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106-703: Following the Saur Revolution , The Kabul Times was renamed Kabul New Times and began to print Communist rhetoric that was reminiscent of days during the Cold War and was highly confrontational towards Western culture . The paper briefly stopped publication during the US-led invasion , resuming in March 2002. Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban , the editor-in-chief Hamidullah Arefi resigned; after

212-710: A "popular revolution" if the Soviets stood behind the coup. Political scientist William Maley has noted that while the Soviets were not directly involved, rising tensions with Daoud may have prompted them to refrain from taking steps to prevent an Afghan communist coup. State Department analysts told U.S. President Jimmy Carter that direct Soviet involvement in the coup was unlikely: "Although they had probably become somewhat disillusioned with President Daoud, we do not think they would have tried to take over this important non-aligned country." One year before Lieutenant General Shahnawaz Tanai ’s death, in 2021, he admitted that

318-596: A brief period of vacancy, Nik Mohammad was appointed as new editor and the paper was renamed The Kabul Times Daily . This article about a newspaper in Afghanistan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Saur Revolution The Saur Revolution or Sowr Revolution ( Pashto : د ثور انقلاب ; Dari : إنقلاب ثور ), also known as the April Revolution or the April Coup ,

424-464: A civilian government under the leadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki of the Khalq faction was formed, with the 455th Commando Battalion and 242nd Parachute Battalion being merged to create the 26th Airborne Regiment. In Kabul, the initial cabinet appeared to be carefully constructed to alternate ranking positions between Khalqists and Parchamites. Taraki (a Khalqist) was Prime Minister , Karmal (a Parchamite)

530-520: A healthy generation for building the future of the country ... Educating and enlightening women is now the subject of close government attention." Women were already guaranteed freedoms under the 1964 Constitution , but the PDPA went further by declaring full equality. "We only need one million people to make the revolution. It doesn't matter what happens to the rest. We need the land, not the people.” — Announcement from Khalqist radio-broadcast after

636-573: A moderate approach and reforms were not strongly felt; however from late October the PDPA launched drastic reforms that struck the socioeconomic tribal structure of rural Afghanistan. In a "disastrous symbolic move", it changed the national flag from the traditional black, red and Islamic green color to a near-copy of the red flag of the Soviet Union, a provocative affront to the people of the conservative country. It prohibited usury , without having in place any alternative for peasants who relied on

742-714: A plot and executed or imprisoned several cabinet members, even imprisoning General Abdul Qadir , the military leader of the Saur Revolution until the Soviet invasion and subsequent change in leadership in late 1979. In September 1979, it was Taraki's turn to become a victim of the Revolution, as Amin overthrew and executed him. In private conversations, Taraki told the Soviet ambassador Alexander Puzanov that Afghanistan would follow Marxism–Leninism . The Soviet Union

848-900: A policy to pull the rest of the world into their orbits. One of these was the pro-Soviet socialist bloc whose best known alliance was the Warsaw Pact , and the other the pro-American capitalist group of countries, many of which belonged to NATO . In 1961, drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference of 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement was formally established in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , through an initiative of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito , Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser , Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah , and Indonesian President Sukarno . This led to

954-402: A role for itself: in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on

1060-474: A significant event in Afghanistan's history as it marked the beginning of decades of continuous conflict in the country. With the support and assistance of minority political party the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), Mohammed Daoud Khan had taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état by overthrowing the monarchy ruled by his first cousin, King Mohammed Zahir Shah , and had established

1166-541: A significant figure in the revolutionary Afghan government. At a press conference in New York in June 1978, Amin claimed that the event was not a coup d'état , but rather a "popular revolution" carried out by the "will of the people" against Daoud's government. The Saur Revolution involved heavy fighting throughout Afghanistan and resulted in the deaths of as many as 2,000 military personnel and civilians combined; it remains

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1272-465: A stronger voice for the Global South, and an instrument that can promote the needs of member-nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states. However, as in the past, cohesion remains a problem, since

