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41-683: The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as Soviet Kazakhstan , the Kazakh SSR , KaSSR , or simply Kazakhstan , was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Located in northern Central Asia , it was created on 5 December 1936 from the Kazakh ASSR , an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR . At 2,717,300 square kilometres (1,049,200 sq mi) in area, it

82-650: A referendum to preserve the union in a different entity with 94.1% voted in favour. It did not happen when hardline communists in Moscow took control of the government in August . Nazarbayev then condemned the failed coup. As a result of those events, the Kazakh SSR was renamed to the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991. It declared independence on 16 December (the fifth anniversary of Jeltoqsan ), becoming

123-422: A 'transcontinental state'. Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that have one continuous or immediately adjacent piece of territory that spans a continental boundary . More specifically, they contain a portion of their territory on one continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these two portions connected via a natural geological land connection (e.g. Russia) or

164-399: A body of water or by other countries (such as in the case of France). Most non-contiguous transcontinental countries are countries with dependencies like United Kingdom with its overseas territories , but can be countries that have fully integrated former dependencies in their central states like France with its overseas regions . For the purposes of this article, a seven-continent model

205-605: A historical consultant for the documentary film Koryo Saram: The Unreliable People . For academic, educational and social efforts he was awarded the highest title of the “Honored worker of the Republic Kazakhstan” (2007); Medal “ Merit for the outstanding contribution in the Development of sciences in the Republic of Kazakhstan” (2009); Golden Medal “Birlik” (Unity) for the outstanding contribution in

246-624: A role he remained in until 2019. The Kazakh SSR was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991, which declared its independence six days later, as the last republic to secede from the USSR on 16 December 1991. The Soviet Union was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 by the Soviet of the Republics . The Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal successor to the Kazakh SSR , was admitted to

287-852: A visiting professor at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Seoul, 2004), the Institute of Humanities at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (2006); Slavic Research Center of the University of Hokkaido (Sapporo, 2008–09); Visiting Professor of the Department of Political Science & Foreign Affairs, Sungshin University, Seoul (2015–16); Professor of the Department for History, Konguk University (2015–2020); Visiting Professor of CSES Kyoto University, Japan (2019). Aside from teaching and research, Kim also presently holds

328-514: Is a list of countries with territory that straddles more than one continent , known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states . Contiguous transcontinental countries are states that have one continuous or immediately-adjacent piece of territory that spans a continental boundary , most commonly the line that separates Asia and Europe. By contrast, non-contiguous transcontinental countries are those states that have portions of territory that are separated from one another either by

369-489: Is assumed based on common terms of reference by English language geographers. Combined continents like "the Americas" and "Eurasia" are not acknowledged or referenced. The boundary between Asia and Europe is largely conventional (much of it over land), and several conventions remained in use well into the 20th century. However, the now-prevalent convention—which has been in use by some cartographers since about 1850—follows

410-664: Is at some point on the Colombia–Panama border , with the most common demarcation in atlases and other sources following the Darién Mountains watershed where the Isthmus of Panama meets the South American continent (see Darién Gap ). This area encompasses a large watershed, forest and mountains in the northern portion of Colombia 's Chocó Department and Panama 's Darién province. Some geographers prefer to use

451-748: The Catabathmus Magnus escarpment taken as the boundary with Africa (Libya) . The conventional Asia-Europe boundary was subject to considerable variation during the 18th and 19th centuries, indicated anywhere between the Don River and the Caucasus to the south or the Ural Mountains to the east. Since the late 19th century, the Caucasus–Urals boundary has become almost universally accepted. According to this now-standard convention,

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492-491: The Caucasus northern chain, the Ural River and the Ural Mountains , is used for the purposes of this list. This convention results in several countries such as in the case of Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , and Turkey finding themselves almost entirely in 'Asia', with a few small enclaves or districts technically in 'Europe'. Notwithstanding these anomalies, this list of transcontinental or intercontinental states respects

533-516: The Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan . He jokingly refers to his hometown as the "Korean capital" of the former Soviet Union . He entered Kazakh National University (now known as Al-Farabi University) in 1971 as a student of world history and German language ; after his graduation in 1977, he found work as a teacher of German, which he continued until the mid-eighties. In 1985, with the onset of perestroika and glasnost , it became permitted for

574-667: The Panama Canal as the physical boundary between North and South America instead. Under this convention, its capital Panama City is classified as a South American city. Given the competing claims, the Panamanian sports governing bodies affiliate to differing continental/regional confederations: its athletics federation to South America's , its soccer federation to North, Central America and Caribbean's ; its Olympic committee to both South America's and Central America's . The special case of Caribbean islands adjacent to

615-516: The United Nations on 2 March 1992. The republic was named after the Kazakh people, Turkic -speaking former nomads who sustained a powerful khanate in the region before Russian and later Soviet domination. Established on 26 August 1920, it was initially called Kirghiz ASSR ( Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ) and was a part of the Russian SFSR . On 15–19 April 1925, it

