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43-493: Kampung Tugu is a historical neighborhood located in the northwestern Jakarta in the island of Java . Kampung Tugu grew from the land granted by the government of the Dutch East Indies to the converted Mardijker people in the 17th century. From this land, a Christian settlement grew and developed its own culture. Kampung Tugu is one of the oldest Christian neighborhoods in the western part of Indonesia. Today,

86-477: A 4-bar instrumental prelude based on the 7th row. After the A section, there is a 4-bar interlude. Kronchong continued to develop in the vicinity of Surakarta, and some kronchong musicians moved to other parts of Indonesia, like Yogyakarta and Jakarta. Gamelan and other Javanese music also influenced kroncong. The characteristics of Javanese music include: melodies using the Pelog and Slendro (pentatonic) modes;

129-675: A 5-tone scale that approximates one of the main Javanese septatonic scales. When playing this style, cak and cuk leave their characteristic interplay and both play arpeggios to approximate the sound and style of the Javanese instrument the siter , a kind of zither . The cello adopts a different rhythmic style as well. Kroncong music began in the 16th century when sailors from the Portuguese Empire brought Portuguese instruments and music to Indonesia . Lower-class citizens and gangs, commonly called buaya (a reference to buaya darat ,

172-579: A Eurasian art form, Kroncong features prominently each year at the Tong Tong Fair. The genre is also being evolved in new directions by Indo artists in the Netherlands. Traditional instrumentation includes the flute, violin, cello, contrabass, cuk (ukulele with 3 nylon strings), cak (Ukulele with 4 or 5 metal strings), guitar, and vocalist. Modern kroncong can add other instruments such as saxophone, drum kit, electric guitar and keyboard. From

215-447: A rock style in 1974 and has produced kronchong-style albums. Kroncong music continues today. The pop music industry has not yet produced popular kroncong, but some groups have been experimenting with it. The Bandung -based group Keroncong Merah Putih has experimented with elements of rap combined with kroncong music in the background. Bondan Prakoso has fused kroncong and hip-hop with his group, Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black . At

258-545: A term for playboys literally meaning "crocodile on land") adopted the new musical styles. Eventually, they were assimilated by the upper-class citizens. Paul Fisher writes, The small kroncong guitar, also the name of a music, is derived from the Portuguese braguinha, sharing its roots with the Hawaiian ukulele. Kroncong music is believed to have originated in the communities of freed Portuguese slaves called Mardijkers in

301-465: A vocalist. Kroncong originated as an adaptation of a Portuguese musical tradition, brought by sailors to Indonesian port cities in the 16th century. By the late 19th century, kroncong reached popular music status throughout the Indonesian archipelago. The name "Kroncong" may be derived from the jingling sound of the kerincing rebana , as heard in the rhythmic background of the music created by

344-663: A voice, flute, or violin. The violin or flute is used to play introductory passages that are often elaborate. The fills and scalar runs are both faster and more elaborate than the guitar's. The vocalist sings the melody which is slow with sustained notes in traditional Kroncong. The repertoire largely uses the Western major key with some arrangements in the minor . One departure from this occurs when Kroncong orchestras play Javanese songs (Langgam Jawa). Javanese music ordinarily uses scales and intervals that do not occur in Western music. Kroncong Jawa maintains Western intervals but adopts

387-516: Is A – B – A – B or A – B – C – D (16 bars): Among the songs in this category are Si Jampang and Jali-Jali. The structure is A – B – A – C (16 bars): The structure is Prelude – A – Interlude – B – C (16 bars): After World War I, American popular music came to Indonesia through ballroom music in hotels. Most of the musicians came from the Philippines. The 32- bar American songs influenced local music; for example Gesang Martohartono composed

430-480: Is a star in the sky) and performed it with Waljinah , the winner of a local radio singing contest in Surakarta. In 1959, Rudy Pirngadie and his Jakarta-based group (Yayasan Tetap Segar / Foundation) used the kronchong beat for accompanying various songs, local and foreign music. He introduced kroncong music to global audiences at the 1964 New York World's Fair . Idris Sardi, an Indonesian violin virtuoso, presented

473-550: Is held to celebrate Christmas and the New Year. The term is derived from the Portuguese word rabo , meaning "to tail" or "to follow". After a church service and a pilgrimage to the family tomb, residents will gather back to the church and then visit all the houses around the neighborhood while playing keroncong songs and forgive each other. According to Erni L. Michiels, chairman of the Tugu Family Association,

