Misplaced Pages

#726273

81-593: Al-Karkh or just Karkh ( Arabic : الكرخ ) is historically the name of the western half of Baghdad , Iraq , or alternatively, the western shore of the Tigris River as it ran through Baghdad. The eastern shore is known as al-Rusafa . Historically, al-Karkh has been a commerce market during the Abbasid Caliphate , located outside the main Round City due to safety concerns. It saw many exports and

162-406: A fatḥah alif + tāʾ = ـَات ‎) Gemination is the doubling of a consonant. Instead of writing the letter twice, Arabic places a W -shaped sign called shaddah , above it. Note that if a vowel occurs between the two consonants the letter will simply be written twice. The diacritic only appears where the consonant at the end of one syllable is identical to the initial consonant of

243-587: A sign ( fatḥah ) on the consonant plus an ʾalif after it; long ī is written as a sign for short i ( kasrah ) plus a yāʾ ; and long ū as a sign for short u ( ḍammah ) plus a wāw . Briefly, ᵃa = ā ; ⁱy = ī ; and ᵘw = ū . Long ā following a hamzah may be represented by an ʾalif maddah or by a free hamzah followed by an ʾalif (two consecutive ʾalif s are never allowed in Arabic). The table below shows vowels placed above or below

324-523: A Christian who converted to Islam, he was an important figure who was buried in a shrine which later became the Sheikh Ma'ruf Mosque which was later renovated by Abbasid Caliph al-Qa'im . By the last quarter of the 9th century, flood and fire started to materialize. Al-Karkh was flooded in 883 and ruined about 7,000 houses. Between 920 and 921, al-Karkh suffered from a large fire. Life in Baghdad under

405-518: A chief hired by the Abbasid government. Baghdad, especially al-Karkh, had also seen a great incentive to commerce and the development of the banking system in the city. Sarrafs had their own markets in al-Karkh. Markets exported silk textiles, cotton, turbans , crystals, potions, glazed wares, and various oils. Among the most famous people from this period was the Sufi sheikh Ma'ruf al-Karkhi . Originally

486-408: A day before the wedding, King Faisal II and his family were assassinated during the 14 July Revolution led by Abd al-Karim Qasim who renamed it the “Republican Palace.” Qasim never resided in this palace. On the morning of July 14, 1958, angry demonstrators toppled the statue of King Faisal I. The demonstrators dropped it to be smashed into small pieces, as an expression of their anger and announcing

567-439: A dotted circle replacing a primary consonant letter or a shaddah sign. For clarity in the table, the primary letters on the left used to mark these long vowels are shown only in their isolated form. Most consonants do connect to the left with ʾalif , wāw and yāʾ written then with their medial or final form. Additionally, the letter yāʾ in the last row may connect to the letter on its left, and then will use

648-638: A huge lake of water over which the mosque building and its annexes will be built so that the water lake will be included within its architectural mass. Construction began on the grounds of the old al-Muthanna Airport, which was the only civilian airport in the city until the end of the 1960s. However, after the US-led invasion of Iraq, the project and its site have been abandoned and only its arches were ever built and remain. 33°19′N 44°24′E  /  33.317°N 44.400°E  / 33.317; 44.400 Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet , or

729-402: A letter, or with a carrier, when it becomes a diacritic . For the writing rule of each form, check Hamza . The hamzat al-waṣl ( هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ , ' hamza of connection') is a variant of the letter hamza ( ء ) resembling part of the letter ṣād ( ص ) that is rarely placed over the letter ʾalif at the beginning of the word ( ٱ ). It indicates that the ʾalif

810-537: A letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters ب b , ت t , and ث th have the same basic shape, but with one dot added below, two dots added above, and three dots added above respectively. The letter ن n also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot added above, though it is somewhat different in its isolated and final forms. Historically, they were often omitted, in

891-413: A medial or initial form. Use the table of primary letters to look at their actual glyph and joining types. In unvocalized text (one in which the short vowels are not marked), the long vowels are represented by the vowel in question: ʾalif mamdūdah/maqṣūrah , wāw , or yāʾ . Long vowels written in the middle of a word of unvocalized text are treated like consonants with a sukūn (see below) in

SECTION 10

#1732772739727

972-702: A memory for all previous generations. Al-Karkh is home to many notable landmarks and areas. Al-Rasheed Hotel , the tomb of Michel Aflaq , Ibn Sina Hospital , the Baghdad Clock , The Swords of Qādisīyah monuments, the Monument to the Unknown Soldier, al-Salam Palace , al-Mansour Cinema, al-Mansour theater and the Akito Fine Art Hall are all located in this area. As well as containing a number of embassies and international organizations,

