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154-568: Surakarta ( Javanese : ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ , Pegon : سوراكارتا ), known colloquially as Solo ( Javanese : ꦱꦭ ; Sálá ), is a major city in Central Java , Indonesia . The 46.72 km (18.04 sq mi) city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoharjo Regency to the east and west, and Sukoharjo Regency to the south. On the eastern side of Solo lies Solo River (Bengawan Solo). Its metropolitan area, consisting of Surakarta City and

308-809: A football club , one of the earliest clubs in Indonesia (at that time still the Dutch Indies), called Persis Solo . Persis Solo was a giant club in the Dutch Indies and still exists, but is past its heyday. During the Perserikatan tournament, Persis became seven-time champion. Currently it plays in the Liga 1 Indonesia . Other than Persis, several clubs have existed in Solo: Arseto , Pelita Solo , Persijatim Solo FC , and lastly Solo FC played in

462-430: A semivowel are written by adding a diacritic ( Javanese : ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦮꦾꦚ꧀ꦗꦤ , romanized:  sandhangan wyanjana ) to the base syllable. The inherent vowel of each basic letter can be suppressed with the use of the virama , natively known as pangkon . However, the pangkon is not normally used in the middle of a word or sentence. For closed syllables in such positions, a conjunct form called pasangan (ꦥꦱꦔꦤ꧀)

616-481: A Javanese movable type began to take place in order to mass-produce and quickly disseminate Javanese literary materials. One of the earliest attempts to create a movable Javanese type was by Paul van Vlissingen. His typeface was first put in use in the Bataviasche Courant newspaper's October 1825 issue. While lauded as a considerable technical achievement, many at the time felt that Vlissingen's design

770-521: A choice was made for printing in roman letter-type, which considerably simplifies matters for European users, and for interested Natives presents no difficulty at all, seeing that the Javanese language, just as has already been shown for Malay and Sundanese, can be rendered no less clearly in roman type than in the Javanese script. In this way the costs are about one third of printing in Javanese characters, seeing that printing in that type, which furthermore

924-579: A communist, as Surakarta's military governor. In December 1948, the Dutch attacked and occupied the cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta as part of Operation Kraai . The Indonesian Army, led by General Soedirman, started a guerrilla war in surrounding areas. The Dutch declared that the Republic had been destroyed and no longer existed. To disprove this, the Indonesian army conducted large-scale raids into

1078-475: A densely-populated core city in Central Java, and its second city, spills considerably into neighboring regencies. Surakarta City and its surrounding regencies, Karanganyar , Sragen , Wonogiri , Sukoharjo , Klaten , and Boyolali , are collectively called the ex-Surakarta Residency (Dutch: Residentie Soerakarta ). Though a traffic study quotes the population as 1,158,000 as of 2008, this reflects only

1232-628: A fake Chinese identity and became a teacher. After the Dutch surrendered to Japan , he returned to Indonesia via Penang . He then sailed to Sumatra arriving in Jakarta in mid-1942, where he wrote Madilog . After he felt he had to have a job, he applied to Social Welfare Agency and was soon sent to a coal mine in Bayah, on southern coast of West Java . After the proclamation of the independence of Indonesia , he began to meet his people of his own and

1386-515: A following. When the Dutch captured the national government in December 1948, he fled from Yogyakarta, and headed to rural East Java , where he hoped he would be protected by anti-republican guerrilla forces. He established his headquarters in Blimbing , a village surrounded by rice fields, and connected himself to Major Sabarudin, leader of the 38th Battalion. In his opinion, Major Sabarudin's

1540-500: A meeting with fellow Sarekat Islam Semarang members. The meeting concluded that a rival to the government-administered schools were needed. This led to the creation of a new school, named the Sekolah Sarekat Islam ("Sarekat Islam School"), which would be better known as Sekolah Tan Malaka ("Tan Malaka's School"). The schools spread to Bandung and Ternate , with enrollment beginning on 21 June 1921. The schools were

1694-424: A number of additional letters used to write sounds found in words found in loanwords ( Javanese : ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦫꦺꦏꦤ꧀ , romanized:  aksara rékan ). These letters were initially developed to write Arabic loanwords, later adapted to write Dutch loanwords, and in contemporary usage are also used to write Indonesian and English loanwords. Most rékan letters are formed by adding the cecak telu diacritic to

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1848-520: A problem to the students, but attempted to expose the problem directly, a method is similar to the problem-posing method of Paulo Freire . With his fourth method, sociodrama, Malaka aimed to make the students understand social problems and resolve them through role playing, and to provide entertainment to amuse the students after studying. Indonesian historians describe Malaka as a "communist, nationalist, national communist, Trotskyist, idealist, and Muslim leader". Tan Malaka's best-known written work

2002-410: A proletarian revolution and a tool of the ruling class. He became a trotskyist later during National Revolution and founded Murba party to strongly oppose PKI influence. Malaka described Nietzsche's, Rousseau 's, and Marx-Engels' thoughts as thesis, antithesis, and synthesis respectively; while he described Hegel – Hindenburg – Stinnes ', Danton – Robespierre – Marat 's, and

2156-516: A result, many physical manuscripts that are available now are 18th or 19th century copies, though their contents can usually be traced to far older prototypes. Javanese script has been written with numerous media that have shifted over time. Kawi script, which is ancestral to Javanese script, is often found on stone inscriptions and copper plates. Everyday writing in Kawi was done in palm leaf form (ocally known as lontar ), which are processed leaves of

2310-575: A result, there is a huge variety of historical and local styles of Javanese writing throughout the ages. The great differences between regional styles make the "Javanese script" appear like a family of scripts. Javanese writing traditions were especially cultivated in the Kraton environment in Javanese cultural centers, such as Yogyakarta and Surakarta . However, Javanese texts are known to be made and used by various layers of society with varying usage intensities between regions. In West Java , for example,

2464-461: A revolt. In Singapore, Tan Malaka met Subakat, another PKI leader, who shared his views. They decided to thwart Musso and Alimin's plan. During this period he wrote the Massa Actie ( Mass Action ), which contained his view on Indonesian revolution and nationalist movements. In this book, he proposes Aslia , a social federation between Southeast Asia countries and Northern Australia . The book

2618-407: A similar function to the colon . Pada rangkap is sometimes used as an iteration mark for reduplicated words (for example kata-kata ꦏꦠꦏꦠ → kata2 ꦏꦠꧏ) Several punctuation marks do not have Latin equivalents and are often decorative in nature with numerous variant shapes, for example the rerenggan which is sometimes used to enclose titles. In epistolary usage, several punctuations are used in

2772-446: A smooth surface and is quite durable against manuscript damage commonly associated with tropical climates, especially insect damage. Meanwhile, a coarse daluang has a bumpy surface and tends to break easily. Daluang is commonly used in manuscripts produced by Javanese kraton (palaces) and pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) between the 16th and 17th centuries. Most imported paper in Indonesian manuscripts came from Europe. In

2926-539: A total capacity of 478.02 L/second (126.3 U.S. gal/sec). The total reservoir capacity is 9,140 m (,414,533 U.S. gala) nd can serve 55,22% of the population. Surakarta features a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ). with a lengthy wet season spanning from October through May, and a relatively short dry season covering the remaining four months (June through September). On average Surakarta receives just under 2,200 mm (87 in) of rainfall annually, with its wettest months being December, January, and February. As

3080-542: A version of Javanese script tailored to the Sundanese language , was officially used from the 16th to 20th centuries. Today, there are still several places which use cacarakan . Sundanese spelling has several differences from Javanese. In Sundanese, the letter /i/ is written with a series of letters with added diacritics. In Javanese, no special vowels are used for the sound /e/, while in Sundanese, an independent /e/

3234-417: A white patch on its left belly is called Harvest Moon . It is a cat that brings good fortune and the fulfilment of all wishes. It is better if it is bobtailed. A dark striped cat with a long tail should not be kept as a pet. Such a cat is called Mourning Crow . You would encounter frequent arguments and limited wealth. But if it is bobtailed, then there is no problem. The closest relative to Javanese script