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516-430: Is subdivided into six districts ( kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages ( kelurahan ) in each district, and their names and post codes. Kroncong Kroncong (pronounced "kronchong"; Indonesian : Keroncong , Dutch : Krontjong )

559-463: Is the name of a ukulele -like instrument and an Indonesian musical style that typically makes use of the kroncong (the sound Crong-crong-crong comes from this instrument, so the music is called kroncong ). A kroncong orchestra or ensemble traditionally consists of a flute, a violin, at least one, but usually a pair of kroncongs , a cello in Pizzicato style , string bass in pizzicato style, and

602-846: The Dutch East Indies . In 1854, the Law of Comptabuliteit 1854 divided the Jakarta Bay area into three categories: the Voorsteden (the suburbs), Regentschap Batavia (the Regency of Batavia) and private areas (supervised by the Department of Security - Afdeling I) The government system changed again in 1905. After the formation of Gemeente Batavia , the area around Jakarta Bay was transformed into Batavia District ( kewedanan ) which includes Penjaringan , Tanjung Priok , Meester Cornelis and Bekasi . Meanwhile, Tanjung Priok came to be under

645-413: The "cuk" (pronounced "chook"), is larger and has 3 gut or nylon strings. The instrumentalist may pluck arpeggios and tremoloes using a plectrum, and the on-beat is emphasised. As a set, the cak and cuk form an interlocking pair that mostly gives Kroncong its characteristic kron and chong. The cello may have 3 gut or nylon strings and the chords are plucked rapidly, often with a unique skipped-beat using

688-585: The 16th century. European influence from this time can also be heard in the music of the Batak people of North Sumatra . From the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of guitar accompaniment incorporated within a distinctly Indonesian idiom in music came from Sumatra, South Sulawesi and elsewhere. Kroncong (currently spelled Keroncong in Indonesian ) is now considered as old-fashioned folk music by most Indonesian youth, although efforts have been made since

731-535: The 1960s to modernize the genre by adding electric guitars, keyboards and drums, notably in the so-called Pop Keroncong sung by Hetty Koes Endang . The melancholic spirit of traditional acoustic Kroncong (similar to Portuguese Fado music) has been recorded by Krontjong Poesaka Moresco Toegoe Jakarta -based in Tugu, who have performed at the well-known Indo festival ' Pasar Malam Besar ' in The Hague . Considered as

774-471: The 19th-century and feature distinctive features such as an open front terrace to welcome guests, typically surrounded with potted plants, and a traditional stone furnace in the kitchen. In the 1980s, only 50 of the original Tugu families were left in Kampung Tugu. The original houses declined as the area surrounding Tugu was slowly transformed into industrial storage area thanks to the lack of planning of

817-886: The Christian neighborhood of Kampung Tugu is part of the Administrative Village of Tugu in Koja Subdistrict of North Jakarta , Indonesia . The Mardijkers had been brought to Batavia as slaves or indentured labor after the Dutch East India Company (VOC) captured Malacca and Galle from the Portuguese in 1640. The presence of Christian slaves in Batavia became an ethical dilemma for the Dutch Reform Church and in 1661 they were freed and granted land outside Batavia on

860-584: The Indonesian government as a cultural heritage. Today, the 17th-century-established Tugu Church is the oldest building in Kampung Tugu , thought to be one of the first building to be built by the community between 1676 and 1678, and is still well maintained by the community. Kampung Tugu neighborhood still exists and retains its own distinct Christian-Portuguese culture, e.g. the Portuguese-influenced musical style Kroncong Tugu spoken in

903-568: The Lord of Jayakarta (the area of which is located in what is now the Port of Angke ); second, the state government controlled by leaders inferior to the Lord of Jayakarta (the area of which is located in what is now Pasar Ikan and Kota ; and third, the worldwide government (the area of which is located in what is now Tanjung Priok . At the beginning of the 17th century, the area was controlled by Chinese and other native people who later had to submit to

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946-555: The Mardijkers could be found as far as Simpang Lima neighborhood about 500 meter west of Kampung Tugu, still within the Cakung River. Today, however, people of Portuguese mix can only be found around Kampung Tugu and Kampung Kurus. The people of Kampung Tugu are locally known as warga tugu or warga serani by the majority of Muslims in the surrounding. The word serani came from nasrani , an Arabic term for Christians. In