1378-497: A vicious crackdown across the country; arresting, torturing and killing tens of thousands of people, implementing a strategy of "killing the population into submission". When Soviet diplomat Alexander Puzhanov requested him to not kill two fighters affiliated with the Parcham , Taraki responded: " Lenin taught us to be merciless towards the enemies of the revolution, and millions of people had to be eliminated in order to secure

1484-665: A vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications,

1590-517: Is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit. Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955: Chairpersons of

1696-516: Is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals , but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden , unfair trade practices , the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality , and

1802-554: Is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping. Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement but did not progress. Since 1973, the group has supported

1908-521: The 19th NAM summit , which took place in Kampala, Uganda in January 2024. The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure. Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States

2014-564: The Afghan Armed Forces . The viciousness and severity of the Khalqist red terror campaign disturbed the Soviet government, which was attempting to turn Afghanistan into a Soviet satellite state under Taraki. In response to Soviet disagreements with the radicalism of the Khalq, Hafizullah Amin , general secretary of the PDPA , stated: "Comrade Stalin showed us how to build socialism in a backward country." The majority of

2120-604: The Arg , the presidential palace. On the 27th, the tanks turned their guns on the palace. The tank commander who made the request had, in secret, defected to the Khalq beforehand. In order to distract the government of the Republic of Afghanistan , PDPA sympathizers within the Afghan Armed Forces planted weapons and undetonated explosives in certain areas and tipped security forces to their locations, blaming Islamist groups. This

2226-567: The Barakzai dynasty after 152 years. For the first time in the history of Afghanistan, the last remnants of monarchy, tyranny, despotism and power of the dynasty of the tyrant Nader Khan has ended and all powers of the state are in the hands of the people of Afghanistan. There was speculation that the Soviet Union was behind the coup, but no convincing evidence to support this ever appeared. Soviet military advisors in Kabul had been informed about

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2332-472: The Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years, the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence and sovereignty "in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers". The Movement advocates a middle course for states in

2438-717: The December 1979 Soviet invasion "as most people in the West suppose", that "ignited" the mujahidin revolt against the Kabul authorities and prompted the refugee exodus to Pakistan. According to scholar Gilles Dorronsoro, it was the violence of the state rather than its reforms that caused the uprisings. The communists violently imposed PDPA policies across the villages of Afghanistan, perpetrating mass rapes of Afghan women, killing religious clerics and village chiefs, looting houses, stealing food supplies and torturing captives. According to an Afghan “kill list” translated into English by

2544-474: The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force executed the "Baghdad Operation", an effort to disrupt that proposal by showing Baghdad's airspace was unsafe. Two McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II planes bombarded Al-Dura refinery with Mk82 bombs . One plane returned damaged and the other (along with its pilot) was lost to Iraqi defensive fire. Combined with threats by an Iranian-backed terror group to kill

2650-587: The Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool , created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005. The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Almost all of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet

2756-520: The developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War . The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations. But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment"

2862-546: The first Conference of Heads of State or Governments of Non-Aligned Countries . The purpose of the organization was summarized by Fidel Castro in his Havana Declaration of 1979 as to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism , colonialism , neo-colonialism , racism , and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation , domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics." The countries of

2968-591: The first Republic of Afghanistan . Since then, there has been reports of multiple coup attempts against Daoud’s government in September 1973, August 1974, and December 1976. According to some of the PDPA’s leaders, the party had begun plotting a possible coup attempt as early as 1976. President Daoud was convinced that closer ties and military support from the Soviet Union would allow Afghanistan to take control of Pashtun lands in northwest Pakistan . However, Daoud, who

3074-510: The reforming of the United Nations Security Council , stating that the organisation has been used by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of "non-aligned" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council

