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56-634: The Kalalau Valley is located on the northwest side of the island of Kauai in the state of Hawaii . The valley is located in the Nā Pali Coast State Park and houses the Kalalau Beach . The Nā Pali Coast is rugged and is inaccessible to automobiles. The only legal ways to access the valley are by kayak or by hiking the Kalalau Trail . The valley is surrounded by cliffs more than 2,000 feet (610 m) high. This valley's bottom

112-623: A May 2017 crackdown on illegal campers in Kalalau by officers of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). Some Hawaii residents have posted online complaints about illegal campers in Kalalau, referencing videos posted online by some of those same campers. While some videos appear to have been removed, the anger among locals continues. Some feel contempt for what they call "hippies" and "squatters" who violate State law by camping without required permits - sometimes for months or longer - in

168-461: A Tesla Energy 13 MW / 52 MWh battery next to the 12 MW Kapaia solar plant for 13.9¢/kWh. In December 2018, KIUC opened an AES Distributed Energy project for 20 MW solar with 20 MW / 100 MWh batteries priced at 11.1¢/kWh. Līhuʻe , on the island's southeastern coast, is the seat of Kauaʻi County and the island's second-largest town. Kapaʻa, on the "Coconut Coast" (site of an old coconut plantation) about 6 mi (9.7 km) north of Līhuʻe, has

224-607: A biopic of Bethany Hamilton , Soul Surfer . A scene in the opening credits of popular TV show M*A*S*H was filmed in Kauaʻi (helicopter flying over mountain top). Some scenes from Just Go with It , George of the Jungle , and Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides were also filmed in Kauaʻi. A Perfect Getaway is set in Kauaʻi. Parts of the 2002 film Dragonfly were filmed there, although

280-463: A father would carry his child. Another possible translation is "food season". Kauaʻi was known for its distinct dialect of the Hawaiian language , which still survives on Niʻihau. While the dominant dialect is based on that of Hawaiʻi island , which has no [t] sound, the Kauaʻi dialect had this sound. This happened because the Kauaʻi dialect had retained the old Polynesian /t/ sound, replaced in

336-540: A huge armada of ships and canoes to take the islands by force, and twice failed, once because of a storm, and once because of an epidemic . But in the face of the threat of a further invasion, Kaumualiʻi decided to join the kingdom without bloodshed, and became Kamehameha's vassal in 1810. He ceded the island to the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi upon his death in 1824. From the 1830s till the mid-20th century, plantations of sugarcane were Kauaʻi's most important industry. In 1835,

392-464: A permit for staying in Kalalau Valley overnight, even if their intention is to return the same day. A total of sixty overnight permits are issued for each night. Permits must generally be sought as early as 6 months in advance of travel. The valley is home to many rare species, including the endangered plant Dubautia kalalauensis which was named for the valley and is found nowhere else in

448-467: A population of over 10,000, or about 50% greater than Līhuʻe. Princeville , on the island's north side, was once the capital of Kauaʻi. Communities on Kauaʻi range in population from the roughly 10,000 people in Kapaʻa to tiny hamlets. Below are the larger or more notable of those from the northernmost end of Hawaii Route 560 to the western terminus of Hawaii Route 50 : Located on the southeastern side of

504-548: A record in hourly precipitation. During a storm on January 24–25, 1956, a rain gauge at Kauaʻi's former Kilauea Sugar Plantation recorded a record twelve in (305 mm) of precipitation in just 60 minutes. The value for one hour is an underestimate, since the rain gauge overflowed, which may have resulted in an error by as much as 1 in (25 mm). An accurate measurement may have exceeded Holt, Missouri 's world-record rainfall of 12 in (300 mm) in 42 minutes on June 22, 1947. Hawaii Standard Time ( UTC−10:00 )