989-509: The Portuguese musical instrument called cavaquinho , a four steel stringed musical instrument that looks like a guitar; however, cavaquinho was then modified into a prounga , a 3 nylon stringed instrument with low pitch, and a macina , a 4 nylon stringed instrument with high pitch. One ukulele, called the "cak" (pronounced "chak"), maybe steel-stringed. The instrumentalist strums chords with up to 8 strums per beat in 4/4 rhythm. The off-beat strums are often accentuated. The other ukulele, called

1032-477: The city has developed, some of this mangrove forest was converted into urban areas. However, a reforestation project aimed at planting mangroves within an area of 400 hectares was enacted in 2011 and was scheduled to be finished in 2012. The main goal of the project was to minimize abrasion in the coastal area, especially around the Pantai Indah Kapuk area. North Jakarta is bounded by Java Sea to

1075-403: The city of Jakarta. Below are distinctive traditions of the Tugu community: Keroncong Tugu, also known as keroncong Moresco, is a type of kroncong typical of Tugu. The kroncong Tugu is played during wedding ceremonies, New Year festivals, and funeral processions. Among the well-known kroncong Tugu musicians are Fernando Quiko and Jacobus Quiko. Rabo-rabo is an annual event of Kampung Tugu that

1118-458: The condition that they convert from Catholicism to Protestantism . This very land, located 10 kilometers east of Old Batavia , was the land given for the freed Mardijkers . This land would develop into the Kampung Tugu . Before the Mardijkers were freed, most of them married to women from Banda Islands and settled in a neighborhood in Jakarta now known as Kampung Bandan . In 1661, following

1161-593: The control of Haven Directie Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij . When Japan entered into the region, the form of the government changed into Shiku (district level), and so North Jakarta was divided into districts such as Shiku Penjaringan, Shiku Tanjung Priok and Shiku Bekasi. After the formation of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, Jakarta Bay was divided into several administrative regions, namely Kawedanan Penjaringan, Tanjung Priok and Bekasi. These three kawedanan were controlled by

1204-420: The extinct Papia Tugu language . One of the reasons of their well-preserved distinct culture is because Kampung Tugu was relatively isolated from the hustle and bustle of Batavia for nearly 300 years. The people of Kampung Tugu are a mix of Portuguese and natives. Last names like Andries, Cornelis, Abraham, Michel, Quiko, and Browne can still be found in the enclave of Kampung Tugu. At early times, descendants of

1247-457: The interlocking of instruments playing on or off beat. This background rhythm runs faster than the often slow vocals or melody, and is created, typically, by two ukuleles, a cello, a guitar and a bass . These instruments, especially the pair of ukuleles, interlock as do the instruments in a gamelan orchestra, and it is clear that the musical traditions of Indonesia have been applied to an orchestra of European instruments. Previously, they also used

1290-470: The leadership of King Mulawarman. During the 16th century, the city, which covered only the area of what is now North Jakarta, was known as Jayakarta . The system of government in Jayakarta has been amended several times, including changes of rulers, and shifting borders of the administrative area. This area consisted of three forms of government: first, the city government which was controlled directly by

1333-757: The mayorship of Jakarta Raya, which is a part of West Java . In 1957, after the formation of the Kotapraja Jakarta Raya , the area of Jakarta Bay was transformed into the Kotamadya of Jakarta Utara or "City of North Jakarta". The government of North Jakarta planned for a rehabilitation of tourism in North Jakarta under the 12 Coastal Tourism Destinations of North Jakarta project (Indonesian: 12 Jalur Destinasi - Wisata Pesisir Jakarta Utara ). The 12 chosen destinations are: North Jakarta Administrative City ( Kota Administrasi Jakarta Utara )

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1376-619: The modern form. Since the 1880s, keroncong is at a stage known as "short evolution". The later period is divided into four periods: Tempo Doeloe means "olden time". Komedie Stamboel was an Indo touring comedy company that performed folk entertainment, which was very popular between 1891 and 1903, especially in East Java. It performed tales from One Thousand and One Nights , European folk tales, and local folk tales, such as Ali Baba, Cinderella, and Si Pitoeng . They toured by railway and ship to Malaysia and all over Indonesia. Between

