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17-649: The Kalmyk ASSR was first established when the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast (established 4 November 1920) had its status increased on 22 October 1935. On 27 December 1943 in conjunction with the deportation of over 93,000 Kalmyks to various locations in Central Asia and Siberia , the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished and its territory was split between adjacent Astrakhan , Rostov and Stalingrad Oblasts and Stavropol Krai . Soviet authorities renamed

34-599: A decree of the All Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars." What entailed was a resettlement of Kalmyks to the newly formed autonomous oblast with the goal of the native population being incorporated "in a single administrative unit" from 1922 to 1925. "On May 6, 1927, the Council of People's Commissars decreed the transfer of the administrative center of Kalmykia from Astrakhan to Elista. In October 1935

51-667: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR on 24 May 1991. It existed until 31 March 1992, when its status was changed to a republic within the Russian Federation . A minor planet , 2287 Kalmykia , discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh , is named after the Kalmyk ASSR. Astrakhan was the first settlement within Kalmykia to fall to Soviet power on Jan 25, 1918, during

68-808: The Emirate of Bukhara , and the Khanate of Khiva . From 1905, Pan-Turkist ideologues like Ismail Gasprinski aimed to suppress differences among the peoples who spoke Turkic languages , uniting them into one government. This idea was supported by Vladimir Lenin , and after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks in Tashkent created the Turkestan ASSR. But in February 1918,

85-996: The Russian Civil War . The "First Kalmyk Congress of Soviets was held" in Astrakhan from July 1 to 3, 1918. In 1919, control of Kalmykia reverted to the White army , after which Lenin issued a proclamation “to the Kalmyk people to fight against the White guards”. Control reverted to the Bolsheviks in 1920. The creation of Kalmykia as an autonomous oblast emerged from the First All-Kalmyk Congress of Soviets from July 2 to 9, 1920 in Chilgir . Kalmykia officially became an Autonomous Oblast on November 4, 1920 "by

102-754: The Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic , was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Soviet Central Asia which existed between 1918 and 1924. Uzbeks were the preeminent nation of the Turkestan ASSR. Tashkent was the capital and largest city in the region. During the Russian Empire , the Turkestan ASSR's territory was governed as Turkestan Krai ,

119-551: The 1926 All-Union census, the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast had a total literacy rate of only 17.3% (Reznik, 67). Ultimately, the process of eliminating literacy was to be conducted through Russian as opposed to native Kalmyk (Reznik, 66). In the 1930s, the alphabet underwent Latinization from Cyrillic as part of the attempt to unify all alphabets within the Soviet Union (Reznik, 68). Although this correlated with

136-1620: The 1943 deportations of Kalmyks, Reznik suggests that the alterations to the Kalmyk alphabet "broke the intergenerational continuity of language transmission (70)." There were ultimately few native Kalmyk speakers to teach Kalmyk (70). 1918–24   Turkestan 1918–41   Volga German 1919–90   Bashkir 1920–25   Kirghiz 1920–90   Tatar 1921–91   Adjarian 1921–45   Crimean 1921–91   Dagestan 1921–24   Mountain 1921–90   Nakhichevan 1922–91   Yakut 1923–90   Buryat 1923–40   Karelian 1924–40   Moldavian 1924–29   Tajik 1925–92   Chuvash 1925–36   Kazakh 1926–36   Kirghiz 1931–92   Abkhaz 1932–92   Karakalpak 1934–90   Mordovian 1934–90   Udmurt 1935–43   Kalmyk 1936–44   Checheno-Ingush 1936–44   Kabardino-Balkarian 1936–90   Komi 1936–90   Mari 1936–90   North Ossetian 1944–57   Kabardin 1956–91   Karelian 1957–92   Checheno-Ingush 1957–91   Kabardino-Balkarian 1958–90   Kalmyk 1961–92   Tuvan 1990–91   Gorno-Altai 1991–92   Crimean Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast (AO) ( Russian : Калмыцкая автономная область ; Kalmyk : Хальмг Автономн Таңhч, Xaľmg Awtonomn Tañhç )

153-582: The Islamic Council ( Uzbek : Shoʻro-i Islomiyya ) and the Council of Intelligentsia (Uzb. Shoʻro-i Ulamo ) met in Kokand city and declared a rival Turkestan Autonomous Republic , battling Bolshevik forces until the 1920s as part of the conservative Basmachi rebellion. The Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic was officially proclaimed on 30 April 1918. In the late 1917, the TSFR was cut off from

170-570: The Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was transformed into an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1937 the Supreme Soviet of the Kalmyk ASSR adopted a constitution for the republic that reflected the victory of socialist relations. The Kalmyk people were consolidated into a socialist nation." Resulting from the First All-Kalmyk Congress of Soviets, the Congress discussed the creation and organization of primary and secondary education within

187-951: The RSFSR by the revolt of the Orenburg Cossacks , but held out, despite being surrounded by hostile states, until the arrival of the Red Army in September 1919 after the Counteroffensive of Eastern Front . Meanwhile, a power struggle among the Communists ensued between those favoring a Pan-Turkist government like Turar Ryskulov and Tursun Khojaev , and those in favor of dividing Soviet Turkestan into smaller ethnic or regional units, such as Fayzulla Xoʻjayev and Akmal Ikramov . The latter group won, as national delimitation in Central Asia began in 1924. Upon dissolution,

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204-596: The former republic's towns and villages. The Kalmyk ASSR was re-established when the newly formed Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast (re-established following the rehabilitation of the Kalmyks in January 1957) had its status increased on 29 July 1958. On 18 October 1990, the declaration of the sovereignty and transformation of Kalmykia into a Soviet Socialist Republic by the Kalmyk Supreme Soviet was accepted by

221-500: The increased amount of published Kalmyk language works and a literacy rate of 70.8% among Kalmyk population aged over nine. This is to be seen as a part of larger "campaign in 1931 that became the main driving behind the growth of literacy numbers in Kalmykia," in which the driving force was the actual number, and aggressiveness of educators attempting to spread literacy, rather than the campaign itself. (Reznik, 70). In conjunction with

238-535: The newly formed Autonomous Oblast (Reznik, 64). From 1924 to 1939, the Kalmyk writing system incurred various changes (Reznik, 64). School textbooks were to be initially published in Kalmyk, but were instead published in Russian in the haste to combat the high rate of illiteracy in 1923 (Reznik, 64). The Zaya Pandita alphabet was adapted to create a Russian transcription, which was then disregarded in favour of Cyrillic in 1924 (Reznik, 64–65). Despite this, according to

255-660: The same time, the predominant population was Kalmyks - 84,950 people, Russians, according to the census, numbered 40,034 people, the rest - Ukrainians, Tatars, Kirghiz, and others. This Soviet Union –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( TASSR ; Russian : Туркестанская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized :  Turkestanskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ; Uzbek : Turkiston Avtonom Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi ), originally called

272-582: Was an autonomy of the Kalmyk people within the Russian SFSR that existed at two separate periods. It was first established in November 1920. Its administrative center was Astrakhan . In June 1928, it was included into Lower Volga Krai . In January 1934, Lower Volga Krai was split into Saratov Krai and Stalingrad Krai , and Kalmyk AO was included as a part of the latter. In October 1935, Kalmyk AO

289-468: Was raised in status and became the Kalmyk ASSR (abolished in 1943). Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was re-established again in January 1957, this time as part of Stavropol Krai . In 1958, it was raised in status, becoming the Kalmyk ASSR, and separated from Stavropol Krai. According to the 1920 census, 126,256 people lived on the region's territory, including 124,501 rural and 1,655 urban inhabitants. At

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