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24-529: Kajima's services include design, engineering, construction, and real estate development. Kajima builds high-rise structures, railways, power plants, dams, and bridges. Its subsidiaries are located throughout Asia, Oceania, Europe, and North America. A downturn in the construction industry during the latter half of the 1990s prompted Kajima to expand its operations to the environmental sector, specifically waste treatment, water treatment, soil rehabilitation, and environmental consulting. The Kajima Corporation developed

48-566: A building demolition technique that involves using hydraulic jacks to demolish a building one floor at a time. This method is safer, and allows for a more efficient recycling process. In the Spring of 2008, the Kajima Corporation used this technique to demolish a 17-story and 20-story building, recycling 99% of the steel and concrete and 92% of the interior materials in the process. The Kasumigaseki Building , built by Kajima,

72-409: A building fails to collapse completely the structure may be unstable, tilting at a dangerous angle, and filled with un-detonated but still primed explosives, making it difficult for workers to approach safely. A third danger comes from air overpressure that occurs during the implosion. If the sky is clear, the shock wave , a wave of energy and sound, travels upwards and disperses, but if cloud coverage

96-644: A building immediately after purchasing it, freeing up the land for a new, typically larger building. The term first entered the real estate lexicon in the 1990s. A teardown is often done when the redevelopment value of a plot of land exceeds the value of the existing building. In the 2000s, teardowns by wealthy baby boomers replacing houses across America with outsized McMansions became so common that municipal building codes in many areas were revised, putting up more barriers to tearing down an existing homes. Teardowns are often cheaper than restoring an existing, dilapidated building, but can diminish historical value due to

120-428: A building. Some materials must be removed, such as glass that can form deadly projectiles, and insulation that can scatter over a wide area. Non-load bearing partitions and drywall are removed. Selected columns on floors where explosives will be set are drilled and high explosives such as nitroglycerin , TNT , RDX , or C4 are placed in the holes. Smaller columns and walls are wrapped in detonating cord . The goal

144-433: A manageable size, and to remove reinforcing steel. For tall concrete buildings, where neither explosive nor high reach demolition with an excavator is safe or practical, the "inside-out" method is used, whereby remotely operated mini-excavators demolish the building from the inside, whilst maintaining the outer walls of the building as a scaffolding, as each floor is demolished. To control dust, fire hoses are used to maintain

168-422: A wet demolition. Hoses may be held by workers, secured in fixed location, or attached to lifts to gain elevation. Loaders or bulldozers may also be used to demolish a building. They are typically equipped with "rakes" (thick pieces of steel that could be an I-beam or tube) that are used to ram building walls. Skid loaders and loaders will also be used to take materials out and sort steel. The technique of Vérinage

192-630: Is a rather simple process. The building is pulled down either manually or mechanically using large hydraulic equipment: elevated work platforms, cranes, excavators or bulldozers . Larger buildings may require the use of a wrecking ball , a heavy weight on a cable that is swung by a crane into the side of the buildings. Wrecking balls are especially effective against masonry, but are less easily controlled and often less efficient than other methods. Newer methods may use rotational hydraulic shears and silenced rockbreakers attached to excavators to cut or break through wood, steel, and concrete. The use of shears

216-618: Is especially common when flame cutting would be dangerous. The tallest planned demolition of a building was the 52-storey 270 Park Avenue in New York City , which was built in 1960 and torn down in 2019–2021 to be replaced by 270 Park Avenue . Before any demolition activities can take place, there are many steps that must be carried out beforehand, including performing asbestos abatement , removing hazardous or regulated materials, obtaining necessary permits, submitting necessary notifications, disconnecting utilities, rodent baiting and

240-418: Is low, the shock wave can travel outwards, breaking windows or causing other damage to surrounding buildings. Controlled implosion, being spectacular, is the method that the general public often thinks of when discussing demolition; however, it can be dangerous and is only used as a last resort when other methods are impractical or too costly. The destruction of large buildings has become increasingly common as

264-523: Is lowered and this process is repeated for each floor. This technique is safer and more environmentally friendly, and is useful in areas of high population density . To demolish bridges, hoe rams are typically used to remove the concrete road deck and piers, while hydraulic shears are used to remove the bridge's structural steel . Fred Dibnah used a manual method of demolition to remove industrial chimneys in Great Britain. He cut an ingress at

