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47-484: Kaiser Permanente opened the Sunnyside hospital on Portland's eastside in 1975. Politician Mary Wendy Roberts was treated at the hospital and underwent surgery in 1978 for internal bleeding . In 1983, the hospital contained 125 beds, which grew to 150 beds in 1985. The south wing at the facility opened in 1984 as doctors' offices after initially being planned as standard patient rooms with hospital beds. At completion of

94-435: A Juvenile Review Board (JRB). These committees can present a resolution that does not result in a juvenile criminal record. However, there are qualifying circumstances for a case to be accepted for review, such as the type of offense (often must be minor in nature) and prior court involvement (many JRBs only accept first-time offenses). Juvenile court sentences may range from: Mandatory minimum sentences found their way into

141-504: A collegial panel within the criminal trial divisions or handled by designated personnel. The higher people's courts may establish collegial panels for juvenile criminal cases within the criminal trial divisions. In his 1997 book "No Matter How Loud I Shout," which delves into the Los Angeles Juvenile Courts, Edward Humes made a case for radical reform within juvenile court systems. He contended that

188-780: A boy does not justify a kangaroo court ." However, most juvenile proceedings are held without a jury as McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) decided that minors do not have the same rights in this regard as adults. In some jurisdictions, in addition to delinquent cases, juvenile court hears cases involving child custody , child support , and visitation as well as cases where children are alleged to be abused or neglected . Procedures in juvenile court, for juveniles charged with delinquent acts (acts that would be crimes if committed by adults) or status offenses (offenses that can only be committed by minors, such as running away from home, curfew violations and truancy) are typically less formal than proceedings in adult courts. Proceedings may be closed to

235-413: A crime in adult court will thereafter always be tried in adult court, regardless of the seriousness of the offense. There is no uniform national age from which a child is accountable in the juvenile court system; this varies between states. States vary in relation to the age at which a child may be subject to juvenile court proceedings for delinquent behavior. Most states do not specify a minimum age as

282-527: A formidable challenge that the United Nations has endeavored to address, not only within Sierra Leone but also in other afflicted nations globally. Although the rules governing juvenile court vary significantly from state to state, the broad goal of U.S. juvenile courts is to provide a remedial or rehabilitative alternative to the adult criminal justice system. Although not always met, the ideal

329-617: A heightened sense of respect, alongside a concerted effort towards rehabilitation and reintegration, acknowledging the tender age at which many child soldiers are coerced into conflict. The Secretary General has characterized the utilization of such tribunals as presenting a "moral dilemma". Child soldiers often find themselves embroiled in armed conflict due to pervasive structural or systemic threats in their environments. Nevertheless, they bear responsibility for perpetrating numerous violent and egregious acts. This dual role as both victims of oppressive regimes and perpetrators of atrocities presents

376-472: A juvenile court to a district court must be voluntary and knowing. The U.S. Supreme Court held, in the case of In re Gault (1967), that children accused in a juvenile delinquency proceeding have the rights to due process, counsel, and against self-incrimination, essentially the Miranda rights. Writing for the majority, Associate Justice Abe Fortas wrote, "Under our Constitution, the condition of being

423-496: A matter of law. Of states that set a minimum age, for status offenses : And for delinquency: All states have laws that allow, and at times require, young offenders to be prosecuted or sentenced as adults for more serious offenses. In Kent v. United States (1966), the United States Supreme Court held that a juvenile must be afforded due process rights, specifically that a waiver of jurisdiction from

470-525: A more "child-friendly justice". Despite all the changes made by the United Nations, the rules in practice are less clear cut. Changes in a broad context cause issues of implementation locally, and international crimes committed by youth are causing additional questions regarding the benefit of separate proceedings for juveniles. Issues of juvenile justice have gained global prominence in various cultural contexts. As globalization has progressed in recent centuries, questions about justice, particularly concerning

517-416: A more restorative approach, particularly concerning juvenile offenders. Canada has long embraced a restorative model and continues to enhance its practices aimed at integrating youthful offenders into society, with a focus on preventing recidivism and fostering their positive contribution to communities. Similarly, Austria has launched initiatives to implement victim-offender mediation programs, geared towards

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564-421: A restorative form of justice. New Zealand has undergone significant systemic restructuring, drawing from the long-standing practices of its indigenous Māori population. Their approach emphasizes family-centric solutions aimed at reducing youth incarceration rates. Globally, there is a growing trend of leveraging traditional values to positively influence juvenile court systems. In the realm of international law,

