed a narrow band around the engine covering the cylinder heads, reducing drag. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics studied the problem, developing the NACA cowling which further reduced drag and improved cooling. Nearly all aircraft radial engines since have used NACA-type cowlings. While inline liquid-cooled engines continued to be common in new designs until late in World War II , radial engines dominated afterwards until overtaken by jet engines, with
11990-540: Was to be the definitive variant, with 112 produced. 36 examples of a dedicated transport version, the H8K2-L, were also built, capable of carrying 62 troops. This aircraft was also known as Seikū (晴空, "Clear Sky"). The side defensive blisters, ventral defensive hatch, and dorsal turret were discarded. To increase the available space within the aircraft its hull tanks were removed, thus reducing its range . The H8K entered production in 1941 and first saw operational use on
12100-474: Was widely claimed as "the first truly reliable aircraft engine". Wright employed Giuseppe Mario Bellanca to design an aircraft to showcase it, and the result was the Wright-Bellanca WB-1 , which first flew later that year. The J-5 was used on many advanced aircraft of the day, including Charles Lindbergh 's Spirit of St. Louis , in which he made the first solo trans-Atlantic flight. In 1925
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