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45-462: Terazawa Hirotaka was a loyal retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and played a significant role during the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592. Specifically, he worked as a construction worker for Hizen Nagoya Castle and was responsible for managing logistics. In recognition of his contributions, Hideyoshi granted him a commission that included Nagoya in 1593. Additionally, Hirotaka was appointed as

90-634: A massive punitive expedition to Kyushu, to be led by his son Tokugawa Hidetada . This force was to be composed of Eastern Army forces thereupon engaged in the West, including the armies of Katō Kiyomasa , Kuroda Yoshitaka , Nabeshima Naoshige , and the Tachibana clan . However, this operation was aborted once Shimazu Yoshihisa , the head of the Shimazu clan , entered negotiations with Ieyasu. Shimazu-Tokugawa deliberations continued until 1602 and were aided by

135-464: A mocking letter highlighting Ieyasu's own violations of Hideyoshi's orders. Mitsunari met with Ōtani Yoshitsugu , Mashita Nagamori and Ankokuji Ekei , conspiring to raise an anti-Tokugawa army, of which Mōri Terumoto was appointed to be the overall commander. This coalition formed what came to be referred to as the Western Army. Terumoto immediately marched and captured Osaka Castle while

180-486: A new castle at Karatsu, using many materials from the old one. In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he joined the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu . He was rewarded with greater lands around Karatsu, forming a dominion of 123,000 koku. From 1602-1608, The Tokugawa shogunate ordered neighboring tozama domains to contribute to his new castle construction at Karatsu, and they did so primarily by excavating its network of moats. He

225-442: Is possible this perceived disparity was the result of those generals choosing to decline Ieyasu's offers of extensive compensation. As for the generals of the defeated Western Army, roughly 87 daimyō had their domains confiscated and their power stripped due to their support of Mitsunari in the battle. The long-standing Chōsokabe clan , headed by Chōsokabe Morichika , was stripped of its title and domain of Tosa Province , which

270-521: The De Liefde  [ nl ] , a Dutch trading ship, were also used by the Tokugawa army in this battle. During the battle of Sekigahara, several commanders of the Western Army changed sides, allying with the Tokugawa and changing the course of the battle. Perhaps the most notable of these defectors was Kobayakawa Hideaki , the nephew of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, whose disgruntlement with his uncle

315-622: The Doi clan , and four of the Mizuno clan , including the famous reformer Mizuno Tadakuni . The domain then passed into the hands of Ogasawara Nagamasa , whose family remained until Karatsu domain was abolished in 1871. In 1771, the Niji-no-Matsubara Uprising broke out, triggered by the tax increase imposed on farmers by Mizuno Tadanori, and the farmers were able to bloodlessly reverse the tax increase. Ogasawara Nagayuki, who became

360-639: The Nagasaki Magistrate and given control over approximately 83,000 koku in the entire Matsura District . He further showcased his capabilities during the Keichō era by actively participating in combat in Korea. Hirotaka's allegiance to the eastern army in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 led to being rewarded with an additional 40,000 koku in the Amakusa District, Higo Province by

405-554: The Tokugawa shogunate . This elevated his status to that of a daimyō with a kokudaka of 123,000 koku , marking the pinnacle of his success. However, following Hirotaka's death, his successor Terazawa Katataka faced challenges during the Shimabara Rebellion . The rebellion spread to Amakusa, and although Katataka was not as strict as Matsukura Katsuie, he implemented harsh policies within his fiefdom. Consequently,

450-545: The Eastern Army and promised that the Mōri clan would change sides during the battle, on the condition they would be pardoned after the war. Kuroda Yoshitaka and Kuroda Nagamasa served as representatives of the Eastern Army in this correspondence with Hiroie. Hiroie and his senior retainer Fukubara Hirotoshi presented hostages to the Tokugawa side as proof for their cooperation with the latter. At dawn on October 21, 1600,

495-524: The Fukushima. To the south, Ōtani Yoshitsugu was outnumbered in a successful attack led by Kobayakawa Hideaki; Yoshitsugu committed suicide and his troops retreated shortly thereafter. The Ōtani retreat left the Western Army's right flank wide open, which Masanori and Hideaki then exploited to roll the flank of the Western Army. Mitsunari, realizing the situation was desperate, also began retreating his troops. Meanwhile, Western Army commander Shima Sakon

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540-439: The Mōri; Mōri Hidemoto , cousin of and commander under Terumoto, genuinely attempted to meet and aid the Western Army, though his efforts were sabotaged by Hiroie, who, under the pretense of being busy eating his meal, stationed his troops in front of Hidemoto, obstructing them from advancing and relieving Mitsunari. Hiroie also obstructed another Western Army contingent led by daimyō Chōsokabe Morichika from marching and attacking