656-831: The Journal “Studies of Koreans Abroad” of the Association for the Studies of Koreans Abroad (Seoul). Kim received research and field work grants from the Korea Research Foundation (1991, 2001), Korea Foundation (1992, 2004), British Academy (1992), Soros Foundation (1998), Japan Museum of Anthropology in Osaka (2002), IREX (2003), Academy of Korean Studies (2005, 2006), A. Mellon Global Foundation (2006), POSCO (2007), IDE JETRO (2008) and Center for Slavic Studies Hokkaido University (2008). He taught special courses as

697-617: The Kazakh ASSR with virtually no outside interference. He played a prominent part in the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia railway, which was constructed to open up Kazakhstan's mineral wealth. After Joseph Stalin ordered the forced collectivization of agriculture throughout the Soviet Union, Goloshchyokin ordered that Kazakhstan's largely nomadic population was to be forced to settle in collective farms. This caused

738-590: The Kazakh SSR. Kazakhs viewed his internationalist goals as a call for " Russification ". Beginning in 1937, the Soviet Government began a series of forced deportations of ethnic minorities, such as Soviet Koreans, the Volga Germans and various other minorities to the Kazakh SSR, a programme that ended only with Stalin's death in 1953. 48°N 68°E  /  48°N 68°E  / 48; 68 Transcontinental country This

779-629: The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of immigrants , mostly Russians , skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. As a result, the use of the Kazakh language declined but has started to experience a revival since independence, both as a result of its resurging popularity in law and business and the growing proportion of Kazakhs. The other nationalities included Ukrainians , Germans , Jews , Belarusians , Koreans and others; Germans at

820-564: The Republic, causing a labour shortage in that area, which Stalin sought to compensate for by deporting other ethnicities there. Over one million political prisoners from various parts of the Soviet Union passed through the Karaganda Corrective Labor Camp (KarLag) between 1931 and 1959, with an unknown number of deaths. During the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the Virgin Lands of

861-463: The South American coastline: North American Caribbean islands administered by South American states: Caribbean islands considered North American or South American: German Kim Kim was born 16 July 1953 in Ushtobe , Taldy-Kurgan Oblast , Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , one of three sons of Nikolai Kim (also known by his Korean name Kim Dyunbin), a safety engineer and premises manager at

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902-773: The boundary follows the Aegean Sea , the Turkish Straits , the Black Sea , along the watershed of the Greater Caucasus , the northwestern portion of the Caspian Sea and along the Ural River and Ural Mountains to the Arctic Ocean . According to this convention, the following countries have territory in both Asia and Europe. The conventional boundary between North America and South America

943-524: The campaign was eventually abandoned in the 1960s. In the early days of the Soviet Union, Kazakh culture was both developed and restrained, and later many Kazakh cultural figures were imprisoned, exiled, or killed in Joseph Stalin 's purges. However, after the Stalinist era , Nikita Khrushchev 's efforts to reinvigorate internationalism and furtherly weaken Kazakh culture were controversial in

984-485: The capital city, Alma-Ata . Approximately 168–200 civilians were killed in the uprising. The events then spilled over to Shymkent , Pavlodar , Karaganda and Taldykorgan . On 25 March 1990, Kazakhstan held its first elections with Nursultan Nazarbayev , the chairman of the Supreme Soviet elected as its first president . Later that year on 25 October, it then declared sovereignty. The republic participated in

1025-694: The commissions of the Ministry of Culture Republic of Korea for the best book in both 2006 and 2014. He presented papers in over 150 international conferences, seminars and workshops in Asia, North and South America, and Europe. He is a member of the International Commission on Sources of the History of Korea; Korean Studies Associations in Europe, Asia and USA. He gave over 50 public lectures in

1066-500: The convention that Europe and Asia are full continents rather than subcontinents or component landmasses of a larger Eurasian continent. Listed further below, separately, are countries with distant non-contiguous parts (overseas territories) on separate continents. The lists within this article include entries that meet the following criteria: The boundaries between the continents can be vague and subject to interpretation, making it difficult to conclusively define what counts as

1107-582: The deadly Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 in Kazakhstan which killed between 1 and 2 million people. In 1937 the first major deportation of an ethnic group in the Soviet Union began, the removal of the Korean population from the Russian Far East to Kazakhstan. Over 170,000 people were forcibly relocated to the Kazakh and Uzbek SSRs . Kazakhstani Korean scholar German Kim assumes that one of

1148-414: The ethnic composition of the population of Kazakhstan were the 1920s and 1930s famines . According to different estimates of the effects of the Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 , up to 40% of Kazakhs (indigenous ethnic group) either died of starvation or fled the territory. Official government census data report the contraction of Kazakh population from 3.6 million in 1926, to 2.3 million in 1939. Upon