611-581: A separate court system for youths and juvenile delinquents. They argue that societal perceptions of youth and adolescence are evolving, necessitating corresponding changes in the legal system. Childhood today differs significantly from historical norms, prompting some to question the necessity of a distinct juvenile court system and age deferment policies. Globally, the United Nations has spearheaded reforms in juvenile courts and juvenile justice. Measures have been introduced to safeguard children's rights , particularly regarding punishment guidelines. There has been

658-571: A shift towards less punitive approaches, with the UN General Assembly proposing measures to protect children and young people from harsh or degrading punishment. However, many Western countries have faced criticism for failing to implement these policies effectively or differentiate between youth and adult offenders in legal proceedings or sentencing. The United Nations advocates for less severe punishment for youths and emphasizes community-based support programs over punitive measures. In

705-499: A total of 57,425 patient days. As of October 2008, the facility had approximately 2,400 employees. [REDACTED] Media related to Kaiser Sunnyside Medical Center at Wikimedia Commons Mary Wendy Roberts Mary Wendy Roberts (born December 19, 1944) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Oregon . At 27, Roberts was the youngest woman ever elected to the Oregon Legislative Assembly . She

752-509: A women's health center, psychiatrics, weight control, and neonatal intermediate care. The hospital also includes the Center for Heart and Vascular Care, the first cardiac unit in the county. In 2007, the center staffed 182 hospital beds and had 50,069 outpatient visits, as well as 38,804 emergency room visits. That year there were 5,196 inpatient surgeries and 1,601 babies born at the hospital. Kaiser Sunnyside discharged 14,557 people and had

799-403: Is to put a juvenile offender on the correct path to be a law-abiding adult. Rules for jurisdiction of a juvenile court depend upon the state. In most states, juvenile court jurisdiction continues through the age of eighteen, but in some states it may end at age seventeen or younger. Some states, such as Arizona, have recently adopted extended jurisdiction policies, where jurisdiction remains under

846-734: The Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries . Roberts' final orders on parental leave cases were upheld by the Oregon Supreme Court on appeal, firmly established case law. Roberts testified on the act in the United States Congress —and the federal act was patterned in part on the state law. When President George H. W. Bush twice vetoed the national bill, Roberts was often quoted in The New York Times , which also published her op-ed column on

893-895: The State Public Welfare Department in Portland and then as a counselor for the Multnomah County juvenile court . Roberts was elected in 1972 to the Oregon House of Representatives and served as a member of the Joint Ways and Means Committee. She was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1974. While serving in the Oregon State Senate , Roberts was one of only three women. Roberts was elected Oregon Commissioner of Labor in 1978 and re-elected in 1982, 1986 and 1990. She wrote

940-572: The University of Oregon as an Honors College student, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in December 1965. She then studied at the Chinese - Japanese Language Institute of the University of Colorado Boulder as a fellow. She received her Master of Arts degree in political science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison . Roberts began her career as a caseworker with

987-464: The age of majority . In most modern legal systems, children who commit a crime are treated differently from legal adults who have committed the same offense. Juveniles have a lack of capacity for understanding their criminal acts, meaning they also have diminished criminal responsibility compared to their adult counterparts. Industrialized countries differ in whether juveniles should be charged as adults for serious crimes or considered separately. Since

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1034-484: The 1970s, minors have been increasingly tried as adults in response to "increases in violent juvenile crime". Young offenders may still not be charged as adults. Serious offenses, such as murder or rape, can be prosecuted through adult court in England. However, as of 2007, no United States data reported any exact numbers of juvenile offenders prosecuted as adults. In contrast, countries such as Australia and Japan are in

1081-529: The HCIA-Sachs Institute. Parking garages were opened on the campus in 2003 and 2005. Kaiser Sunnyside completed construction of a four-story building at a cost of $ 88 million in 2007. An expanded oncology department with 20 beds opened in that wing in January 2009. In April 2009, the hospital opened a 40-bed cardiac unit used for open heart surgery . This unit includes three surgery suites and

1128-465: The age of 18, although the legal threshold for adulthood varies by jurisdiction. Juvenile court operates distinctively from adult courts, lacking jurisdiction over cases where minors face charges as adults. While the proceedings within juvenile court may not always adhere to an adversarial format, minors are afforded the right to legal representation by counsel. Additionally, parental figures, social workers, and probation officers may play integral roles in