1419-552: The north; Bekasi to the east; West Jakarta , Central Jakarta and East Jakarta to the south; and Tangerang to the west. The present-day city of Jakarta grew from the area which is now North Jakarta. In the 5th century, at the mouth of the Ciliwung-Angke River, the development began with the port city Sundapura (now near Tugu, Jakarta and Bekasi ), which was the main port for the Kingdom of Tarumanegara under

1462-487: The order of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), 23 families of Portuguese were transferred to Tugu. The place was named Tugu because it was the location of the city boundary (which was marked by a tugu , Javanese word for "stone shaft"), or some said after the Portuguese themselves. Kampung Tugu is the oldest Christian neighborhood in the west of Indonesia. In 1999, Kampung Tugu was recognized by

1505-506: The past, Tugu people still spoke a creole language of local and Portuguese language. This creole culture has dwindled following the repatriation of the Dutch where many of the original Tugu people also moved to the Netherlands, or other places. Before the industrialization of the area, the people of Kampung Tugu cultivated rice and coconuts, and hunt for boars which were made into dendeng (jerkies) known as dendeng tugu ("Tugu jerkies"), which

1548-460: The purpose of holding Rabo-rabo is to strengthen the ropes of brotherhood among the citizens. Mandi-mandi is another tradition distinctive of Kampung Tugu. The mandi-mandi tradition is to smear people's face with powder, beginning with the oldest. The mandi-mandi tradition of 2017 was attended by the president of East Timor , Xanana Gusmão . North Jakarta North Jakarta contains some of Jakarta's original natural mangrove forests . As

1591-484: The scenes, there were musical intermezzos such as marches, polkas, waltzes, and kronchong music called stamboel . During the Tempo Doeloe (1880–1920), there were 3 types of stamboel song. They usually had 16 bars and were played in a fast tempo (up to 110 beats per minute ). Songs in this category include Terang Bulan , Potong Padi, Nina Bobo, Sarinande, O Ina Ni Keke, Bolelebo, and many others. The structure

1634-585: The song Bengawan Solo during this period. After a while, the center of development moved to Surakarta in Central Java. The kroncong there is slower (typically 80 beats per minute). This structure has a binary form, like a pop song: Verse A – Verse A – Bridge B – Verse A (32 bars): Stamboel Keroncong has the form (A-B-A-B') x 2 = 16 bars x 2 = 32 bars. It is a modification of the 16-bar stambul II, doubled to give 32 bars. Keroncong Asli has A-B-B' structure made up of 8 rows of 4 bars. It begins with

1677-576: The song " I Left My Heart in San Francisco " with a kronchong beat, but was fined by the US Music Authority for copyright violation. In 1968 at Gunung Kidul , an area near Yogyakarta, a local musician named Manthous introduced Campursari , a mixture of gamelan music and kronchong. Now , it is developing in the vicinity of Surakarta, Sragen and Ngawi . Koes Plus , a rock-pop group from Surakarta, introduced kronchong music in

1720-423: The thumb and one finger. This instrument then adds both rhythm and tone. The guitar may play similarly to either cak or cuk, but plays are often extended scalar runs that provide an undulating background to a chord or bridge chord changes. The bass is often played in a minimalist style reminiscent of the large gongs in a gamelan. On top of this rhythmic layer, the melody and elaborate ornamentation are carried by

1763-616: The time when Portuguese sailors landed in Malacca in 1552 and Portuguese slaves were freed in Kampung Tugu (now part of Koja in North Jakarta) in 1661, the genre of music that was to become known as Keroncong has started to take shape. Modern keroncong came into being after 1880, when its main instrument, the ukulele, was invented in Hawaii. The so-called "long evolution" of 1552–1879 was a preliminary stage of development that led to

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1806-405: The use of a siter (a plucked stringed instrument), a kendang (a Javanese drum), a kempul (a gong used in gamelan), metal and wood marimbas , gongs, and a unique style of Javanese singing. The songs still follow the binary form used in pop music: A-A-B-A or sometimes A-B-C-D, with 32 bars. In 1958, composer Anjar Any (1936–2008) composed the well-known song "Yen Ing Tawang Ana Lintang" (If there

1849-451: Was known for their high quality. Tugu people were also fishermen, being closely located to Cakung River and the sea. Known local food from the neighborhood are dendeng tugu , gado-gado Tugu (a variant of gado-gado with a distinctive sauce), pindang serani bandeng , lopis ketan , kue pisang udang , and sop snert kacang hijau . Today, few original houses in Kampung Tugu remain. Many of the original wooden houses in Kampung Tugu date from

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