3180-419: The 11th Division was eventually shot dead. The aerial attacks on the palace intensified about midnight as six Su-7s made repeated rocket attacks, lighting up the city. The next morning, 28 April, Kabul was mostly quiet, although the sound of gunfire could still be heard on the southern side of the city. As the people of Kabul ventured out of their homes they realized that the rebels were in complete control of

3286-731: The 1978 April coup in Afghanistan Following the April coup, Khalqists also introduced severe repression of a kind previously unknown in Afghanistan. Khalqist chief Taraki was a hardline Leninist who advocated the implementation of a campaign modelled after the Bolshevik " Red Terror " to impose Marxist policies in Afghanistan. Influenced by the practices of the Russian Bolsheviks , the PDPA regime launched

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3392-590: The Board of Directors has a consultative arrangement with a Governing Council under the leadership of the Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and its members include Ambassador of Brunei, Ambassador of Cuba and Ambassador of South Africa. The head of the administrative officer of NAM CSSTC is accredited by Ronny Prasetyo Yuliantoro, Director, current Indonesian diplomat and Ambassador of

3498-850: The Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement transformed. The breakup of Yugoslavia (a prominent founding member) in 1991–1992 also affected the Movement; the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1992 suspended Yugoslavia's membership. The various successor states of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though all of them but Slovenia , North Macedonia and Kosovo (i.e. Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro and Serbia ) retain observer status. India, another founding member, appears to have downgraded its emphasis on

3604-574: The Indonesian ministries. Some say the organisation is a major endeavour to build NAM member countries' capacities . A few years before the NAM CSSTC was set up, the NAM summit in 1992 in Jakarta to discuss efforts to strengthen collective autonomy and to review of the international economic environment in order to step up South-South cooperation . After the admission of Brunei Darussalam to

3710-462: The Khalqist regime violently imposed its socialist programme and was brutal in its repression of opposition, arresting many without charge. The regime alienated a wide variety of people, including tribal and clan leaders, Islamists, Maoists, Western-educated teachers, and traditional religious leaders, all becoming victims of the Khalqists. Discontent fomented amongst the people of Afghanistan, and

3816-568: The Ministry of Defense, and armed men, some in military uniform, guarding Ariana Circle, a major intersection. The first shots heard were near the Ministry of Interior in the downtown Shahr-e Naw section of Kabul , where a company of policemen apparently confronted an advancing tank column. From there the fighting spread to other areas of the city. As it started raining, PDPA defectors in the Afghan Air Force were unable to take part in

3922-837: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and the NAM Coordinating Bureau in New York. Annually, the Ministry and the Bureau will be given additional details on programmes and events, including their assessments. Other NAM Centres focus on the health, human rights (Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity) and technology (Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries) sectors are each located in Cuba , Iran and India . Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization (NAMYO)

4028-485: The Movement. Membership applications from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998 respectively. In 2004 Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members when they joined the European Union , as required. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, both having joined the Movement in 2011. Azerbaijan and Belarus , which joined in 1998, thus remain the only members of NAM on

4134-563: The NAM Working Groups (WG) are chaired by the following countries: Other Working groups, task forces, committees: The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years: A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialists, such as

4240-552: The NAM during the summit, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia called for a South-South Technical Cooperation Centre (now known as the NAM CSSTC) to be established by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Brunei Darussalam with the aim of organising different training, research and seminar programmes and activities. The programme activities, aimed at eradicating poverty , encouraging SMEs and

4346-767: The NAM have included such diverse figures as Suharto , a militaristic anti-communist , and Nelson Mandela , a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement". The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament . NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists

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4452-681: The Netherlands Prosecution Service, the Khalq regime arrested and executed Afghan citizens accused of being Maoist , being a member of Afghanistan’s Maoist movement Shola-e Javid , expressing support for Ruhollah Khomeini , purchasing arms and munition, being part of the Afghan Social Democratic Party ( Afghan Mellat Party which was banned after the Saur Revolution, being part of Settam-e-Melli , fuelling sectarianism , distributing pamphlets, creating anti-government propaganda and deserting from