560-543: A similar process has begun with the introduction of smaller, lower-tech and much lower-priced 2WTs in the 4-9 horsepower range that can be safely operated in the small, narrow terraces, and are light enough to be lifted and lowered from one terrace to the next. What is different from the Alpine use is that these 2WTs are being used for tillage and crop establishment of maize , wheat, and potato crops, and with their small 60-70cm-wide rotovators and special cage wheels are puddling

616-737: A terrace was also called a "lynch" ( lynchet ). An example of an ancient Lynch Mill is in Lyme Regis . The water is directed from a river by a duct along a terrace. This set-up was used in steep hilly areas in the UK. Ancient terraces are a common feature in the Jerusalem Mountains , often found in conjunction with ancient rock-cut agricultural structures including quarries, winepresses, olive oil presses, water holes, lime kilns, roads, and agricultural watchtowers . According to Zvi Ron's estimation, these terraces encompass approximately 56% of

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672-477: Is a small waterfall in this area that is used for bathing and washing dishes. At one end of the beach is a stream that is also used for fresh water. All the streams are susceptible to contamination with leptospirosis , a bacterium that is transmitted from the urine of infected rodents. In spite of the efforts of the state of Hawaii, some people illegally hike the Kalalau Trail and camp and even live in

728-623: Is based on the 2007 novel by Hawaiian writer Kaui Hart Hemmings . Terrace (agriculture) In agriculture , a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming . This type of landscaping is therefore called terracing . Graduated terrace steps are commonly used to farm on hilly or mountainous terrain. Terraced fields decrease both erosion and surface runoff , and may be used to support growing crops that require irrigation , such as rice . The Rice Terraces of

784-409: Is broad and relatively flat, with an accessible region about 2 miles (3.2 km) long and 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide. The abundant sun and rain provides an ideal environment for flora and fauna . Many Native Hawaiians lived in the valley into the 20th century, farming taro from a vast complex of terraced fields. Today, its designation as a state park forbids anyone from residing there. Since

840-600: Is home to the U.S. Navy's "Barking Sands" Pacific Missile Range Facility , on the western shore. MF and HF (" shortwave ") radio station WWVH , sister station to WWV and low frequency WWVB in Fort Collins, Colorado , is on the west coast of Kauaʻi, about 3 mi (5 km) south of Barking Sands. WWVH, WWV and WWVB are operated by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology , broadcasting standard time and frequency information to

896-651: Is observed on Kauaʻi year-round. When mainland states are on daylight saving time , for example, the time on Kauaʻi is three hours behind the West Coast of the United States and six hours behind the East Coast . Tourism is Kauaʻi's largest industry. In 2007, 1,271,000 people visited. The two largest groups were from the continental United States (84% of all visitors) and Japan (3%). As of 2003, approximately 27,000 jobs existed on Kauaʻi. The largest sector

952-563: Is one of the main Hawaiian Islands . It has an area of 562.3 square miles (1,456.4 km ), making it the fourth-largest of the islands and the 21st-largest island in the United States . Kauaʻi lies 73 miles (117 km) northwest of Oʻahu , across the Kauaʻi Channel . The island's 2020 population was 73,298. Styling itself the "Garden Isle", Kauaʻi is the site of Waimea Canyon State Park and Na Pali Coast State Park . It forms

1008-604: Is spreading across Nepal's Himalaya Mountains and likely into the other countries of the Himalaya and Hindu Kush . In the South American Andes , farmers have used terraces, known as andenes , for over a thousand years to farm potatoes, maize, and other native crops. Terraced farming was developed by the Wari culture and other peoples of the south-central Andes before 1000 AD, centuries before they were used by

1064-485: Is the Mt. Waiʻaleʻale rain gauge. Mt. Waiʻaleʻale is often cited as the wettest spot on earth, although this has been disputed. Based on data for the period from 1931 through 1960, the average yearly precipitation was 460 in (11,700 mm) (U.S. Environmental Science Services Administration, 1968). Between 1949 and 2004, the average yearly precipitation at Mt. Waiʻaleʻale was 374 in (9,500 mm). Kauaʻi also holds