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3388-840: A word-initial vowel is written by adding the appropriate diacritics to ⟨ ꦲ ⟩ , which serves as a null consonant, but in modern spelling, the independent vowels may also be used, especially to disambiguate whether ⟨ ꦲ ⟩ should be aspirated. As with the wyanjana letters, the modern Javanese language does not use the whole inventory of vowels. Only short vowels and vowel diacritics are taught and used in contemporary Javanese, while long vowels and their diacritics are used in Sanskrit and Kawi. Pa cerek ⟨ꦉ⟩ , pa cerek dirgha ⟨ꦉꦴ⟩ , nga lelet ⟨ꦊ⟩ , and nga lelet raswadi ⟨ꦋ⟩ are syllabic consonants that are primarily used in Sanskrit. When adapted to other languages,

3542-511: Is 800–1,200 m (2,600–3,900 ft) above sea level. In 1890–1927 there were only 12 wells in Surakarta. Today, underground water wells in 23 locations produce about 45 L/second (11.9 U.S. gal/sec). In March 2006, Surakarta's state water company (PDAM) had a production capacity of 865.02 L/second (228.5 U.S. gal/sec): from Cokrotulung, Klaten , 27 km (17 mi) from Surakarta, 387 L/s (102.2 U.S. gal/sec); and from 26 deep wells, with

3696-407: Is a popular local entertainment park featuring a children's playground, dangdut music performance and Wayang Wong traditional Javanese dance performance almost every night. Near the park is Radyapustaka Museum, one of the oldest museums in Indonesia, with a collection of Javanese cultural artefacts. The traditional batik village of Laweyan and Kampung Batik Kauman, located in the southwest part of

3850-612: Is also home to the West Bandits Solo of the Indonesian Basketball League . They play their home games in the Sritex Arena . Surakarta is the first to host National Paralympic Week in 1957 and hosted several of the subsequent games. As a result, Surakarta has sport facilities sufficient for holding international disabled sports games. In 1986, Surakarta hosted the 4th FESPIC Games , making

4004-433: Is an abugida writing system which consists of 20 to 33 basic letters, depending on the language being written. Like other Brahmic scripts , each letter (called an aksara ) represents a syllable with the inherent vowel /a/ or /ɔ/ which can be changed with the placement of diacritics around the letter. Each letter has a conjunct form called pasangan , which nullifies the inherent vowel of the previous letter. Traditionally,

4158-529: Is called an aksara which represents a syllable. The aksara wyanjana (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦮꦾꦚ꧀ꦗꦤ) are consonant letters with an inherent vowel, either /a/ or /ɔ/. As a Brahmi-derived script , Javanese script originally had 33 wyanjana letters to write the 33 consonants found in Sanskrit and Kawi . The modern Javanese script only uses 20 consonants and 20 basic letters known as [ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦔ꧀ꦭꦼꦒꦺꦤ] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= ( help ) Modern Javanese script

4312-411: Is commemorated as the birthday of the city of Surakarta. On 26 June Prime Minister Sutan Syahrir was kidnapped in Surakarta by a rebel movement led by Major General Soedarsono, the commander of the 3rd division. President Sukarno was angry at this kidnapping and on 1 July 1946, 14 communist leaders including Tan Malaka were arrested by Indonesian police on Sukarno's instructions. However, Soedarsono freed

4466-466: Is common in areas featuring a tropical monsoon climate, temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year. Surakarta's average temperature is roughly 30 °C every month (86 °F). After Surakarta became a city, it was divided into five districts ( kecamatan ), each led by a camat , and subdivided into 51 kelurahan (now 54), each led by a lurah . The districts of Surakarta City are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at

4620-501: Is commonly arranged in the hanacaraka sequence, a pangram whose name is derived from its first five letters, similar to the word "alphabet" which comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet , alpha and beta . This sequence has been used at least the 15th century, when the island of Java started to receive significant Islamic influence. There are numerous interpretations on the supposed philosophical and esoteric qualities of

4774-482: Is his autobiography, Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara . He wrote the three-volume work by hand while imprisoned by the republican Sukarno government in 1947 and 1948. The work alternates between theoretical chapters describing Tan Malaka's political beliefs and philosophy and more conventional autobiographical chapters that discuss various phases of his life. Volume three has an especially loose narrative structure, containing commentary on Marxist historiography , his positions on

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4928-556: Is likely sometime between 1894 and 1897. His father was Haji Muhammad Rasad Caniago, an agricultural employee, and his mother was Rangkayo Sinah Simabua, a daughter of a respected figure in the village. As a child, Tan Malaka lived with his parents in Suliki, and studied religious knowledge and trained in the pencak silat martial arts. In 1908, Tan Malaka attended the Kweekschool, a state teacher's school, at Fort de Kock . At

5082-616: Is no difference in the use of aspirated and unaspirated consonants. In Javanese, every consonant carries an inherent /a/ or /ɔ/ vowel; in Madurese, the inherent vowel is /a/ or /ɤ/. Another difference is the use of the wignyan diacritic ⟨ ꦃ ⟩ , which in Javanese functions as an -h final consonant, but in Madurese represents a glottal stop. Javanese script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with

5236-431: Is not readily available, is one and a half times to twice as expensive (and more time-consuming) than in roman type, also because it cannot be set on a setting-machine, and one page of Javanese type only contains about half the number of words on one page of the same text in roman script. Sanskrit and Kawi Sundanese Tan Malaka Tan Malaka's full name was Ibrahim Simabua gala Datuak Sutan Malaka . His given name

5390-537: Is one of Indonesia 's traditional scripts developed on the island of Java . The script is primarily used to write the Javanese language , but in the course of its development has also been used to write several other regional languages such as Sundanese and Madurese , the regional lingua franca Malay , as well as the historical languages Kawi and Sanskrit . It heavily influenced the Balinese script from which

5544-685: Is still taught as part of the local curriculum in Yogyakarta , Central Java , and the East Java Province . Several local newspapers and magazines have columns written in Javanese script, and the script can frequently be seen on public signage. However, many contemporary attempts to revive Javanese script are symbolic rather than functional; there are no longer, for example, periodicals like the Kajawèn magazine that publish significant content in Javanese script. Most Javanese people today know

5698-464: Is the Balinese script . As direct descendants of Kawi script, Javanese and Balinese still retain many similarities in terms of basic glyph shape for each letter. One noticeable difference between both scripts is in their orthography: modern Balinese orthography is more conservative in nature than its modern Javanese counterpart. Cacarakan ( Sundanese : ꦕꦫꦏ , ᮎᮎᮛᮊᮔ᮪ , romanized:  cacarakan , lit.   'similar to carakan'),

5852-685: Is the Keraton Surakarta , the palace of Susuhunan Pakubuwono, also the Princely Javanese court of Mangkunegaran . Pasar Gede market is often visited by tourists, mostly for its unique architecture and fame as the biggest traditional market in the Solo area. The Pasar Klewer is famous for its batiks in all prices and qualities, while the Pasar Triwindhu located near Mangkunegaran palace specialises in antiques. Taman Sriwedari

6006-416: Is the largest bus terminal in Surakarta. Surakarta is situated on Indonesian National Route 15, which connects it to Yogyakarta and Waru ( Sidoarjo ). Semarang–Solo Toll Road connects the city with provincial capital Semarang . In 2009 the total extent of roadways in the city was 705.34 km: 13.15 km state road, 16.33 km province road, and 675.86 km local road. The number of bus companies

6160-557: Is the largest station in Surakarta, and is the junction between Yogyakarta (westward), Semarang (northward), and Surabaya (eastward), while Purwosari is the junction located west of Solo Balapan, and has a connection to Wonogiri (southward). There are several direct lines to other cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Semarang, Ngawi and Malang. For regional traffic, a commuter train KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo connects Surakarta and Yogyakarta. On July 26, 2011,