4558-402: The Non-Aligned Movement applauded Cuban internationalism, "which assisted the people of Angola in frustrating the expansionist and colonialist strategy of South Africa's racist regime and its allies." The next Non-Aligned conference was scheduled for Havana in 1979, to be chaired by Fidel Castro , with his becoming the de facto spokesman for the Movement. The conference in September 1979 marked

4664-641: The Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations' members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing countries , although the Non-Aligned Movement also has a number of developed nations . The Non-Aligned Movement gained the most traction in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the international policy of non-alignment achieved major successes in decolonization , disarmament , opposition to racism and opposition to apartheid in South Africa , and persisted throughout

4770-406: The PDPA government for more than nine years until the final withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989. Robert D. Kaplan described the Khalqist red terror campaign as "the first instance of organized nationwide repression in Afghanistan's modern history". In 1991, PDPA member Babrak Karmal , who headed the Parcham faction and served as president after the Soviet invasion, denounced

4876-640: The PDPA was leading the coup, and also that the rebels had captured the radio station. The Presidential Guard, present at the Arg, additionally thought that they were fighting against Islamists, not the PDPA. At approximately 10:30am, an echelon of tanks moved towards the Afghan Air Force Headquarters, being directed there by Nazar Mohammad and Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy from the Air Force Gendarmerie Base, firing at

4982-415: The Republic of Indonesia to the Islamic Republic of Iran , who began his term of office on 1 July 2018. The organisation is financed by Indonesia's volunteer contributions. The NAM CSSTC, its officers, consists of a full-time staff who are not affiliated with any other governmental institution except their head of the administrative officer, who is typically nominated from Echelon-I or Echelon-II staff from

5088-513: The Saur Revolution: "It was the greatest crime against the people of Afghanistan. Parcham's leaders were against armed actions because the country was not ready for a revolution... I knew that people would not support us if we decided to keep power without such support." Non-Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc . It

5194-402: The application of information communication technologies . The NAM CSSTC carries out its activities through cooperation with NAM member countries' training centres and specialists and other multilateral organisations. Examples include Workshop on IUU fishing eradication, dispatch of agricultural experts to Myanmar and international tissue culture training. NAM CSSTC reports quarterly to

5300-423: The campaign included landowners, religious clerics, Islamists, political dissidents, intellectuals, former bureacrats of the Republic of Afghanistan , and any alleged critics of PDPA regime's ruthless policies. Alongside the killing of most of Daoud's family during the coup, other members of the former Barakzai dynasty were jailed. All royal property were seized, members were deprived of Afghan citizenship , and

5406-534: The citizens who were captured by the PDPA regime were labelled by the communists as Ikhwanites , with others being early members of the mujahideen . Army officers, soldiers and commandos who were involved in or had connections to the Bala Hissar uprising were also arrested or executed by the Khalq. One Afghan citizen was even arrested for having a white flag with the words “ Allahu Akbar ” on it. Others were arrested/executed for various coup attempt plots such as

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5512-727: The city and learned that President Daoud and his brother Naim had been killed early that morning. After a day of fighting, an army lieutenant of the 444th Commando Brigade named Imamuddin entered the palace with a unit of soldiers to arrest Daoud. The president refused to go with them and fired a pistol at the soldiers. The soldiers responded by killing both Daoud and Naim. In addition, the Defense Minister of Daoud's cabinet Ghulam Haidar Rasuli , Interior Minister Abdul Qadir Nuristani , and Vice President Sayyid Abdullah were also killed. Other family members and close relatives of Daoud that included women and children were also killed at

5618-518: The conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Zhou Enlai and Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War . Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries , which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade. The term non-aligned movement appears first in

5724-509: The continent of Europe. Since the end of the Cold War , the Non-Aligned Movement has felt forced to redefine itself and to reinvent its purpose in the new world-system . A major question has been whether any of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, apply to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become