1189-476: The field of Koryo-saram and Korean diasporas studies. German Kim has written and edited a large number of books and papers published internationally. Of those three volumes of the History of Korean Immigration are particularly noteworthy on the history of the Korean Diaspora. Over 70 of his books and papers are available for downloading in academia.edu. Two of his books published in Korean were awarded by

1230-504: The first time to speak openly of the deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union and other tragedies which had afflicted the Koryo-saram. This piqued Kim's interest in the history of his ancestors, and in 1987, he returned to Kazakh National University as a doctoral candidate, writing his thesis on the topic of "Socio-Cultural Development of Koreans in Kazakhstan in 1946–1966"; after graduation up until today, he has continued his work in

1271-538: The last Soviet constituency to secede. Its capital was the site of the Alma-Ata Protocol on 21 December 1991 that dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States in its place which Kazakhstan joined. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist as a sovereign state on 26 December 1991 and Kazakhstan became an internationally recognized independent state. On 28 January 1993,

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1312-633: The new Constitution of Kazakhstan was officially adopted. According to the 1897 census, the earliest census taken in the region, Kazakhs constituted 81.7% of the total population (3,392,751 people) within the territory of contemporary Kazakhstan. The Russian population in Kazakhstan was 454,402, or 10.95% of total population; there were 79,573 Ukrainians (1.91%); 55,984 Tatars (1.34%); 55,815 Uyghurs (1.34%); 29,564 Uzbeks (0.7%); 11,911 Moldovans (0.28%); 4,888 Dungans (0.11%); 2,883 Turkmens ; 2,613 Germans ; 2,528 Bashkirs ; 1,651 Jews ; and 1,254 Poles . The most significant factors that shaped

1353-862: The position of Vice-Chairman of the Association of Koreans in Kazakhstan, from 2000 he is a member of the NUAK (National Unification Advisory Council); of Scientific Expert Council of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan; of the National Council for Sciences under the President of Kazakhstan; of the Expert Council for Overseas Korean Policy by the Prime Minister of the ROK. He additionally was

1394-428: The reasons for this deportation may have been Stalin's intent to oppress ethnic minorities that could have posed a threat to his socialist system or he may have intended to consolidate the border regions with China and Japan by using them as political bargaining chips. Additionally, historian Kim points out that 1.7 million people perished in the Kazakh famine of 1931–33 , while an additional one million people fled from

1435-584: The region and from 1920 to 1922, Kazakhstan's Russian population dropped from approximately 2.7 to 2.2 million. A further 15,000 Cossack settler colonists were deported between 1920 and 1921 as part of the process of returning control and sovereignty of land to the Kazakhs. On 19 February 1925 Filipp Goloshchyokin was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party in the newly created Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. From 1925 to 1933 he ran

1476-565: The start of the Second World War , many large factories were relocated to the Kazakh SSR. The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site and Baikonur Cosmodrome were also built here. After the war, the Virgin Lands Campaign was started in 1953. This was led by Nikita Khrushchev , with the goal of developing the vast lands of the republic and helping to boost Soviet agricultural yields. However it did not work as promised,

1517-690: The time of independence formed about 8% of the population, the largest concentration of Germans in the entire Soviet Union. Kazakh independence has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Following the dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev , the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan by the last Soviet general secretary , Mikhail Gorbachev , riots broke out for four days between 16 and 19 December 1986 known as Jeltoqsan by student demonstrators in Brezhnev Square in

1558-712: The top universities internationally. Since 1996 he is the Chief-editor of the journal Newsletter of Korean Studies in Central Asia and is a member of the editorial board of the journals Acta Koreana (Los Angeles), Korea Forum (New York), International Area Review (Seoul); “Studies of the culture of Koreans abroad” (Institute for the studies of the Culture of Koreans abroad, Kongju National University); Journal of Contemporary Korean Studies (National Museum of Korean Contemporary History, Seoul); Editorial Board of

1599-624: The two portions being immediately adjacent to one another (e.g. Turkey). In other words, someone can travel to another continent without changing the country (without crossing a border). The modern convention for the land boundary between Asia and Africa runs along the Isthmus of Suez and the Suez Canal in Egypt . The border continues through the Gulf of Suez , Red Sea , and Gulf of Aden . In antiquity, Egypt had been considered part of Asia, with

1640-568: Was renamed Kazak ASSR (subsequently Kazakh ASSR ) and on 5 December 1936 it was elevated to the status of a Union-level republic, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic . In September 1920, the Ninth Soviet Congress of Turkestan called for the deportation of illegal settler colonists in the Northern parts of the country. The proposed land reform began in 1921 and lasted until 1927,targeting Russian settlers, Ukrainians and Cossacks in

1681-482: Was the second-largest republic in the USSR, after the Russian SFSR . Its capital was Alma-Ata (today known as Almaty). During its existence as a Soviet Socialist Republic, it was ruled by the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR (QKP). On 25 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on its soil. QKP first secretary Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected president in April of that year –

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