1120-477: The Inca , who adopted them. The terraces were built to make the most efficient use of shallow soil and to enable irrigation of crops by allowing runoff to occur through the outlet. The Inca people built on these, developing a system of canals , aqueducts , and puquios to direct water through dry land and increase fertility levels and growth. These terraced farms are found wherever mountain villages have existed in

1176-545: The Nā Pali Coast is too steep for any motorized vehicles, all access to the valley is by boat or foot, except for emergency helicopter landings. Kayaks are a popular way of visiting the valley, although sea conditions can make this dangerous during the winter. Hiking and trail running the Kalalau Trail are also popular, but the trail is about 11 miles (18 km) long, quite strenuous for those not in good shape, and can be dangerous at parts for inexperienced people. Access to

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1232-634: The "standard" Hawaiʻi dialect by [k] . This difference applies to all words with these sounds, so the Kauaian name for Kauaʻi was pronounced "Tauaʻi", and Kapaʻa was pronounced "Tapaʻa". Polynesian inhabitants settled on the island about 600 to 800 C.E., as indicated by radiocarbon dating of archeological sites. They are believed to have come from the Marquesas Islands . A second wave arrived by sea-canoe from Tahiti around 800–1000 C.E. Many Hawaiian traditions and belief structures derive from

1288-634: The Andes. They provided the food necessary to support the populations of great Inca cities and religious centres such as Machu Picchu . In mountainous areas of Myanmar , terrace farming is known locally as the staircase or ladder farming (in Myanmar: mm:‌လှေခါးထစ်‌တောင်ယာ ) ‌and the agriculture technique of that kind is known as လှေခါးထစ်စိုက်ပျိုးနည်း . In Japan , some of the 100 Selected Terraced Rice Fields (in Japanese : 日本の棚田百選一覧 ), from Iwate in

1344-693: The Bay of Naples. Intensive terrace farming is believed to have been practiced before the early 15th century AD in West Africa . Terraces were used by many groups, notably the Mafa , Ngas , Gwoza , and the Dogon . It was long held that steep mountain landscapes are not conducive to, or do not even permit, agricultural mechanization. In the 1970s in the European Alps , pasture farms began mechanizing

1400-716: The Island to the main highways of Kauaʻi are: The Kauaʻi Bus is the public transportation service of the County of Kauaʻi. The Kauaʻi Heritage Center of Hawaiʻian Culture and the Arts was founded in 1998. Its mission is to nurture appreciation and respect for Hawaiian culture. It offers classes in Hawaiian language, hula , lei and cordage making, the lunar calendar, chanting, and trips to cultural sites. Kauaʻi has been featured in more than 70 Hollywood movies and TV shows, including

1456-580: The Kalalau Valley is controlled. A limited number of permits are sold for camping in Kalalau Valley every year by the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), although parking for campers is no longer allowed at the trail head. Instead, parking is now an exclusive privilege for day users of Ha'ena State Park, where the Kalalau Trail head is located, and permitted Kalalau campers are provided no overnight parking whatsoever. Anyone wishing to hike or run beyond Hanakāpīʻai valley must have

1512-555: The Na Pali Coast State Wilderness Park, where Kalalau Valley is located. Some Kauai residents decry the camping by people they consider to be disrespectful of the land, citing reports of accumulating trash in the camps, and disrespect of the citizenry of Kauai through various illegal conduct of the illegal campers. The terraced gardens in the Kalalau Valley are threatened by the introduced, invasive trees which create underground root networks invading

1568-790: The Philippine Cordilleras have been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of the significance of this technique. Terraced paddy fields are used widely in rice, wheat and barley farming in east , south , southwest , and southeast Asia , as well as the Mediterranean Basin , Africa, and South America. Drier-climate terrace farming is common throughout the Mediterranean Basin, where they are used for vineyards , olive trees, cork oak , and other crops. The Yemen Highlands are known for their terrace systems which were constructed at