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288-619: Is the main subject of the film Chōkōsō no Akebono , which was backed by Kajima. On March 2, 2018, the head of a division at Kajima was arrested by an investigative team from the Tokyo District Public Prosecutors Office on suspicion of having violated the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade in connection with bidding for the Chūō Shinkansen maglev line. On March 23,

312-411: Is to use as little explosive as possible so that the structure will fail in a progressive collapse , and therefore only a few floors are rigged with explosives, so that it is safer due to fewer explosives, and costs less. The areas with explosives are covered in thick geotextile fabric and fencing to absorb flying debris. Far more time-consuming than the demolition itself is the clean-up of the site, as

336-470: Is used in France to weaken and buckle the supports of central floors promoting the collapse of the top part of a building onto the bottom resulting in a rapid, symmetrical, collapse. The Japanese company Kajima Construction has developed a new method of demolishing buildings which involves using computer-controlled hydraulic jacks to support the bottom floor as the supporting columns are removed. The floor

360-468: The CO 2 emissions of the removing of a building in comparison to demolition. The development of plant and equipment has allowed for the easier segregation of demolition waste types on site and the reuse within the construction of the replacement building. On site crushers allow the demolished concrete to be reused as type 1 crushed aggregate either as a piling mat for ground stabilization or as aggregate in

384-645: The Fair Trade Commission issued a criminal indictment against both the head of the division and Kajima Corporation. Demolition Demolition (also known as razing , cartage , and wrecking ) is the science and engineering in safely and efficiently tearing down buildings and other artificial structures . Demolition contrasts with deconstruction , which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for reuse purposes. For small buildings, such as houses , that are only two or three stories high, demolition

408-448: The base of the chimney—supporting the brickwork with wooden props—and then burning away the props so that the chimney fell, using no explosives and usually hand-operated power tools. Large buildings, tall chimneys , smokestacks , bridges, and increasingly some smaller structures may be destroyed by building implosion using explosives . Imploding a structure is very fast—the collapse itself only takes seconds—and an expert can ensure that

432-491: The debris is loaded into trucks and hauled away. An alternative approach to demolition is the deconstruction of a building with the goal of minimizing the amount of materials going to landfills . This "green" approach is applied by removing the materials by type material and segregating them for reuse or recycling . With proper planning this approach has resulted in landfill diversion rates that exceed 90% of an entire building and its contents in some cases. It also vastly reduces

456-404: The development of site-specific safety and work plans. The typical razing of a building is accomplished as follows: In some cases a crane with a wrecking ball is used to demolish the structure down to a certain manageable height. At that point undermining takes place as described above. However, crane mounted demolition balls are rarely used within demolition due to the uncontrollable nature of

480-425: The massive housing projects of the 1960s and 1970s are being leveled around the world. At 439 feet (134 m) and 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m ), the J. L. Hudson Department Store and Addition is the tallest steel framed building and largest single structure ever imploded . It takes several weeks or months to prepare a building for implosion. All items of value, such as copper wiring, are stripped from

504-415: The mixing of concrete. Timber waste can be shredded using specialist timber shredders and composted, or used to form manufactured timber boards, such as MDF or chipboard . Safety is paramount; a site safety officer is usually assigned to each project to enforce all safety rules and regulations. In real estate, a teardown or knockdown - also derisively called "bash and build" - is a term for demolishing

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528-538: The more generic, cookie-cutter appearance of new houses and buildings compared to antique ones. Sometimes, saving the older building can still be viable if the owner spends more money to restore it. Purposely ignoring issues with a building in order to force demolition for public safety reasons is known as "demolition by neglect". "Canyon effect" is a term used to describe when smaller houses are surrounded by new, multi-story buildings with blank walls. Kajima Construction Too Many Requests If you report this error to

552-450: The structure falls into its own footprint, so as not to damage neighboring structures. This is essential for tall structures in dense urban areas. Any error can be disastrous, however, and some demolitions have failed, severely damaging neighboring structures. One significant danger is from flying debris, which, when improperly prepared for, can kill onlookers. Another dangerous scenario is the partial failure of an attempted implosion. When

576-406: The swinging ball and the safety implications associated. High reach demolition excavators are more often used for tall buildings where explosive demolition is not appropriate or possible. Excavators with shear attachments are typically used to dismantle steel structural elements. Hydraulic hammers are often used for concrete structures and concrete processing attachments are used to crush concrete to

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