5830-525: The coup several hours before it began, but (based on the current state of knowledge as of 2024) they were not involved in the planning and the Soviet leadership was surprised by the events. According to Deputy Foreign Minister Georgy Korniyenko , the Soviet leadership was informed about the coup through a statement by the Reuters news agency. The Soviet news agency TASS used the term "military coup" in its report, which would most likely have been called

5936-467: The coup two days earlier by Mohammed Rafie and Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy , accused the Iranian SAVAK of tricking PDPA supporters into starting a rebellion. Preliminary steps for the coup came in April, when a tank commander under Daoud warned of intelligence suggesting an attack on Kabul in the near future, specifically 27 April. On the commander's recommendation, tanks were positioned around

6042-544: The coup was done without Soviet assistance in the documentary “ Afghanistan : The Wounded Land ”. In 1997, during his residency in Tashkent , General Nabi Azimi additionally admitted the same thing and attempted to debunk claims of Soviet involvement in the coup, notably from Ahmad Shah Massoud ’s brother and various Afghan writers. Saur Revolution is [the] continuation of [the] Great October Revolution — Hafizullah Amin , quoted on October 7, 1978 The revolution

6148-480: The coup, but rather due to personal disputes or bloodlust. Additionally, Azimi claimed that Western estimates on casualties during the coup were exacerbated, claiming only 40 people might’ve died all together. As resistance waned, the leadership of the Afghan Army —consisting of Defence Minister Ghulam Haidar Rasuli , Brigadier General Abdul Ali Wardak and Lieutenant General Abdul Aziz—left Tajbeg Palace ,

6254-455: The coup. Later that afternoon, the first fighter planes, Sukhoi Su-7s , came in low and fired rockets at the Arg in the center of the city. In the early evening, an announcement was broadcast on government-owned Radio Afghanistan that the Khalq were overthrowing the Daoud government. The use of the word Khalq , and its traditional association with the communists in Afghanistan, made clear that

6360-666: The creation of a socialist Afghan government that was closely aligned with the Soviet Union , with Nur Muhammad Taraki serving as the PDPA's General Secretary of the Revolutionary Council. Saur or Sowr is the Dari-language name for the second month of the Solar Hijri calendar , during which the events took place. The uprising was ordered by PDPA member Hafizullah Amin , who would become

6466-411: The development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference , a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno , who gave a significant boost to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu , Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh , Zhou Enlai , and Norodom Sihanouk , as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi ,

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6572-584: The discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations. The movement reaffirmed in its meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue. The movement

6678-403: The efforts of NAM. The NAM CSSTC is located in Jakarta, Indonesia with a South-South Technical Cooperation focus. The NAM CSSTC was set up a few years after the Cold War to promote development in developing countries and to accelerate growth. From 18 to 20 October 1995, in Cartagena de Indias , 140 nations gathered and accepted a final document stating in paragraph 313 of the Final Document

6784-421: The entire Cold War, despite several conflicts between members, and despite some members developing closer ties with either the Soviet Union, China, or the United States. In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991 , the movement has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those in the Global South . The term 'Non-Alignment'

6890-488: The equality of the sexes. The PDPA made a number of statements on women's rights , declaring equality of the sexes and introduced women to political life. A prominent example was Anahita Ratebzad , who was a major Marxist–Leninist leader and a member of the Revolutionary Council. Ratebzad wrote the famous 28 May 1978 New Kabul Times editorial, which declared: "Privileges which women, by right, must have are equal education, job security, health services, and free time to rear

6996-400: The establishment of the Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation in Indonesia . The organisation aims to achieve the development goal of developing countries to achieve sustainable human development and enable developing countries to be equal partners in international relations , in accordance with the Final Document. The NAM CSSTC's main body is the board of directors. In addition,

7102-404: The fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement . At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries. In 1975,

7208-412: The first anti-government revolts began in Kunar Province , in October 1978. With regime brutality only increasing, and several uprisings the following year (most notably that in Herat ) leaving most provinces in the country under guerilla control, Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, citing the Brezhnev Doctrine as basis of its military invasion. Insurgent groups fought Soviet troops and