6314-1018: Is the scriptorium of Pakualaman in Yogyakarta. Excerpt from the Treatise on Cats ( Javanese : ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀ꦏꦠꦸꦫꦁꦒꦤ꧀ꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ , romanized:  Serat Katuranggan Kucing ), printed in 1871 with modern Javanese language and spelling. ꧅ꦭꦩꦸꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦫꦔꦶꦔꦸꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ꧈ ꦲꦮꦏ꧀ꦏꦺꦲꦶꦉꦁꦱꦢꦪ꧈ ꦭꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁꦏꦶꦮꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦁꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ꧈ ꦊꦏ꧀ꦱꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦶꦫꦥꦿꦪꦺꦴꦒ꧈ ꦲꦫꦤ꧀ꦮꦸꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦿꦲꦶꦤꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦠꦶꦤꦼꦏꦤꦤ꧀ꦱꦱꦼꦢꦾꦤ꧀ꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦪꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦟ꧀ꦝꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁꦲꦸꦠꦩ꧈ ꧅ꦲꦗꦱꦶꦫꦔꦶꦔꦸꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ꧈ ꦭꦸꦫꦶꦏ꧀ꦲꦶꦉꦁꦧꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦁ꧈ ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦲꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦭꦩꦠ꧀ꦠꦺ꧈ ꦱꦼꦏꦼꦭꦤ꧀ꦱꦿꦶꦁꦠꦸꦏꦂꦫꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦲꦫꦤ꧀ꦝꦣꦁꦱꦸꦁꦏꦮ꧈ ꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦢꦺꦴꦃꦫꦶꦗꦼꦏꦶꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦪꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦟ꧀ꦝꦼꦭ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦫꦔꦥꦲ꧈ Lamun sira ngingu kucing, awaké ireng sadaya, lambung kiwa tèmbong putih, leksan nira prayoga, aran wulan krahinan, tinekanan sasedyan nira ipun, yèn buṇḍel langkung utama. Aja sira ngingu kucing, lurik ireng buntut panjang, punika awon lamaté, sekelan sring tukaran, aran ḍaḍang sungkawa, pan adoh rijeki nipun, yèn buṇḍel nora ngapa. A completely black cat with

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6468-486: Is used in between different cantos, and wasana pada ꧅ ꦆ ꧅ which is used in the end of the final canto. But due to the large variety of shapes between manuscripts, these three punctuations are essentially treated as a single punctuation in most Javanese manuscripts. Pepadan is one of the most prominent elements in a typical Javanese manuscript and they almost always highly decorative, incorporating calligraphy, coloring, and even gilding. In luxurious royal manuscripts,

6622-403: Is used instead. Every basic letter has a pasangan counterpart, and if a pasangan is attached to a base letter, the inherent vowel of the attached letter is nullified. Some of the original letters that originally represented sounds absent in modern Javanese have been repurposed as honorific letters ( Javanese : ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦩꦸꦂꦢ , romanized:  aksara murda ) which are used for in writing

6776-587: Is weer te geven. Daarbij zijn de kosten daarmede ongeveer 1 ⁄ 3 van druk in Javaansch karakter, aangezien drukwerk in dat type, dat bovendien niet ruim voorhanden is, 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 à 2 x kostbaarder (en tijdroovender) uitkomt dan in Latijnsch type, mede doordat het niet op de zetmachine kan worden gezet, en een pagina Javaansch type sleechts ongeveer de helft aan woorden bevat van een pagina van denzelfden tekst in Latijnsch karakter. Furthermore,

6930-399: Is written as a ⟨ ꦄ ⟩ plus a pepet diacritic ⟨ ꦄꦼ ⟩ . An independent /ɨ/ is written the same way, with an additional tarung ⟨ ꦄꦼꦴꦵ ⟩ or ⟨ ꦄꦼꦵ ⟩ . Carakan Madhurâ , 'Maduran carakan' or carakan Jhâbân , 'script from Javanese' is very similar to Javanese hanacakara . However, in the Madurese language, there

7084-571: The 1922 elections . He was the first Dutch colonial subject (since he was from the Dutch East Indies ) to ever to run for office in the Netherlands. He didn't expect to be elected because, under the system of proportional representation in use, his third position on the ticket made his election highly unlikely. His stated goal in running was instead to gain a platform to speak about Dutch actions in Indonesia, and to work to persuade

7238-474: The Bathara Kresna Rail Bus has been launched to serve Purwosari – Wonogiri route, but for the moment only Purwosari-Sukoharjo trackage was ready due to there are 99 bridges should be strengthen between Sukoharjo-Wonogiri. Until April 2012, Surakarta-Wonogiri railbus is still in a big question mark due to the 12 tons railbuses are considered too heavy for existing railroad track that only has

7392-757: The Bolsheviks ' thoughts as genesis, negation, and the negation of negation respectively. According to Harry A. Poeze, Malaka assumed that the colonial government used the educational system to produce educated indigenous people who would repress their own people. Malaka founded Sekolah Sarekat Islam to rival the government schools. Syaifudin writes that Malaka had four different methods of teaching: dialog, jembatan keledai ( mnemonics ), critical discussion, and sociodrama. In dialog method, Malaka used two-way communication while teaching. During his time teaching in Deli, he encouraged students to criticize their teacher, or

7546-687: The Cerita Panji is a loose collection of numerous tales with various versions bound together by the common thread of the Panji character. Literature genres with the longest attested history are Sanskrit epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata , which have been recomposed since the Kawi period and introduced hundreds of familiar characters in Javanese wayang stories today, including Arjuna , Srikandi , Ghatotkacha and many others. Since

7700-600: The Dutch East Indies in October, as the chairman of PKI after a congress on 24 – 25 December 1921 in Semarang . Differences can be seen from their leadership styles, as Semaun was more cautious, whilst Tan Malaka was more radical. Under his leadership, the PKI maintained a good relationship with Sarekat Islam. On 13 February 1922, while he visited a school in Bandung , he was arrested by Dutch authorities, who felt threatened by

7854-576: The Dutch East Indies to allow him to return home because of illness. The government accepted this, but with burdensome terms to be imposed; he did not return home. In December 1924, the PKI began to collapse, as it was suppressed by the Dutch government. As a response, Tan Malaka wrote the Naar de Republiek Indonesia ( Towards the Republic of Indonesia ), which was published in Canton in April 1925. It explained

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8008-656: The Executive Committee of the Comintern . At the Fourth World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow, Tan Malka proposed that communism and Pan-Islamism could collaborate; however, his proposal was rejected by many. In January 1923, he and Semaun were appointed correspondents of Die Rote Gewerkschafts-Internationale ("The Red Union International"). During the first half 1923, he also wrote for

8162-729: The Indonesian Premier League in 2011. Persis s made Manahan Stadium their home ground. Manahan Stadium is one of the best sports stadiums in Central Java, with 20,000 seats, and has several times hosted national and international matches. It was recently the venue for the AFC Champions Cup 2007 , the final venue of the Indonesian Cup 2010, and the opening venue for the Indonesian Premiere League on January 15, 2011. Surakarta

8316-685: The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies beginning in 1942. Some writers attribute this sudden decline to prohibitions issued by the Japanese government banning the use of native script in the public sphere, though no documentary evidence of such a ban has yet been found. Nevertheless, the use of Javanese script did decline significantly during the Japanese occupation and it never recovered its previous widespread use in post-independence Indonesia. In contemporary usage, Javanese script

8470-562: The Kajawèn  [ id ] magazine which was entirely printed in Javanese in all of its articles and columns. In government administration, Javanese script was part of the multilingual legal text on the Netherlands Indies gulden banknotes circulated by the Bank of Java . As literacy rates and the demand for reading materials increased at the beginning of the 20th century, Javanese publishers paradoxically began to decrease