585-438: The Tokugawa advance guard stumbled into Ishida's army; neither side saw each other because of dense fog caused by earlier rains. Both sides panicked and withdrew, but each was now aware of their adversary's presence and location. Mitsunari placed his position in defensive formation, while Ieyasu deployed his forces south of the Western Army position. Last-minute orders were issued and the battle began. Traditional opinion has stated

630-508: The Tokugawa forces. One of the first and most notable weak points within the Western Army forces developed on Ukita Hideie's front. During the engagement, Hideie's forces began to wane and were steadily overcome by the forces of Fukushima Masanori due to the latter's superior troop quality. The disparity in combat effectiveness may have been attributable to the prior insurrection within the Ukita clan , which caused many senior samurai vassals of

675-557: The Toyotomi clan. At this time, political tensions were high in the capital; rumors circulated of assassination attempts towards Ieyasu, while a son of Maeda Toshiie , Toshinaga , was accused of being involved in such conspiracies and forced to submit to Ieyasu. Uesugi Kagekatsu , one of Hideyoshi's regents , stood against Ieyasu by building up his army, which Ieyasu officially questioned, demanding answers from Kyoto about Kagekatsu's suspicious activity. Naoe Kanetsugu responded with

720-399: The Ukita to desert and join the Tokugawa faction. Hideie was thereby forced to enter Sekigahara with fresh recruits of rōnin mercenaries to fill the gap left within his army. This proved fatal over the course of long-term combat against the Fukushima clan's more disciplined and trained regular troops; the Ukita clan ranks began to break and finally collapse under pressure despite outnumbering

765-545: The allies instrumental in his victory: Notably, Kobayakawa Hideaki, whose defection from the Western Army contributed greatly to Ieyasu's victory, was bestowed a domain which covered parts of Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province and which was worth 520,000 koku. Perhaps surprisingly, Ieyasu bestowed only meager domain increases to the three remaining Shitennō (Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa ), his closest high-ranking generals, as compared to those he offered to newer commanders and vassals. However, it

810-440: The assigned kokudaka , based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Terazawa Hirotaka Terazawa Hirotaka ( 寺沢広高 ) (1563 – May 18, 1633) was a Japanese daimyō of the early Edo period . Hirotaka was the builder of Karatsu Castle . He was a retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , became lord of Karatsu in 1595. In 1598, he abandoned his original castle of Nagoya Castle , and started work on

855-434: The battle began around 8:00 am; however, recent Japanese historians' research estimates that the battle actually began closer to 10:00 am. The battle started when Ii Naomasa , previously heavily involved in the Battle of Gifu Castle , commanded his famed unit of 3,600 crimson-clad Ii no Akazoane ("Ii's red devils") to attack the center of the Western Army. According to historian Watanabe Daimon, by many indications of

900-445: The battle in the Eastern Army's favor. These four commanders are recorded to have established contact and concluded deals with Tōdō Takatora , one of the main commanders of the Eastern Army, several days before the battle. Mōri Terumoto , then daimyō of the Mōri clan , also defected from the Western Army during the battle by keeping his forces entrenched at Osaka Castle rather than joining

945-510: The battle lasting twice as long. The combined Eastern Army forces of Tokugawa Hidetada and Sakakibara Yasumasa , who commanded as many as 38,000 soldiers, were at the time of the battle bogged down in the Siege of Ueda against Sanada Masayuki . At the same time, 15,000 Western Army soldiers were being held up by 500 troops under Hosokawa Yūsai in the Siege of Tanabe in Maizuru , many of

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990-457: The battle records, the assignment of Naomasa as ichiban-yari (the first unit to engage the enemy) suggests the armies may have already been settled before the battle. Fukushima Masanori concurred with Naomasa's intention to lead the first attack, as Naomasa was appointed by Ieyasu as the supreme field commander and was therefore responsible for all commands and strategies during the battle. Naomasa charged forward with 30 spearmen and clashed with

1035-512: The battle, then sending his vassal Kikkawa Hiroie to quietly surrender to Ieyasu afterward. Professor Yoshiji Yamasaki of Toho University states that any neutrality-for-territorial-preservation agreement was ineffective at best and badly backfired for the Mōri at worst, as their domains were greatly reduced by the Tokugawa following the battle, and some Mōri troops notably did fight with the Western Army at Sekigahara rather than maintaining their neutrality. Sentiments of defection were divided among