7314-460: The flow of money to the exiled King Mohammed Zahir Shah and his wife Humaira Begum in Italy were halted. The Khalqists compiled a list of royal people to be executed after the coup. Prince Ali Abdul Seraj , a great-grandson of the 19th century emir Abdur Rahman Khan , was on the list and managed to flee Afghanistan with his wife and child while disguised as a hippie , joining a bus full of British and Australian hashish smokers. For months,

7420-432: The following resolutions: 3089, 3210, 3236, 32/40, etc. Some Non-Aligned member nations were involved in serious conflicts with other members, notably India and Pakistan as well as Iran and Iraq . In the 1970s, Cuba made a major effort to assume a leadership role in the world's non-alignment movement. The country established military advisory missions and economic and social reform programs. The 1976 world conference of

7526-410: The government occurred, and shortly thereafter most of the leaders of PDPA, including Babrak Karmal , were arrested. Hafizullah Amin was put under house arrest, which gave him a chance to order an uprising, one that had been slowly coalescing for more than two years. Amin, without having the authority, instructed the Khalqist army officers to overthrow the government. The KGB , having been informed of

7632-496: The headquarters of the 1st Central Corps, and hid in the house of a gardener who reported their location to the PDPA rebels. In the morning, they were arrested and summarily executed in Pul-e-Charkhi prison . Lastly, at 11:30pm, armored units were dispatched to Jalalabad to fight loyalist officers of the Afghan Army ’s 11th Division who refused to accept the coup, with the death toll nearing 1000 people. The commander of

7738-530: The headquarters, engaging in the unjust executions of officers. As Abdul Qadir landed in Bagram Airfield by helicopter, Daoud Taroon also engaged in the impartial killings of officers who just happened to be present at the airfield, accusing them of “opposing the coup”. Anthony Hyman , a British writer, has recorded the deaths of 30 officers as a result of the killings. In truth, Azimi states that these killings were not performed due to opposition to

7844-401: The headquarters. The Kabul International Airport Security Division Commander 2nd Lieutenant Khan Jan Maqbal, being caught off guard as they were performing Attan , hurriedly gathered the security unit to fire at the tanks, as the Khalqist tank crews fired shells towards the unit, killing Maqbal as surviving members of security unit were scattered. The tank crew eventually gained control of

7950-422: The highest level included 27 presidents, two kings and emirs, seven prime ministers, nine vice-presidents, two parliamentary spokesmen and five special envoys. At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015. In 2016 Venezuela hosted the 17th NAM Summit. Azerbaijan, host of the 18th NAM summit in 2019, holds the Non-Aligned Movement presidency pending

8056-487: The lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development. In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism , its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea 's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over

8162-760: The meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014. The 7th Summit was originally planned for September 1982 in Baghdad , the Iraqi capital, during the Iran-Iraq War . On 21 July of that year,

8268-620: The member nations which also were part of the United Nations General Assembly pushed for the Resolution 3379 along with Arab countries and the support of the Soviet bloc . It was a declarative non-binding measure that equated Zionism with South Africa's Apartheid and as a form of racial discrimination. The bloc voting produced a majority in the United Nations that systematically condemned Israel in

8374-523: The phone number of the Chief of Staff , which could not be done after ten minutes of effort and additional attempts of finding the numbers of other military chiefs. A minute later, the telephone stopped working, as the 4th and 15th Tank Brigades began firing at the Arg. 50 armored vehicles belonging to the 4th Tank Brigade entered the city under the orders of then-Senior Captain Aslam Watanjar , and at

8480-415: The presidential palace, who Daoud had earlier ordered to be brought to the palace from their homes in the city for their safety as soon as he was informed of the emergence of a crisis situation in Kabul earlier that day. One theory additionally suggests that Daoud Khan told his son, Wais Daoud, to kill his wife, children and sister to avoid being taken alive by the PDPA. The coup marked the end of power of