8624-570: The Pallava script in Southern and Southeast Asia between the 6th and 8th centuries. The Pallava script, in turn, evolved into Kawi script, which was actively used throughout Indonesia's Hindu-Buddhist period between the 8th and 15th centuries. In various parts of Indonesia, Kawi script would then evolve into Indonesia's various traditional scripts, one of them being Javanese script. The modern Javanese script seen today evolved from Kawi script between

8778-628: The Philippines in August 1927. He was arrested on 12 August 1927 on charges entering illegally the Philippines territory. He was helped by Dr. San Jose Abad helped him in court, however, he accepted the verdict that he would be deported to Amoy ( Xiamen ), China. The police of the Kulangsu ( Gulangyu ) International Settlement, were notified of Tan Malaka's passage to Amoy, waited for him in

8932-802: The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque . Built at a cost of $ 20 million, it is a smaller replica of the grand mosque in Abu Dhabi , and is named in honour of the UAE 's founder, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan . Construction for the mosque began on Monday the 8th of March, 2021. Sheikh Mohamed had offered it to President Widodo when the former visited Indonesia in July 2019. Javanese script Javanese script (natively known as Aksara Jawa , Hanacaraka , Carakan , and Dentawyanjana )

9086-706: The Sociaal-Democratische Onderwijzers Vereeniging (Association of Democrat Social Teachers) during this time. In November 1919, Tan Malaka graduated, and received his hulpacte diploma . Following his graduation, he left the Netherlands and returned to his village. He accepted a job offer by Dr. C. W. Janssen to teach the children of the tea plantation coolies , at Sanembah, Tanjung Morawa , Deli , East Sumatra. He went there in December 1919, but began teaching only in January 1920. He produced subversive propaganda for

9240-495: The hanacaraka sequence, and it is often linked to the myth of Aji Saka . Javanese vowel letters can be used to represent independent or word-initial vowels. A vowel sound following a consonant is written by adding ta diacritic, or dependent form of a vowel to a basic syllable ( Javanese : ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦔꦤ꧀ , romanized:  sandhangan ), which modifies the letter's inherent vowel sound. Vowel diacritics are known as sandhangan swara ( Javanese : ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦮꦫ ). Conventionally,

9394-594: The proclamation of Indonesian Independence , Pakubuwono XII declared Surakarta a part of the Republic of Indonesia. Because of this support, President Sukarno declared Surakarta a Special Region with the Susuhunan, Pakubuwono XII, continuing as governor. This terminology was also used for the Special Region of Yogyakarta , which continues to be legally governed by its sultan to this day. However, unlike Yogyakarta, Surakarta had intense, organized resistance to

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9548-537: The south of China . There, he was treated with traditional Chinese medicine for his illness. After his health improved in the beginning of 1936, he traveled back to Amoy and formed a Foreign Language School. Abidin Kusno argues that this stay in Shanghai was an important period in shaping Tan Malaka's later actions during the Indonesian revolution of the late 1940s; the port city was nominally under Chinese sovereignty but

9702-564: The 13th century, paper began to be used in the Malay Archipelago . This introduction is related to the spread of Islam in the region, since Islamic writing traditions were supported by the use of paper and codex manuscript. As Java began to receive significant Islamic influence in the 15th century, coinciding with the period in which Kawi script began to transition into the modern Javanese script, paper became widespread in Java while

9856-447: The 14th and 15th centuries, a period in which Java began to receive significant Islamic influence. From the 15th until the mid-20th centuries, Javanese script was actively used by the Javanese people for writing day-to-day and literary texts spanning a wide range of themes. Javanese script was used throughout the island at a time when there was no easy means of communication between remote areas and no impulse towards standardization. As

10010-497: The 15th century until the mid-20th century, Javanese script was used by all layers of Javanese society for writing day-to-day and literary texts with a wide range of theme and content. Due to the significant influence of oral tradition, reading in pre-independence Javanese society was usually a performance; Javanese literature texts are almost always composed in metrical verses that are designed to be recited, thus Javanese texts are not only judged by their content and language, but also by

10164-404: The 2009 estimate, there were 245,043 males and 283,159 females (a sex ratio of 86.54) in Surakarta. 119,951 of the population were 14 years or younger, 376,180 were between 15 and 64, and 32,071 were above 65. The number of households was 142,627 and the average number of household members was 3.7. The population growth in the last 10 years was about 0.565% per year. The labor force of Solo in 2009

10318-417: The 2010 Census and 2020 Census together with the latest official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan ), and the district postal codes: Notes: (a) also spelled "Lawiyan". (b) except the kelurahan of Jagalan, which has the postcode of 57162. Surakarta as

10472-623: The CPN to support Indonesian independence. Although he did not win a seat, he received unexpectedly strong support. Before the counting of votes was finished, he left the Netherlands and went to Germany . In Berlin , he met with Darsono, an Indonesian communist who was related to the West European Bureau of the Comintern , and possibly met M.N. Roy . Tan Malaka then continued to Moscow , and arrived in October 1922 to participate in

10626-434: The Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of Education RI. There is also arts concentrated university Art Institute of Surakarta (ISI), religious studies State Islamic Institute (IAIN Surakarta). There are around 52 private universities and colleges such as STIKES Muhammadiyah, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan, Universitas Slamet Riyadi, Universitas Surakarta, Universitas Setia Budi, etc. The per capita GDP of Surakarta in 2009

10780-485: The Dutchman, who was often wrong. In the SI school, he entrusted students who received higher grades to teach students with lower grades. Jembatan keledai was inspired by al-Ghazali ; in addition to memorizing knowledge, the students were instructed to understand and apply it to their daily lives. Syaifudin writes that it is the opposite of bank style concept, and that it is similar to contextual teaching and learning. On critical discussion, Malaka not only verbally gave

10934-408: The East Javanese town of Nganjuk . They advanced quickly and brutally. Poeze describes in detail how the TNI soldiers fled into the mountains and how Tan Malaka, already injured, walked into a TNI post and was promptly executed on 21 February 1949. Malaka was fatally shot at the foothills of Mount Wilis , Selopanggung, Kediri Regency after an arrest and detention in Patje village. According to Poeze,

11088-412: The Kweekschool, Tan Malaka studied the Dutch language and became a skilled football player. According to his teacher, G. H. Horensma, although Malaka was sometimes disobedient, he was an excellent student. He graduated in 1913, and returned to his village. His return would be ceremonialized by the conferment on him of a high adat title of datuk and the offer of a fiancée . However, he only accepted

11242-467: The PKI. While the party did have a small membership inside the country, it never grew to be a large organization; however, with the PKI gone underground, it was the only organization in the late 1920s which was publicly calling for immediate independence for Indonesia. Some party cadres included future- Vice President Adam Malik , future People's Consultative Assembly Speaker Chaerul Saleh , and poet and politician Mohammad Yamin . He then went back to

11396-545: The Philippines, and his lack of influence with the PKI's leadership. As Comintern representative for Southeast Asia , Tan Malaka argued that he had authority to reject the PKI's plan, an assertion which was, in retrospect, denied by certain former PKI members. Tan Malaka sent Alimin to Singapore to convey his views, and ordered him to organize an impromptu meeting between the leaders. Seeing no progress, he went to Singapore himself to meet Alimin and learned that Alimin and Musso had traveled to Moscow to seek help to carry out

11550-469: The amount of Javanese script publication due to a practical and economic consideration: printing any text in Javanese script at the time required twice the amount of paper compared to the same text rendered in the Latin alphabet , making Javanese texts more expensive and time-consuming to produce. In order to lower production costs and keep book prices affordable to the general populace, many publishers (such as

11704-649: The beginning of letters and may also be used to indicate the social status of the letter writer; from the lowest pada andhap , to middle pada madya , and the highest pada luhur . Pada guru is sometimes used as a neutral option without social connotation, while pada pancak is used to end a letter. However this is a generalized function. In practice, similar to rerenggan these epistolary punctuation marks are often decorative and optional with various shape used in different regions and by different scribes. When errors occurred during manuscript copying, several Kraton scribes used special correction marks instead of crossing out