1175-399: The authority of the presiding juvenile court system through the adjudicated delinquent juvenile's nineteenth year of age. At times, a juvenile offender who is initially charged in juvenile court will be waived to adult court, meaning that the offender may be tried and sentenced in the same manner as an adult. "Once an adult, always an adult" provisions state that juveniles who are convicted of

1222-462: The authority to issue supervision and protection orders for individuals aged 18 or younger. As of the end of 2022, a total of 2,181 juvenile courts have been established nationwide. The intermediate people's courts and grassroots people's courts in China may establish juvenile criminal trial divisions. In areas where the conditions are not yet in place, juvenile criminal cases may be heard by

1269-492: The child. Juvenile court is multifaceted, addressing both delinquency—pertaining to criminal acts committed by minors—and dependency, encompassing scenarios where non-parental guardianship is required for the minor's welfare. In the realm of juvenile justice, two predominant models are typically considered: restorative justice and criminal justice . In the United States, there is an observable shift towards embracing

1316-425: The current system often fails to effectively rehabilitate many young offenders, instead sending them to adult court prematurely or neglecting them altogether without adequate counseling, support, or accountability. Statistics show that while 57% of first-time juvenile offenders never reoffend, 27% commit one or two more crimes, and 16% commit four or more offenses. Critics in the United States argue against maintaining

1363-468: The early stages of developing and implementing youth-focused justice initiatives positive youth justice as a deferment from adult court. Globally, the United Nations has encouraged nations to reform their systems to fit with a model in which "entire society [must] ensure the harmonious development of adolescence" despite the delinquent behavior that may be causing issues. The hope was to create

1410-416: The juvenile justice system in the late 1970s out of concern that some juveniles were committing very serious criminal offenses. Mandatory minimum sentences might be imposed in juvenile court for some very serious crimes, such as homicide, and apply to juveniles in the same manner as adults if the juvenile is waived to adult court. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the use of mandatory life sentences without

1457-494: The law in 1985 creating the first Wage Security Fund in the United States. It guaranteed workers up to $ 4,000 of owed wages left jobless by business closures. She sponsored the Oregon Family Medical Leave Act, which guaranteed up to 12 weeks job-protected leave to workers—to allow time off for illness, injury or death of a family member. In 1989, she fought for passage of parental leave , enforced by

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1504-470: The mid-1900s, the UN promoted "informalism," advocating for diversion and alternatives to formal criminal proceedings for minors, making the justice system more child-friendly. More recently, the restorative justice model has gained traction as a more effective means of processing and reintegrating youth offenders into society. However, challenges in implementing restorative justice arise from cultural differences and

1551-515: The model's applicability across diverse social contexts. Critics caution against the global adoption of juvenile court reforms, highlighting the limitations of applying uniform solutions to diverse social contexts. For instance, the experiences of Moroccan youth and other ethnic minorities or migrant groups in the Netherlands illustrate the challenges of addressing local social problems through generic, broad-spectrum solutions. Juvenile courts in

1598-439: The possibility of parole for juvenile offenders is unconstitutional. As part of China's ongoing legal reforms aimed at aiding juvenile offenders in reintegrating into society more effectively and swiftly, juvenile courts have been established with an emphasis on education. A distinctive feature of these juvenile courts is that trials often take the form of roundtable meetings, reducing the number of irrelevant personnel involved in

1645-433: The proceedings, aiming to achieve positive outcomes and prevent recidivism. However, in cases involving serious or repeated offenses, juvenile offenders may face incarceration, potentially leading to transfer to a state correctional facility upon reaching legal adulthood. In situations where parental neglect or inability to control the minor is evident, the court may explore placement in foster care, assuming guardianship over

1692-438: The proceedings. This aims to alleviate the psychological burden of guilt on juvenile offenders and facilitate their smoother and quicker reintegration into society. Within the 23 provinces of China, except for cases involving homicide, offenses committed by individuals under the age of 16, or children (if there are no individuals over the age of 16 charged in the case), are adjudicated by juvenile courts. Juvenile courts also have