1080-520: The castle for Katsunari. In response, Katsunari immediately wrote to Ii Naomasa asking that Ieyasu pardon Tanenaga, which Ieyasu accepted. The most prominent political effect of the Eastern Army victory in Sekigahara was the shifting authority to assign military ranks and redistribute lands from the Toyotomi clan to Tokugawa Ieyasu. Immediately following the battle, Ieyasu redistributed domains worth 6.8 million koku , primarily as recompense for

1125-646: The conclusion of the Battle of Sekigahara has served as the de facto beginning of the Edo period, and more generally, of the return of stability to Japan. In 1664, Hayashi Gahō , Tokugawa historian and rector of Yushima Seidō , wrote: Evil-doers and bandits were vanquished and the entire realm submitted to Lord Ieyasu, praising the establishment of peace and extolling his martial virtue. That this glorious era that he founded may continue for ten thousands upon ten thousands of generations, coeval with heaven and earth. In 1931,

1170-559: The de facto last daimyō of the Karatsu Domain, served as senior councilor and general secretary of foreign affairs during the late Edo period. Moreover, during the Boshin War in 1868, he fought on the side of the former shogunate army all the way to Hakodate , and remained loyal to the shogunate until the end. However, many official documents regard his father, Ogasawara Nagakuni as the last official daimyō as his succession

1215-456: The former refusing to advance out of their respect for the Hosokawa. Due to these incidents, large proportions of both armies' forces ultimately never participated in the clash at Sekigahara. Another Western Army contingent that failed to reach the Sekigahara battlefield was led by Tachibana Muneshige , who had been stalled by Kyōgoku Takatsugu in the Siege of Ōtsu . As result, Muneshige

1260-472: The intercession of Kiyomasa, Yoshitaka, and Tachibana Muneshige ; ultimately, the Shimazu clan avoided punishment, becoming the only Western Army-aligned clan to avoid losing territory after the defeat at Sekigahara. On November 6, Ishida Mitsunari, Konishi Yukinaga and Ankokuji Ekei were captured and executed. In 1603, Ieyasu was officially appointed as shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei ; as such,

1305-470: The latter was incapacitated by a shot from a rifleman. The Western Army forces continued to crumble without the arrival of reinforcements, further complicated by the waves of defections, until the battle had finally concluded. Historian Andō Yūichirō estimated that the battle in Sekigahara took place in its entirety over a mere 2 hours – from 10 am to noon – contrary to the Edo-period accepted theory of

1350-421: The leadership of Mitsunari's father Ishida Masatsugu and brother Masazumi. Following the defection of retainer Moritomo Hasegawa and other defenders, the castle was opened to the besieging army; most of Mitsunari's relatives, including Masatsugu, Masazumi, and Mitsunari's wife Kagetsuin, were killed in battle or committed suicide. In response to Shimazu Yoshihiro 's support of the Western Army, Ieyasu prepared

1395-414: The location of the battle was registered as a Monument of Japan . The positions of Ieyasu and Mitsunari's armies, and that of the death of Ōtani Yoshitsugu, are commemorated therein. The participants of the Battle of Sekigahara are listed below, with corresponding troop count estimates (in tens of thousands): ○ = Main daimyō who participated in the Battle of Sekigahara ● = Daimyō who defected Below

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1440-476: The main army of the Tokugawa were still on their way to suppress Kagekatsu. At first, Mitsunari wanted to use Gifu Castle , which at that time was commanded by Oda Hidenobu (the grandson of Oda Nobunaga ), and Ōgaki Castle as choke points to impede the advances of the Eastern Army (the Tokugawa-led coalition). However, this plan was foiled by a number of campaign events: Following these failures and

1485-455: The ranks of the Western Army. Meanwhile, Fukushima Masanori advanced from his position, following Naomasa and immediately engaging with troops led by Ukita Hideie . At this point, the battle entered a deadlock. Ōta Gyūichi, who was present at the battle, wrote in his chronicle that "friends and foes are pushing each other" and "gunfire thunders while hails of arrows fly in the sky". According to records from Spanish accounts, 19 cannons from

1530-399: The region in 5 weeks after killing about 273 enemies. On September 17, Ieyasu dispatched his army, led by Kobayakawa Hideaki, to attack Sawayama Castle in Ōmi Province , the home base of Mitsunari. Most of the castle's troops had been sent to Sekigahara, leaving the castle's garrison with only 2,800 men. Despite Mitsunari's absence, the defense of the castle was initially successful under