11858-486: The beginning, only a few scribes were able to use European paper due to its high price—paper made using European methods at the time could only be imported in limited numbers. In colonial administration, the use of European paper had to be supplemented with Javanese daluang and imported Chinese paper until at least the 19th century. As the paper supply increased due to growing imports from Europe, scribes in palaces and urban settlements gradually opted to use European paper as

12012-434: The capacity of accommodating 10-ton vehicles, furthermore PT KAI have proposed a fare between Rp30,000 ($ 3.27) and Rp40,000 ($ 4.36) per passenger, while Surakarta administration wants tickets to be priced much lower between Rp5,000 ($ 0.54) and Rp7,000 ($ 0,76). In 2019, Adisumarmo Airport Rail Link began operation, linking Solo Balapan Station to a station inside Adisumarmo International Airport complex. Tirtonadi Terminal

12166-409: The cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, called Serangan Oemoem . On 7 August 1949, Indonesian troops led by Slamet Riyadi managed to defeat the Dutch troops and occupied the city for several hours. To commemorate this event, the main street of the city of Surakarta was renamed Brigadier General Slamet Riyadi Street . Surakarta remained under communist control until October 1965. Local government

12320-646: The city and the city centre respectively, are famous for producing fine quality Javanese batik. Within Surakarta tourists can also use the Jaladara old steam train which was launched on in September 2009 for 5.6 km (3.5 miles) connecting Purwosari Station and Solo Kota Station. In 2011 there were 60 trips and in 2012 will be 80 trips. On November 14, 2022, President Widodo and his Emirati counterpart , Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan , inaugurated

12474-514: The city and the entire 6 surrounding regencies, which reflects a broader planning region, though not a core metropolitan area as some of its regencies are not particularly suburbanized. Both the metropolitan area and extended areas border Yogyakarta's metropolitan area, while only the extended metropolitan area borders Kedungsapur or Greater Semarang . One of the earliest censuses held in Surakarta Residency ( Residentie Soerakarta )

12628-640: The city had finished high school, while 86,890 had only finished junior high school, and 94,840 were still in school or had only finished elementary school. The percentage of high-school graduates was the highest of the cities and regencies in Central Java. According to the statistics of Data Pokok Pendidikan (Dapodik), in the 2010/2011 school year, there were 68,153 students and 853 schools in Surakarta. There are two big universities possessing more than 20.000 students: Sebelas Maret University (UNS) and Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta (UMS), both are recognised as among Indonesia's 50 best universities according to

12782-587: The continuation of the monarchy. In October 1945, a republican movement was established in Surakarta led by Tan Malaka , a member of the Indonesian Communist Party . On 17 October, the vizier of Surakarta, KRMH Sosrodiningrat V (a member of the BPUPK ), was kidnapped. The new vizier, KRMT Yudonagoro, and 9 other court officials were also kidnapped by the same movement in March 1946, including

12936-535: The continuously built-up area, as the city affects entire neighboring regencies by significantly driving up overall population densities in Sukoharjo Regency and Klaten Regency over the already dense countryside. Furthermore, the government of Indonesia officially defines a broader region as Surakarta's extended metropolitan zone, with the acronym "Subosukawonosraten" (for SU rakarta, BO yolaki, SU koharjo, KA ranganyar, WONO giri, SRA gen, Kla TEN ) as

13090-517: The coolies, known as the Deli Spoor , and began learning of the deterioration of the indigenous people that had occurred. In addition to teaching, he made a contact with ISDV, and wrote some works for the press. As a journalist, he wrote on the striking differences in wealth between capitalists and workers, in one of his earliest works, the "Land of Paupers"; which was included in a March 1920 issue of Het Vrije Woord . Tan Malaka also wrote on

13244-500: The end of 1929. Poeze writes that Malaka may have met Alimin there in August 1931, and made an agreement with him that Malaka would work again for the Comintern. Malaka moved to Shanghai in September 1932 after the attack made by the Japanese forces, and decided to go to India , disguised as a Chinese-Filipino and using an alias. When he was in Hong Kong in early October 1932, he was arrested by British officials from Singapore, and

13398-520: The erroneous parts: tirta tumétès normally found in Yogyakarta manuscripts, and isèn-isèn found in Surakarta manuscripts. These correction marks are directly applied following the erroneous part before the scribe continued writing. For example, if a scribe wanted to write pada luhur ꦥꦢꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ but accidentally wrote pada hu ꦥꦢꦲꦸ before realizing the mistake, this word may be corrected into pada hu···luhur ꦥꦢꦲꦸ꧞꧞꧞ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ or ꦥꦢꦲꦸ꧟꧟꧟ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ. Other than

13552-615: The exact same glyph as several basic letters, for example the numeral 1 ꧑ and wyanjana letter ga ꦒ, or the numeral 8 ꧘ and murda letter pa ꦦ. To avoid confusion, numerals that are used in the middle of sentences must be surrounded by pada pangkat ⟨ ꧇ ꧇ ⟩ or pada lingsa ⟨ ꧈ ꧈ ⟩ . For example, tanggal 17 Juni ("the date 17 June") is written ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀ ꧇ ꧑꧗ ꧇ ꦗꦸꦤꦶ or ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀ ꧈ ꧑꧗ ꧈ ꦗꦸꦤꦶ . Traditional Javanese texts are written with no spaces between words ( scriptio continua ) with several punctuation marks called pada (ꦥꦢ). In contemporary teaching,

13706-586: The existence of the Communist Party. He was first exiled to Kupang ; however, he wanted to be exiled to the Netherlands, and was sent there by the Dutch authorities. However, the date of his arrival in the Netherlands is disputed. In the Netherlands, he joined the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) and was appointed as the third candidate of the party for the House of Representatives , at

13860-627: The existence of the script and recognize a few letters, but it is rare to find someone who can read and write it meaningfully. Therefore, as recently as 2019, it is not uncommon to see Javanese script signage in public places with numerous misspellings and basic mistakes. Several hurdles in revitalizing the use of Javanese script includes information technology equipment that does not support correct rendering of Javanese script, lack of governing bodies with sufficient competence to consult on its usage, and lack of typographical explorations that may intrigue contemporary viewers. Nevertheless, attempts to revive

14014-539: The function and pronunciation of these letters tend to vary. In modern Javanese, pa cerek and nga lelet are mandatory shorthand for combinations of ra + e ⟨ꦫ + ◌ ꦼ → ꦉ⟩ and la + e ⟨ꦭ + ◌ ꦼ → ꦊ⟩ . Both letters are usually re-categorized into their own class called aksara gantèn in modern tables. Closed syllables are written by adding diacritics to base syllables ( Javanese : ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦥꦚꦶꦒꦼꦒꦶꦁ ꦮꦤ꧀ꦢ , romanized:  sandhangan panyigeging wanda ). Consonant clusters containing

14168-512: The games the first in Indonesian para-sport history in which international disabled sports games were held. The city is also the host city of the 2011 ASEAN Para Games , instead of Jakarta and Palembang , where the main games were held, as well as the 2022 ASEAN Para Games where the original host, Vietnam , only held the 2021 Southeast Asian Games due to COVID-19 crisis. Adisumarmo International Airport ( IATA code: SOC ) has direct flights to Kuala Lumpur by Malaysia Airlines and during

14322-583: The government-owned Balai Pustaka ) gradually prioritized publications in the Latin alphabet. However, the Javanese population at the time maintained the use of Javanese script in various aspects of everyday life. It was, for example, considered more polite to write a letter using Javanese script, especially one addressed toward an elder or superior. Many publishers, including Balai Pustaka, continued to print books, newspapers, and magazines in Javanese script due to sufficient, albeit declining, demand. The use of Javanese script only started to drop significantly during

14476-423: The hajj season, Saudi Arabia , as well as regular flights to Jakarta by Garuda Indonesia , Sriwijaya Air , Lion Air and Citilink . The airport is located 14 km (8.7 mi) north of the city. In 2009 Adisumarmo had 2,060 outbound domestic flights and 616 outbound international flights. Surakarta has four train stations: Solo Balapan , Purwosari , Solo Jebres , and Solo Kota (Sangkrah). Solo Balapan