1624-830: The Rephaim valley, proposing that the ones in Khirbet er-Ras were built during the Iron Age II, whereas those in Ein Yael were linked to the Second Temple and Roman periods. Seligman suggested that while some terraces were established in ancient times, the majority of them are more likely to have originated during the Roman and Byzantine periods. A 2014 research study on terraces near Ramat Rachel , using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), yielded dates ranging from

1680-583: The beginning of Bronze Age in the 3rd millennium BC . Terracing is also used for sloping terrain; the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may have been built on an artificial mountain with stepped terraces, such as those on a ziggurat . At the seaside Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum , the villa gardens of Julius Caesar 's father-in-law were designed in terraces to give pleasant and varied views of

1736-532: The bulk of Kauai County , which also includes the small nearby islands of Kaʻula , Lehua , and Niʻihau . Hawaiian narrative derives the name's origin from the legend of Hawaiʻiloa , the Polynesian navigator credited with discovering the Hawaiian Islands. The story relates that he named the island after a favorite son; a possible translation of Kauaʻi is "place around the neck", describing how

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1792-523: The central mountains, carving out canyons with many scenic waterfalls. On the west side of the island, Waimea town is at the mouth of the Waimea River , whose flow formed Waimea Canyon, one of the world's most scenic canyons, which is part of Waimea Canyon State Park . At three thousand ft (910 m) deep, Waimea Canyon is often called "The Grand Canyon of the Pacific". Kokeo Point lies on

1848-529: The culture that arrived with these Tahitians. In 1778, Captain James Cook arrived at Waimea Bay, the first European known to have reached the Hawaiian islands. He named the archipelago the "Sandwich Isles" after his patron, the 6th Earl of Sandwich, George Montagu. During the reign of King Kamehameha , Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined his Kingdom of Hawaiʻi , the last to do so. Their ruler, Kaumualiʻi , resisted Kamehameha for years. Kamehameha twice prepared

1904-421: The eastern two-thirds of the island. Kauaʻi's highest peak is Kawaikini , at 5,243 ft (1,598 m). The second-highest is Mount Waiʻaleʻale , near the center of the island, 5,148 ft (1,569 m) above sea level. One of the wettest spots on earth, with an annual average rainfall of 460 in (38.3 ft; 11.7 m), is on the east side of Mount Waiʻaleʻale. The rain has eroded deep valleys in

1960-437: The first sugarcane plantation was founded on Kauaʻi, and for the next century the industry dominated Hawaiʻi's economy. Kauaʻi's last sugarcane plantation, the 118-year-old Gay & Robinson Plantation, stopped planting sugar in 2008. In 1835, Old Koloa Town opened a sugar mill. From 1906 to 1934 the office of County Clerk was held by John Mahiʻai Kāneakua , who had been active in attempts to restore Queen Liliuokalani to

2016-505: The inputs cost $ 69.3 million and $ 83 million, respectively. By 2011, 92% of KIUC's power came from diesel. By 2017, KIUC's fuel mix was 56% fossil fuels , 9% hydroelectric , 12% biomass and 23% solar . KIUC integrated large-scale solar into its grid so that, during sunny daylight hours, 97% or more of its generation came from renewable sources. KIUC offers $ 1,000 rebates to residential customers who have solar water heating systems installed on their homes. In 2017, KIUC opened

2072-501: The island's south side. The Na Pali Coast is an isolated center for recreation, including kayaking along the beaches and hiking on the trail along the coastal cliffs. The headlands Kamala Point, Kawai Point, Kawelikoa Point, Kuahonu Point, Paoʻa Point, and Molehu Point are on the southeast of the island; Makaokahaʻi Point and Weli Point are in the south. Kauaʻi's climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year-round, although infrequent storms cause severe flooding. At