8586-510: The resolution, in support of the USSR. It lost its nonaligned leadership and reputation after Castro, instead of becoming a high-profile spokesman for the Movement, remained quiet and inactive. More broadly the Movement was deeply split over the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979, as many members of the Non-Aligned Movement, particularly the predominantly Muslim states , condemned it. With the end of

8692-484: The rural regions. As soon as PDPA began imposing its socio-economic agenda, anti-communist revolts erupted across the countryside. Between April 1978 and the assassination of Taraki in October 1979, Khalqists murdered more than 50,000 Afghans during their campaign of "red terror". During this period, more than 27,000 people were killed by the Khalqist regime in the notorious Pul-e-Charkhi prison alone. Those killed in

8798-549: The same time, Abdul Qadir took control of the MiG-21-equipped 322nd Air Regiment. The first BMP-1 , used by the PDPA in their coup, was destroyed by the Republican Guard Brigade using an RPG-7 , infront of the Arg. According to an eyewitness, the first signs of the impending coup in Kabul, at about noon on 27 April, were reports of a tank column headed toward the city, smoke of unknown origin near

8904-400: The size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than to pass hard-line resolutions. The Movement continues to see

9010-652: The socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies . The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment , poverty , and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security. The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran , Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to the Teheran-based Mehr News Agency , representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend. Attendance at

9116-512: The sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam , chairman of North Korea's parliamentary standing committee, stated, "The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities." The Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation (NAM CSSTC) as an intergovernmental institution , which enables developing countries to increase national capacity and their collective self-reliance , forms part of

9222-455: The sprawling Pul-i-Charki prison six miles east of Kabul. Many of the victims were village mullahs and headmen who were obstructing the modernization and secularization of the intensely religious Afghan countryside. By Western standards, this was a salutary idea in the abstract. But it was carried out in such a violent way that it alarmed even the Soviets. Kaplan stated that it was the Saur Revolution and its harsh land reform program, rather than

9328-677: The successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western- and developed- nation-dominated UN. African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa. The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, and advocating for

9434-442: The time of Abdul Rahman Khan , and probably not even then". The soldiers' knock on the door in the middle of the night, so common in many Arab and African countries, was little known in Afghanistan, where a central government simply lacked the power to enforce its will outside of Kabul. Taraki's coup changed all that. Between April 1978 and the Soviet invasion of December 1979, Afghan communists executed 27,000 political prisoners at

9540-539: The traditional, if exploitative, credit system in the countryside. That led to an agricultural crisis and a fall in agricultural production. Such reforms were abruptly introduced and enforced, without preliminary pilots. Land reform was criticized by one journalist as "confiscating land in a haphazard manner that enraged everyone, benefited no one, and reduced food production," and the "first instance of organized, nationwide repression in Afghanistan's modern history." The PDPA, an advocate of equal rights for women, declared

9646-487: The victory of the October Revolution ." According to journalist and CNAS member Robert D. Kaplan , while Afghanistan had historically been extremely poor and underdeveloped, it was a "civilized" country that "had never known very much political repression" until 1978. Political scientist Barnett Rubin wrote, "Khalq used mass arrests, torture, and secret executions on a scale Afghanistan had not seen since

9752-605: The visiting heads of state, the effort was successful. On 11 August, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein announced that he would support Cuba's suggestion of a summit in New Delhi to be held in 1983. "Iraq will take part in the conference even if held in Tehran... We propose that the seventh conference be held in India." The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011. An online summit titled "United Against Covid-19" conducted on 4 May 2020, on

9858-487: The zenith of Cuban prestige. Most, but not all, attendees believed that Cuba was not aligned with the Soviet camp in the Cold War. However, in December 1979, the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan's civil war . Up until that time, Afghanistan was also an active member of the Non-Aligned Movement. At the United Nations, nonaligned members voted 56 to 9, with 26 abstaining, to condemn the Soviet Union. Cuba voted against