14630-534: The harbor with the intention of arresting him for extradition to the Dutch East Indies, as the Dutch wanted to apprehend him, and send him to the Boven-Digoel concentration camp . But he managed to escape as the sympathetic captain and crew protected him, entrusting his safety to a ship inspector. The ship inspector took Tan Malaka to a guest house from where he made his way to Sionching village with newly made acquaintances. Tan Malaka then traveled to Shanghai in

14784-482: The heir to the viziership KRMTH Wuryaningrat. In response, Prime Minister of Indonesia Sutan Syahrir met with Wuryaningrat and other Surakarta leaders in May and agreed to abolish the established government entirely. On 16 June 1946, the Surakarta "special region" was abolished and replaced with a regency ( kabupaten ), administered by a republican government outside the control of the Susuhunan and his court. This event

14938-596: The historical events in France from 1789 until 1804 . After the Russian Revolution of October 1917, Tan Malaka became increasingly interested in communism , socialism and reformist socialism . Beginning to read the works of Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels , and Vladimir Lenin . He also began reading the works of Friedrich Nietzsche , who became one of his early political role models. During this time, Tan Malaka grew to dislike Dutch culture . Instead, he

15092-526: The history of revolutions, as well the theory of revolution being a means to transform a society. His first inspiration on the subject was from the book De Fransche Revolutie , which was initially given by G. H. Horensma. The book was a Dutch translation of a book by the German historian, author, journalist, and social democratic politician Wilhelm Blos , which concerned the French Revolution and

15246-670: The house of Sutopo, a former leader of Budi Utomo . There, he wrote a proposal for a grammar school. In Yogyakarta, he participated in the Sarekat Islam organization's 5th congress and met with a number of prominent Islamic figures, including H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto , Agus Salim , Darsono, and Semaun . The congress discussed the topic of double membership of both the Sarekat Islam and the Communist Party (PKI). Agus Salim, and another figure, Abdul Muis , forbade it, while Semaun and Darsono were both PKI members. Sarekat Islam

15400-505: The industry, most people in Solo worked in trade (106,426), services (59,780), manufacturing (42,065), communication (16,815), construction (9,217), financing (9,157), or agriculture (2,608), and the rest in mining, electricity, gas, and water companies (700). The mean working week in Solo was 47.04 hours (47.74 for men and 46.13 for women), and 212,262 people worked more than 35 hours per week compared to 34,506 who worked less than that. According to 2009 statistics, 242,070 people above 15 in

15554-488: The introduction of Islam, characters of Middle-Eastern provenance such as Amir Hamzah and the Prophet Joseph have also been frequent subjects of writing. There are also local characters, usually set in Java's semi-legendary past, such as Prince Panji , Damar Wulan , and Calon Arang . When studies of Javanese language and literature began to attract European attention in the 19th century, an initiative to create

15708-683: The journals of the Indonesian and Dutch labor movements. He also became an agent of the Eastern Bureau of the Comintern as he reported on the ECCI plenum in June 1923. Tan Malaka then went to Canton (now Guangzhou ), arriving in December 1923, and edited the English journal, The Dawn , for an organization of transport workers of the Pacific. In August 1924 Malaka requested the government of

15862-585: The kingdom of Mataram was divided into the Surakarta Sunanate (northern court) and the Yogyakarta Sultanate (southern court). Surakarta was ruled by hereditary monarchs, who were given the unique Javanese cultural title Susuhunan . Since both Surakarta and Yogyakarta had become vassal states of the Dutch, traditional court arts, notably gamelan , were developed to demonstrate cultural power instead of developing military power. Perhaps

16016-464: The latter from 2021 to 2024. Hominid habitation in the region of Surakarta is evidenced from roughly one million years ago, the age of the " Java Man " skeleton found 80 kilometres upstream. Another famous early hominid from this area is called " Solo Man ". The Surakarta area was part of the Mataram Kingdom and at this time a village called Wulayu seems to have already existed in or around

16170-515: The letters that are considered closest-sounding to the foreign sound in question. For example, ⟨ ꦥ꦳ ⟩ (fa) is formed by adding a cecak telu diacritic ⟨ ꦳ ⟩ to ⟨ ꦥ ⟩ (pa). The combination of wyanjana letter and corresponding foreign sounds for each rékan may be different between sources. Javanese script has its own numerals ( Javanese : ꦲꦁꦏ , romanized:  angka ) that behave similarly to Arabic numerals . However, most Javanese numerals has

16324-434: The main choice to print any Javanese text. From then, reading materials in printed Javanese using Roorda's typeface became widespread among the Javanese populace and were widely used in materials other than literature. The establishment of print technology gave rise to a printing industry which, for the next century, produced various materials in printed Javanese, from administrative papers and school books, to mass media such as

16478-772: The main reason for Tan Malaka's growing prestige and rapid rise within the PKI. As a guidebook for the schools, Tan Malaka wrote the SI Semarang dan Onderwijs , a guide to managing the schools. In June 1921, Tan Malaka became the chairman of the Serikat Pegawai Pertjitakan ("Printing Workers Association"), and served as the vice chairman and treasurer of the Serikat Pegawai Pelikan Hindia (SPPH; "Indies Oils Workers Association"). Between May and August his first book, Sovjet atau Parlemen ? (" Soviet or Parliament? "), which

16632-472: The merit of their melody and rhythm during recitation sessions. Javanese poets are not expected to create new stories and characters; instead the role of the poet is to rewrite and recompose existing stories into forms that cater to local taste and prevailing trends. As a result, Javanese literary works such as the Cerita Panji do not have a single authoritative version referenced by all others; instead,

16786-409: The most frequently used punctuations are pada adeg-adeg , pada lingsa , and pada lungsi , which are used to open paragraphs (similar to pillcrows ), separating sentences (similar to commas ), and ending sentences (similar to full stops ). Pada adeg and pada pisélèh may be used to indicate insertion in the middle of sentences similar to parentheses or quotation marks , while pada pangkat has

16940-548: The most significant ruler of the 20th century was Pakubuwono X . His relationship with the Dutch, his large family, and his popularity contributed to perhaps the largest funeral procession that ever occurred in Surakarta. He had spent a large amount of money on the Royal Graveyard at Imogiri , both the main sections of the graveyard and the new section where he was buried. In the era just before independence, Surakarta had European, Chinese, and Arab quarters. After hearing

17094-632: The next syllable that does can be written as a murda . Highly respected names may be written completely in murda , or with as many murda as possible, but in essence, the use of murda is optional and may be inconsistent in traditional texts. For example, the name Gani can be spelled as ꦒꦤꦶ (without murda ), ꦓꦤꦶ (with a murda on the first syllable), or ꦓꦟꦶ with every syllable as a murda . The remaining letters that are not classified as nglegéna or repurposed as murda are aksara mahaprana , letters that are used in Sanskrit and Kawi texts but obsolete in modern Javanese. Javanese script includes

17248-440: The palace. Prime Minister Syahrir was released unharmed. Several months later, Maj. Gen. Soedarsono and his group were pardoned and released from prison. However, this did not halt the ascendancy of the Communist Party in Surakarta. In November 1946, the communists kidnapped the regent and vice-regent and seized power for themselves, a coup quickly legitimated after the fact by Sukarno. In 1947, Amir Sjarifuddin appointed Wikana ,

17402-413: The poetic metre. Major pada are used to demarcate a change of canto (which includes a change of the metre, rhythm, and mood of the recitation) occurring every 5 to 10 pages, though this may vary considerably depending on the structure of the text. Javanese guides often list three kinds of major pada : purwa pada ꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅ which is used in the beginning of the first canto, madya pada ꧅ ꦟ꧀ꦢꦿ ꧅ which