2128-516: The island, Lihue Airport is the island's only commercial airport. It has direct routes to Honolulu , Kahului/Maui , Kona/Hawaii , the U.S. mainland, and Vancouver, Canada. General aviation airports on the island are Port Allen Airport and Princeville Airport . The Pacific Missile Range Facility has a 6,006-foot runway that is closed to general aviation traffic, but could be used for an emergency landing . Several state highways serve Kauaʻi County: Other major highways that link other parts of

2184-613: The lower elevations, the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 50 in (130 cm) on the windward (northeastern) shore to less than 20 in (51 cm) on the (southwestern) leeward side of the island. The average temperature in Lihu'e , the county seat, ranges from 78 °F (26 °C) in February to 85 °F (29 °C) in August and September. Kauaʻi's mountainous regions offer cooler temperatures in contrast to

2240-639: The management of alpine pastures and harvesting of forage grasses through use of single axle two-wheel tractors (2WTs) and very low center of gravity articulated steering 4-wheel tractors. Their designs by various European manufacturers were initially quite simple but effective, allowing them to cross slopes approaching 20%. In the 2000s new designs of wheels and tires, tracks, etc, and incorporation of electronics for better and safer control, allowed these machines to operate on slopes greater than 20% with various implements such as reaper-harvesters, rakes, balers, and transport trailers. In Asian sub-tropical countries,

2296-413: The musical South Pacific and Disney's 2002 animated feature film Lilo & Stitch along with its franchise's three sequel films (2003's Stitch! The Movie , 2005's Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch , and 2006's Leroy & Stitch ) and first television series ( Lilo & Stitch: The Series ). Scenes from South Pacific were filmed in the vicinity of Hanalei . Waimea Canyon

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2352-555: The north to Kagoshima in the south, are slowly disappearing, but volunteers are helping the farmers both to maintain their traditional methods and for sightseeing purposes. Terraced fields are common in islands with steep slopes. The Canary Islands present a complex system of terraces covering the landscape from the coastal irrigated plantations to the dry fields in the highlands. These terraces, which are named cadenas (chains), are built with stone walls of skillful design, which include attached stairs and channels. In Old English ,

2408-548: The open grounds in the area. Despite their prevalence, there is a lack of consensus among scholars regarding their construction date. Various theories have been proposed, with Zvi Ron suggesting that their origins date back to ancient times, Finkelstein proposing the Middle Bronze Age , and Feig, Stager, and Harel suggesting the Iron Age . Archaeologists Gibson and Edelstein conducted research on terrace systems in

2464-463: The people and the land were presented as South American. Major acts of two Elvis Presley films, 1961's Blue Hawaii and 1966's Paradise, Hawaiian Style , were filmed on Kauaʻi. Both have scenes shot at the Coco Palms resort . The Descendants , a 2011 film, has major parts shot in Kauaʻi, where the main character and his cousins own ancestral lands they are considering selling. The film

2520-562: The public. Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) is a not-for-profit electric utility cooperative headquartered in Līhuʻe , which provides electricity for the island. It has 24,000 member-owners who elect a nine-member board of directors. In the 1970s, Kauaʻi burned sugarcane waste to supply most of its electricity. By 2008, transition of energy sources and growth in generating capacity had occurred, with most of Kauaʻi's electricity produced by imported liquid petroleum . In 2006 and 2007,

2576-566: The rock walls. The trees then fall and topple the rock walls causing permanent damage. The origin of the trees is disputed. The valley is a part of the Nā Pali Coast State Park and the DLNR is, responsible for its maintenance and preservation. Kauai Kauaʻi ( Hawaiian: [kɐwˈwɐʔi] ), anglicized as Kauai ( English: / ˈ k aʊ aɪ / KOW -eye or / k ɑː ˈ w ɑː . iː / kah- WAH -ee ),

2632-407: The terraces for transplanted and broadcast rice. Farmers are also using the engines as stationary power sources for powering water pumps and threshers . Even more recently farmers are experimenting with use of small reaper -harvester attachments. In Nepal, the low costs of these mostly Chinese-made machines and the increased productivity they produce have meant that this scale-appropriate machinery