9964-421: The “ Rasul Jan ” plot, the “ J. Maiwand ” plot, the “ 14 Assad 1358 ” plot and the “ 22.7.1979 ” plot which were foiled by the Khalq. Some Afghan citizens managed to avoid being executed due to a pledge or for proving their innocence. The Khalq also executed those accused of being spies for Pakistan . A main component of the PDPA program was land confiscation and distribution; which was fiercely opposed in

10070-595: Was done in order to distract the government from the PDPA ’s activities and to shift the government’s attention towards the leftist’s ideological enemies, leading to the weakening of any Islamist organizations in Afghanistan. On the early morning of the day of the coup, Daoud had just gotten ready when one of his office members informed him of a “riot” that was taking place in one of the military garrisons in Kabul . Daoud hurried to his office and asked his secretary to get hold of

10176-541: Was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Zhou Enlai and Nehru described the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints); these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were: A significant milestone in

10282-410: Was established in October 2021. The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation. In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region. Currently,

10388-484: Was founded with the view to advancing interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War confrontation. After the United Nations , it is the largest grouping of states worldwide. The movement originated in the aftermath of the Korean War , as an effort by some countries to counterbalance the rapid bi- polarization of the world during the Cold War , whereby two major powers formed blocs and embarked on

10494-558: Was initially welcomed by many people in Kabul , who were dissatisfied with the Daoud government. Shortly after the coup, the American Embassy in Kabul told Washington : “The Russians have finally won the great game”. Before the civilian government was established, Afghan Air Force colonel Abdul Qadir and the PDPA Revolutionary Council led the country for three days from 27 April 1978. Eventually,

10600-468: Was murdered. Although the government issued a statement deploring the assassination and claiming Gulbuddin Hekmatyar responsible, Nur Mohammad Taraki of the PDPA charged that the government was responsible, a belief that was shared by much of the Kabul intelligentsia. PDPA leaders apparently feared that Daoud was planning to eliminate them. During the funeral ceremonies for Khyber a protest against

10706-469: Was ostensibly committed to a policy of non-alignment , became uneasy over Soviet attempts to dictate Afghanistan's foreign policy, and relations between the two countries deteriorated. Under the secular government of Daoud, factionalism and rivalry developed in the PDPA, with two main factions being the Parcham and Khalq factions. On 17 April 1978, a prominent member of the Parcham, Mir Akbar Khyber ,

10812-556: Was senior Deputy Prime Minister, and Hafizullah Amin (a Khalqist) was foreign minister. The unity between Khalq and Parcham was only brief: Amin and General Mohammad Aslam Watanjar conveyed in a meeting that the revolution was the work of Khalq and that Parcham had no part of it. Taraki and Amin in early July relieved most of the Parchamites from their government positions. Karmal was sent abroad as Ambassador to Czechoslovakia . In August 1978, Taraki and Amin claimed to have uncovered

10918-503: Was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". According to Rejaul Karim Laskar , an ideologue of

11024-539: Was staged on 27–28 April 1978 ( ۷ ثور , lit.   ' 7th Saur ' ) by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and overthrew Afghan president Mohammad Daoud Khan , who had himself taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état and established an autocratic one-party system in the country. Daoud and most of his family were executed at the Arg in the capital city of Kabul by Khalqi military officers , after which his supporters were also purged and killed. The successful PDPA uprising resulted in

11130-471: Was the PDPA's model for modernizing Afghanistan and Taraki and Karmal were Soviet agents since the 1950s. The PDPA's party constitution leaked in 1978 explicitly mentioned Marxism–Leninism as the future of Afghanistan and by the end of 1978, Amin declared the Saur revolution as the "continuation of [the] Great October Revolution ", leaving no doubts about the PDPA's orientation. At first the new government had

11236-568: Was used for the first time in 1950 at the United Nations by India and Yugoslavia , both of which refused to align themselves with any side in the multi-alliances involving Korean War . Drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference in 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956. The Declaration

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