17556-515: The present-day city of Surakarta, as evidenced by a ferry charter issued by Balitung in A.D. 904 . The Majapahit Empire renewed this ferry charter in 1358 . By the 18th century, the village had acquired the name of Sala. This name is said to be derived from the sala tree . As the Javanese pronunciation "Sala" ([sɔlɔ]) was considered difficult to pronounce by the Dutch, the name later morphed into "Solo" ([solo]). In 1745, based on astrological calculations and Dutch commercial interest, Surakarta

17710-556: The primary medium for writing, while daluang paper was increasingly associated with pesantren and rural manuscripts. Alongside the increase of European paper supply, attempts to create Javanese printing type began, spearheaded by several European figures. With the establishment of printing technology in 1825, materials in Javanese script could be mass-produced and became increasingly common in various aspects of pre-independence Javanese life, from letters, books, and newspapers, to magazines, and even advertisements and paper currency. From

17864-504: The rebel leaders immediately. Sukarno asked the local military commander in Surakarta, Lieutenant Colonel Suharto to arrest Major General Soedarsono and the rebel group. Suharto refused to follow this command unless it was given directly by the Military Chief of Staff, General Soedirman . Sukarno was angry at this rejection of his commanding authority and called Suharto a stubborn ( koppig ) officer. Suharto pretended to support

18018-406: The rebellion and persuaded Soedarsono and his group to stay at his headquarters at Wiyoro, Surakarta for their safety. Later that night he persuaded Soedarsono to meet President Sukarno at his palace the next morning. Suharto secretly informed the presidential guard troops about Soedarsono's plan on the next morning. On July 3, 1946, Soedarsono and his group were arrested by the presidential guard near

18172-524: The regular punctuation, one of Javanese texts' distinctive characteristics is pepadan ( ꦥꦼꦥꦢꦤ꧀ ), a series of highly ornate verse marks. The series of punctuation marks that forms pepadan have numerous names in traditional texts. Behrend (1996) divides pepadan into two general groups: the minor pada which consist of a single mark, and the major pada which are composed of several marks. Minor pada are used to indicate divisions of poetic stanzas, which usually appear every 32 or 48 syllables depending on

18326-565: The release of version 5.2. The Unicode block for Javanese is U+A980–U+A9DF. There are 91 code points for Javanese script: 53 letters, 19 punctuation marks, 10 numbers, and 9 vowels: Bovendien is voor den druk het Latijnsche lettertype gekozen, hetgeen de zaak voor Europeesche gebruikers aanzienlijk vergemakkelijkt, voor Inlandsche belangstellended geenszins een bezwaar oplevert, aangezien de Javaansche taal, evenals bereids voor het Maleisch en het Soendaneesch gebleken is, zeker niet minder duidelijk in Latijnsch type dan in het Javaansche schrift

18480-405: The respected personal names of respected figures, be they legendary, such as ꦨꦶꦩ , Bima or real, such as Javanese : ꦦꦑꦸꦨꦸꦮꦟ , romanized:  Pakubuwana . Of the 20 basic letters, only nine have corresponding murda forms. Because of this, the use of murda is not identical to the capitalization of proper names . If the first syllable of a name does not have a murda form,

18634-453: The script are still being conducted by several communities and public figures who encourage the use of Javanese script in the public sphere, especially with digital devices. Javanese script contains around 45 letters. Over the course of its development, some letters have become obsolete and are only used in certain contexts. As such, it is common to divide the letters in several groups based on their function. A basic letter in Javanese script

18788-466: The script is written without spaces between words ( scriptio continua ) but is interspersed with a group of decorative punctuation . Javanese script's evolutionary history can be traced fairly well because significant amounts of inscriptional evidence left behind allowed for epigraphical studies to be carried out. The oldest root of Javanese script is the Tamil-Brahmi script which evolved into

18942-563: The script was mainly used by the Sundanese nobility ( ménak ) due to the political influence of the Mataram kingdom . However, most Sundanese people within the same time period more commonly used the Pegon script which was adapted from the Arabic alphabet . Javanese writing tradition also relied on periodic copying due to the deterioration of writing materials in the tropical Javanese climate; as

19096-489: The shape of the pepadan may even contain visual puns that gave clues to the readers regarding the canto of the text; a pepadan with wings or bird figure resembling a crow (called dhandhang in Javanese) indicates the dhandhanggula metre, while pepadan with elements of a goldfish indicates the maskumambang metre (literally "gold floating on water"). One of the scribal centers with the most elaborate and ornate pepadan

19250-402: The shot was ordered by Second Lieutenant Sukotjo of Sikatan battalion, Brawijaya division. No report was made and Malaka was buried in the woods. Tan Malaka argued strongly that Marxism and Islam were compatible, and that, in Indonesia, revolution should be built upon both. Thus, he was a strong supporter of the PKI's continued alliance with Sarekat Islam (SI), and was troubled when, while he

19404-473: The situation in the world, from the Netherlands which suffered an economic crisis, the Dutch East Indies which had opportunities to carry out a revolution by nationalist movements and PKI, to his prediction that the United States and Japan would "settle with the sword which of them is the more powerful in the Pacific." In July 1925, Tan Malaka moved to Manila , Philippines , because the environment

19558-712: The suffering of the coolies in the Sumatera Post . Tan Malaka went to Batavia (now Jakarta ) when his old teacher, G. H. Horensma, offered him a job as a teacher; however, Tan Malaka rejected the offer. As he wanted to establish his own school; to which his old teacher accepted the reason and supported him. In 1921 , Tan Malaka was elected to the Volksraad as member of the Left-wing grouping, but resigned on 23 February 1921. He subsequently left Batavia and arrived at Yogyakarta in early March 1921, and stayed as

19712-522: The surrounding six regencies ("Greater Solo Area", formerly Special Region of Surakarta ), was home to 6,837,753 inhabitants according to the official estimates for mid 2023, 526,870 of whom reside in the city proper. Surakarta is the birthplace of the President of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024, Joko Widodo , as well as his son and current Vice President of Indonesia, Gibran Rakabuming Raka . The former served as Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012, as did

19866-562: The system for Sasak developed. Javanese script was actively used by the Javanese people for writing day-to-day and literary texts from at least the mid-16th century CE until the mid-20th century CE, before it was gradually supplanted by the Latin alphabet. Today, the script is taught in the Yogyakarta Special Region as well as the provinces of Central Java and East Java as part of the local curriculum, but with very limited function in everyday use. Javanese script

20020-416: The tal palm ( Borassus flabellifer ). Each lontar leaf has the shape of a slim rectangle 2.8 to 4 cm in width and varies in length between 20 and 80 cm. Each leaf can only accommodate around 4 lines of writing, which are incised horizontally with a small knife and then blackened with soot to increase readability. This media has a long history of attested use all over South and Southeast Asia. In

20174-565: The title. He succeeded in getting money from the village to continue his education abroad, and he sailed for Rotterdam that same year. Arriving at the Netherlands, Tan Malaka initially experienced a culture shock . There, he heavily underestimated the North European climate . As a consequence, he was infected with pleuritis in early 1914, and he did not completely recover until 1915. During his time in Europe, he became interested in

20328-460: The use of lontar only persisted in a few regions. There are two kinds of paper that are commonly used in Javanese manuscript: locally produced paper called daluang , and imported paper. Daluang (also spelled dluwang ) is a paper made from the beaten bark of the saéh tree ( Broussonetia papyrifera ). Visually, daluang can be easily differentiated from regular paper by its distinctive brown tint and fibrous appearance. A well made daluang has

20482-468: The wishes of the people, and that foreign-owned plantations and industry should be nationalized. The Persatuan Perjuangan had widespread popular support, as well as support in the republican army, especially Major General Sudirman . In February 1946, the organization forced the temporary resignation of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir , a proponent of negotiation with the Dutch, and Sukarno consulted with Tan Malaka to seek his support. However, Tan Malaka