2688-567: The throne after the U.S. takeover of Hawaiʻi in 1893. Valdemar Emil Knudsen was a Norwegian who arrived on Kauai in 1857. Knudsen, or "Kanuka", originally managed Grove Farm in Koloa . He later sought a warmer land and purchased the leases to Mana and Kekaha , where he became a successful sugarcane plantation owner. He settled in Waiawa, between Mana and Kekaha, immediately across the channel from Niʻihau Island. His son, Eric Alfred Knudsen ,

2744-478: The valley. Visitors who do not have a permit are occasionally issued citations that require a court appearance and a fine of up to $ 500 for a first offense. On April 28, 2017, Cody Safadago, a man alleged to be living in Kalalau, was charged with stealing a truck and causing an accident that killed a Kauai woman the previous day, while he was driving drunk. This incident seemed to have increased awareness of illegal activity in Kalalau Valley, and may have helped lead to

2800-733: The warm coastal areas. At Kōkeʻe State Park , 3,200–4,200 ft (980–1,280 m) ASL , day temperatures vary from an average of 45 °F (7 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in July. In the winter, temperatures have been known to drop down to the 30s and 40s at the park, which holds an unofficial record low of 29 °F (−2 °C), recorded in February 1986 at Kanaloahuluhulu Meadow. Precipitation in Kauaʻi's mountainous regions averages 50–100 in (1,300–2,500 mm) annually. About ten mi (16 km) southeast of Kōkeʻe state park, at an elevation of 5,075 ft (1,547 m),

2856-413: The world. Other endemics include the endangered Schiedea attenuata ., and previously unknown plant species have been discovered there [1] The natural environment and relative isolation, despite the noise of constant helicopter traffic, are the major attractions of the valley. Legal campers stay outside the valley in the designated camping area within roughly 300 feet (91 m) of Kalalau beach. There

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2912-406: Was 10.5%, compared to the mainland at 10.7%. As of 2014, the median home price was about $ 400,000. Land in Kauaʻi is very fertile; farmers raise many varieties of fruit and other crops. Guava , coffee , sugarcane, mango , banana , papaya , avocado , star fruit , kava , noni and pineapple are all cultivated on the island, but most agricultural land is used for raising cattle. Kauaʻi

2968-416: Was accommodation/food services (26%, 6,800 jobs), followed by government (15%) and retail (14.5%), with agriculture accounting for 2.9% (780 jobs) and educational services providing 0.7% (183 jobs). The visitors' industry accounted for one third of Kauaʻi's income. Employment is dominated by small businesses, with 87% of all non-farm businesses having fewer than 20 employees. As of 2003, Kauaʻi's poverty rate

3024-536: Was as a sugar farm. The five-million-year-old island, the oldest of the main islands (Niʻihau is older), was formed volcanically as the Pacific Plate passed over the Hawaii hotspot . It consists of an eroded shield volcano with a 9.3–12.4 mi (15.0–20.0 km) diameter summit caldera and two flanking calderas. Rejuvenation of the volcano 0.6–1.40 million years ago left lava flows and cones over

3080-552: Was born in Waiawa. Knudsen was appointed land administrator by King Kamehameha for an area covering 400 km , and was given the title konohiki as well as a position as a noble under the king. Knudsen, who spoke fluent Hawaiian , later became an elected representative and an influential politician. Knudsen lends his name to the Knudsen Gap, a narrow pass between Hã’upu Ridge and the Kahili Ridge. Its primary function

3136-630: Was used in the filming of the 1993 film Jurassic Park and its 2015 sequel Jurassic World was shot in Kauai. Scenes by a waterfall in Mighty Joe Young were shot in Kauai. Parts of the island were used for the opening scenes of the film Raiders of the Lost Ark . Other movies filmed here include Six Days Seven Nights , the 1976 King Kong , and John Ford 's 1963 film Donovan's Reef . Recent films include Tropic Thunder and

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