1575-573: The shogunate held him responsible for the rebellion and confiscated his 40,000 koku in Amakusa. Overwhelmed by the stress, Katataka committed seppuku . As he had no heir, the Terazawa clan faced a decline in their fortunes. Several families were rotated through Karatsu for the next century: two generations of the Ōkubo clan ; three generations of the Ogyū-Matsudaira clan , four generations of

1620-504: The threat against Osaka Castle, Mitsunari changed his plan and prepared his army for an open battle on the field of Sekigahara against the main body of the Eastern Army, led by Ieyasu. As preparation for this inevitable conflict, Ieyasu had purchased massive quantities of Tanegashima matchlocks . However, one day before the beginning of the battle, Kikkawa Hiroie , vassal of the Western Army-allied Mōri clan , colluded with

1665-522: Was a historical battle in Japan which occurred on October 21, 1600 ( Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture , Japan, at the end of the Sengoku period . This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition led by Ishida Mitsunari , from which several commanders defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory. The Battle of Sekigahara

1710-480: Was consequently given to Yamauchi Kazutoyo in recognition of his service to the Tokugawa. Several former Chōsokabe retainers resisted the forcible takeover by the Tokugawa and Yamauchi; in response, Ii Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Kazutoyo in suppressing the rebellion of Chōsokabe vassals in Tosa. Suzuki Hyōe, vassal of Naomasa, relieved Kazutoyo with an army transported by 8 ships, ultimately pacifying

1755-641: Was engaged by the troops of Kuroda Nagamasa , who had taken a detour on the north to flank the Mitsunari and Sakon positions. In the end, Sakon was shot and fatally wounded by a round from an arquebus. Following the capitulation of Sakon's unit, Shimazu Yoshihiro found his troops completely surrounded by Masanori and Honda Tadakatsu from the front, while Hideaki troops attacked his rear. The Shimazu troops only managed to break their encirclement after devastating casualties, escaping with only 200 soldiers remaining; even then, they were pursued by Ii Naomasa until

1800-515: Was exploited by the Tokugawa to sway his loyalty. Two prevailing theories exist regarding the timeline of Hideaki's defection: Regardless of what actually transpired, the turncoat Kobayakawa forces overwhelmed Yoshitsugu's position. At the same time, Yoshitsugu's troops also engaged the units led by Tōdō Takatora , and Oda Yūraku . Following the defection of Hideaki, Western Army leaders Wakisaka Yasuharu , Ogawa Suketada , Akaza Naoyasu and Kutsuki Mototsuna also changed sides, further turning

1845-566: Was forced to remain at Osaka Castle after learning of the Western Army's annihilation at Sekigahara. However, when Mōri Terumoto (also at Osaka Castle) offered his surrender to the Eastern Army, Muneshige departed with his army and returned to his homeland in Kyushu . As soon as the news of the Eastern Army's victory at Sekigahara reached Ogaki Castle, which at the time was still besieged by Mizuno Katsunari, Western Army-affiliated garrison commander Akizuki Tanenaga immediately surrendered and opened

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1890-648: Was never officially recognized, and the Karatsu's domain-based administration was forced to pledge military support to the Satchō Alliance of Emperor Meiji . Ogasawara Naganari , the Meiji period Imperial Japanese Navy admiral, was a descendant of the Ogasawara branch which ruled Karatsu. As with most domains in the han system , Karatsu Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide

1935-515: Was only 5 years old, causing a power vacuum in Japan. In the years following the Imjin War and the death of Hideyoshi, factional disputes arose between Ishida Mitsunari and seven former Toyotomi generals including Katō Kiyomasa . Tokugawa Ieyasu gathered both Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori to his cause in a bid to challenge the opposition from Mitsunari, who claimed to fight on behalf of

1980-723: Was responsible for part of the overtaxation and mismanagement of local government which instigated the Shimabara Rebellion shortly after his death. Hirotaka is a playable character from the Eastern Army in the original Kessen . This biography of a daimyō is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle of Sekigahara Sekigahara Gunki Taisei: 8,000–32,000 killed Tokugawa Jikki; The Chronicles of Toshogu Shrine: 35,270 killed Sekigahara Gunki Taisei: 4,000–10,000 killed The Battle of Sekigahara ( Shinjitai : 関ヶ原の戦い ; Kyūjitai : 關ヶ原の戰い , Hepburn romanization : Sekigahara no Tatakai ),

2025-421: Was the largest battle of Japanese feudal history and is often regarded as the most important. Mitsunari's defeat in the battle of Sekigahara is generally considered to be the beginning point of the Tokugawa shogunate , which ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries until 1868. The final years of Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's reign were turbulent. At the time of Hideyoshi's death, his heir, Toyotomi Hideyori ,

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