20636-622: The younger generation. He also started using his real name again, after 20 years using aliases. He then traveled to in Java and saw the people of the city of Surabaya , fighting against the British Indian Army in November. He realized the differences of struggling between the people in some places and the leaders in Jakarta . He thought the leaders were too weak in negotiation with the Dutch. His solution to this perceived disconnect

20790-402: Was Ibrahim , but he was known both as a child and as an adult as Tan Malaka, an honorary and semi-aristocratic name, he inherited from his mother's aristocratic background. He was born in present-day Nagari Pandam Gadang, Suliki, Lima Puluh Kota Regency , West Sumatra , which was then under the rule of the Dutch East Indies . His date of birth in unclear, and varies from source to source, but

20944-408: Was 16,813,058.62 IDR, the fourth highest in Central Java after Kudus, Cilacap, and Semarang. The living standard in 2009 was 723,000 IDR. The Consumer price index in January 2011 was 119.44. Religion in Surakarta (2021) Most people in the city are Muslims , followed by Christians , Hindus , Buddhists and Confucians . Surakarta has a long sport history and tradition. In 1923 Solo already had

21098-466: Was 23, and the total number of buses operating was 1,115 intra-provincial buses and 1,107 inter-provincial. In 2010, the government of Surakarta launched a new bus service named Batik Solo Trans (BST), which resembles TransJakarta bus rapid transit service. As of 2017, it has only three routes. A single trip costs Rp.3000, Rp.1500 for students. A special ticket for the trip from or to the airport costs Rp.7000. One main tourist attraction of Surakarta

21252-524: Was 275,546, of whom 246,768 were working, while 28,778 were seeking work. Another 148,254 people aged 15 and above were not in the labor force. Based on employment numbers, the most common work in Solo was worker/paid employee (112,336), followed by self-employee (56,112), self-employee assisted by temporary employee (32,769), unpaid employee (20,193), self-employee assisted by permanent employee (14,880), freelance employee in non-agricultural work (10,241), and freelance employee in agricultural work (237). Based on

21406-446: Was a coarse copy of the fine Javanese hand used in literary texts, and so this early attempt was further developed by numerous other people to varying degrees of success as the study of Javanese developed over the years. In 1838, Taco Roorda completed his typeface, known as Tuladha Jejeg , based on the hand of Surakartan scribes with some European typographical elements mixed in. Roorda's font garnered positive feedback and soon became

21560-492: Was apparently unable to bridge political divisions within his coalition to transform it into actual political control, and he was arrested shortly thereafter, with Sjahrir returning to lead Sukarno's cabinet. Upon his release, he spent the following months in Yogyakarta , and attempted to form a new political party, called the Partai Murba (Proletarian Party), but was unable to repeat his previous success at attracting

21714-559: Was chosen to be the new capital of the Mataram Sultanate which was on the verge of becoming a vassal state of the Dutch East India Company . The formal name is derived from the previous capital Kartasura . The official court history claims that Surakarta originally stood on a lake, which was drained by the favor of the mythical queen of the southern sea, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul . In the ensuing colonial era,

21868-517: Was detained for several months. He hoped to have a chance to argue his case under British law and possibly seek asylum in the United Kingdom , but after several months of interrogation and being moved between the "European" and the "Chinese" sections of the jail, it was decided that he would simply be exiled from Hong Kong without charges. He was then deported again to Amoy. Tan Malaka then escaped once again, and traveled to Iwe village in

22022-524: Was dominated first by European nations with trading concessions in the city, and then by Japan after its September 1932 invasion. The oppression of the Chinese he saw under both of these powers, Kusno argues, contributed to his uncompromising position against collaboration with the Japanese or negotiation with the Dutch in the 1940s, when many prominent Indonesian nationalists were adopting a more conciliatory stance. In August 1937, he went to Singapore under

22176-482: Was held around December 1925. The government was aware of this and exiled several party leaders. In February 1926, Alimin went to Manila to request approval from Tan Malaka. Tan Malaka eventually rejected this strategy, and stated that the condition of the party was still too weak, and it had no power to carry out yet another revolution. He described in his autobiography his frustration with his inability to secure information about events in Indonesia from his place in

22330-502: Was in 1885. At that time, with an area of about 5,677 km (2,192 sq mi), there were 1,053,985 people in Surakarta Residency, including 2,694 Europeans and 7,543 Indonesian-Chinese. The area, 130 times the current area of Surakarta, had a population density of 186 people/km (480 people/sq mi). The capital of the residency itself (roughly the size of the City of Solo proper) in 1880 had 124,041 people living in it. According to

22484-460: Was in exile, the PKI broke away from SI. On an international scale, Tan Malaka also saw Islam as holding the potential for unifying the working classes in vast parts of North Africa , the Middle East , and South Asia against imperialism and capitalism . This position put him in opposition to many European Communists and the leadership of Comintern, who saw religious belief as a hindrance to

22638-562: Was intended to support his effort to reverse the direction of PKI and gain support of the cadres on his side. In December 1926, Tan Malaka went to Bangkok , where he studied the defeat of PKI. He, along with Djamaludin Tamin and Subakat, established the Partai Republik Indonesia ("Republic of Indonesia Party") in early June 1927, distancing himself from the Comintern as well as, in the new party's manifesto, criticizing

22792-564: Was more impressed at the cultures of Germany and the United States . He even enlisted for the German Army , but was rebuffed, as the army did not accept foreigners at the time. In the Netherlands, he met Henk Sneevliet , one of the founders of the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV), the precursor to the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). Tan Malaka also became interested in

22946-625: Was more similar to Indonesia. Malaka arrived in Manila on 20 July. There, he became a correspondent of the nationalist newspaper El Debate ("The Debate"), which was edited by Francisco Varona. Publication of his works, such as a second edition of Naar de Republiek Indonesia (December 1925) and Semangat Moeda ( Young Spirit ; 1926) might have been supported by Varona. There, Malaka also met with Filipino figures Mariano de los Santos, José Abad Santos , and Crisanto Evangelista . In Indonesia, PKI decided to revolt within six months of its meeting, which

23100-738: Was serialized in the PKI's journal, the Soeara Ra'jat ("People's Voice"); his other works, including articles, were published in another journal and PKI newspaper, the Sinar Hindia ("The Hindia Star"). In June, he was one of the leaders of the Revolutionaire Vakcentrale ("Revolutionary Trade Union Federation"), and in August he was elected to the editorial board of SPPH's journal, the Soeara Tambang ("Miner's Voice"). Tan Malaka then replaced Semaun , who left

23254-615: Was split as a result, forming the Sarekat Islam Putih (White Sarekat Islam), led by Tjokroaminoto, and the Sarekat Islam Merah (Red Sarekat Islam), led by Semaun and based in Semarang . After the congress, Tan Malaka was asked by Semaun to go to Semarang to join PKI. He accepted the offer, and went to Semarang. Arriving in Semarang, he became ill. A month later, he had returned to health, and participated in

23408-693: Was the only armed group that was actually fighting the Dutch. Sabarudin, however, was in conflict with all other armed groups. On 17 February, the TNI leaders in East Java decided that Sabarudin and his companions were to be captured and convicted following military law . On the 19th, they captured Tan Malaka in Blimbing. On 20 February, the Dutch Korps Speciale Troepen (KST) happened to start an offensive named "Operation Tiger" from

23562-474: Was to found the Persatuan Perjuangan ("Struggle Front, or United Action"), a coalition of about 140 smaller groups, notably not including the PKI. After a few months of discussion, the coalition was formally founded at a congress in Surakarta in mid-January 1946. The coalition adopted a "Minimum Program", which declared that only complete independence was acceptable, that government must obey

23716-444: Was unclear about how to proceed after the 30 September Movement and went about business as usual. As a result, Suharto's forces entered Surakarta without resistance, mobilized local youth paramilitaries, and indiscriminately slaughtered the entire local government. The water sources for Surakarta are in the valley of Merapi, a total of 19 locations, with a capacity of 3,404 L/second (899.2 U.S. gal/sec). The average source water height

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