1739-588: The prosecution of children for crimes against the state stands as a contentious and multifaceted issue, particularly concerning child soldiers. A proposed remedy to this complex dilemma involves the establishment of specialized juvenile courts aimed at adjudicating cases involving minors accused of international crimes. Notably, in regions like Sierra Leone , there exists a strong societal demand for holding perpetrators fully accountable, regardless of their age or social circumstances. When juveniles are referred to these specialized courts, they receive treatment imbued with

1786-536: The protection of children's rights within juvenile courts, have come to the forefront. Global policies on this matter have garnered wider acceptance, and there has been a general cultural shift towards treating child offenders in accordance with this trend. Juvenile court, a specialized division within the judicial system, is tasked with adjudicating cases involving underage defendants who face charges ranging from criminal offenses to neglect, or are deemed to be beyond parental control. Typically, these defendants are under

1833-437: The public, and a juvenile offender's name may be kept out of the public record. In an American juvenile court, it is possible to avoid placing formal charges. Factors that may affect a court's treatment of a juvenile offender and the disposition of the case include: Along with these seven, four "unofficial" factors can sway an official: In Connecticut, a referral can be made to a non-court associated committee referred to as

1880-667: The state of Upper Saxony . She was a speaker at President Jimmy Carter 's re-election kickoff dinner and at the 1980 Democratic National Convention . Roberts was president of the National Association of Government Labor Officials and of the National Apprenticeship Program Board. She was profiled in the 1983 book Images of Oregon Women , by Ellen Nichols. Roberts ran for Oregon Secretary of State in 1992, losing to incumbent Democrat Phil Keisling . Two years later, in 1994, Roberts

1927-458: The structure, it was determined there was then over capacity in hospital beds, and the space was converted to offices. These offices were remodeled for $ 4 million in 2002 to 2003, re-opening as a 20-bed unit in 2003. The hospital treated Olympic figure skater Tonya Harding in March 1994 for injuries from an assault in a park. In 2000, the stroke unit was named as one of the top 100 in the nation by

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1974-684: The subject. Roberts was in the advisory committee to the United States Department of Labor for shaping the national act and it was the first one signed by President Bill Clinton when he took office in 1993. Roberts was an early champion of civil rights protections, on the basis of sexual orientation, winning state awards for leadership. She worked against abuses of migrant labor, getting legislation passed to address needs for better inspection of farm labor camps, civil rights protections, and more housing. Other awards came from Hispanic, human resources and women's rights groups. Roberts

2021-898: Was a member of international delegations: the United States Department of Labor delegation to the International Conference on Innovations in Apprenticeship in Paris, the United States delegation to China, 1980 and 2000, sponsored by the American Council of Young Political Leaders, at the behest of the United States State Department—and a school-to-work apprenticeship program in Germany, which she created, in partnership with

2068-841: Was defeated for re-election by Jack Roberts (no relation). After elective office, Roberts managed real estate investments, operated a health and personal development business with her husband, and worked as a consultant to law firms on wage/hour and civil rights law. Roberts helped found and served on the Board of Directors of Green Village Schools, a nonprofit that built and funded primary schools (for boys and girls) in Helmand Province , Afghanistan . She has given speeches to help raise money for breast cancer exams for low-income women. Roberts married Richard Prentice Bullock in November 1976, had one child, Alexandra, born in 1980, while she

2115-666: Was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1974. In 1978, at 33, she became the first woman Democrat to win Oregon statewide office, serving for 16 years as Oregon Commissioner of Labor , the chief executive of the state agency that enforces the state civil rights and wage-hour laws, and oversees apprenticeship programs. The first child of Oregon politician Frank L. Roberts and his first wife Mary Louise, Roberts attended Portland public schools and graduated from West Linn High School in Clackamas County in 1962. She attended

2162-403: Was in office as Oregon Commissioner of Labor, but divorced her first husband in 1984. She married Edward E. "Rhett" Simpson in December 1994. She battled breast cancer in 2002. Juvenile court Juvenile court , also known as young offender's court or children's court , is a tribunal having special authority to pass judgements for crimes committed by children who have not attained

2209-479: Was in planning since 2003. Both the cardiac unit and expanded cancer care were part of a $ 150 million expansion that added 241,655 square feet (22,450.5 m) with 170 beds and additional medical office space to the campus. Kaiser Sunnyside is licensed for 233 hospital beds and is accredited by the Joint Commission . Services at the medical center include a maternity ward , cancer treatment, dialysis ,

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