1053-760: A rampant ditch around al-Karkh to protect it from Bedouin marauders. Under the Mamluks of Iraq state , al-Karkh became a suburb with many gardens. It was defenseless until Sulayman the Great, the Mamluk ruler of Iraq, built a wall and a ditch around al-Karkh and restored peace. Al-Karkh had four gates, Bab al-Kazim (north), Bab al-Sheikh Ma’ruf (west), Bab al-Hilla (southwest), and Bab al-Kraimat (south). The walls were 5,800 yards long, enclosing an area of 246 acres. During his visit in 1818, Sir Robert Ker Porter found al-Karkh well-furnished with shops along numerous streets. Although

1134-503: A report about fighting alongside the coalition forces on Haifa Street. The Green Zone is a heavily fortified area where most of the Ba'ath Party operated, lived, and worked. The area includes villas, palaces, and monuments, some used to be inhabited by former Ba'ath Party members including former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein . The area was taken by US military forces in April 2003 in some of

1215-414: A text that has full diacritics. Here also, the table shows long vowel letters only in isolated form for clarity. Combinations وا and يا are always pronounced wā and yā respectively. The exception is the suffix ـوا۟ in verb endings where ʾalif is silent, resulting in ū or aw . In addition, when transliterating names and loanwords, Arabic language speakers write out most or all

1296-408: A tourist attraction. The Grand Festivals Square is also home to al-Mansour Cinema and al-Mansour Theater which were a cultural phenomenon until they were closed in 2003 after the invasion. In early 2023, the area was restored along with the cinema and theater in an attempt to revive the cultural role that the area played and the fact that the newer generation isn't aware of the area's cultural role. It

1377-505: A writing style called rasm . Both printed and written Arabic are cursive , with most letters within a word directly joined to adjacent letters. There are two main collating sequences ('alphabetical orderings') for the Arabic alphabet: Hija'i , and Abjadi . The Hija'i order ( هِجَائِيّ Hijāʾiyy /hid͡ʒaːʔijj/ ) is the more common order and it is used when sorting lists of words and names, such as in phonebooks, classroom lists, and dictionaries. The ordering groups letters by

1458-601: Is a public park located near the al-Alawi locality of al-Karkh and near the Baghdad Central Station . The park was established in the 1960s and 1970s and before that, it used to be an army camp before becoming a public park. The park is an important tourist attraction that contains a Games City. The park also contains one of the only zoos in Iraq, the Baghdad Zoo which was established around the 1970s. Before

1539-582: Is a significant holy place for Twelver Shi'ites due to its association with Ali ibn Abi Talib . It is narrated in Shi'ite holy books that Ali rested here after a fight with the Khawarij . Another miraculous event reported by the Shi'ites is that Ali struck a stone in the floor of the mosque, which revealed a fresh spring. Some have believed that the rock in the mosque belongs to the Virgin Mary . It

1620-464: Is also believed that Patriarch Abraham and subsequent Patriarchs after him prayed at the site, and one of such Patriarchs is buried in the mosque. In 2006, three suicide bombers , two out of three disguised as women, detonated themselves in the mosque compound, leaving 85 dead and 160 wounded. The attack was also a targeted attack against the Iraqi politician Jalaluddin al-Saghir , who was present in

1701-537: Is also home to al-Zaqura Building . The building was commissioned by former-Iraqi President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr for the purpose of being a building for the Council of Ministers, or cabinet. The Green Zone is also home to the Grand Festivities Square near al-Zawra'a Park . Its construction began in 1986 and the location was specifically selected for its symbolic value. Iraqis generally believe it

SECTION 20

#1732772739727

1782-535: Is commonly used to represent the word Allāh . The only ligature within the primary range of Arabic script in Unicode (U+06xx) is lām + alif . This is the only one compulsory for fonts and word-processing. Other ranges are for compatibility to older standards and contain other ligatures, which are optional. Note: Unicode also has in its Presentation Form B FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic,

1863-520: Is considered an impure abjad . The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters . Forms using the Arabic script to write other languages added and removed letters: for example ⟨پ⟩ is often used to represent /p/ in adaptations of the Arabic script. Unlike Greek -derived alphabets, Arabic has no distinct upper and lower case letterforms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots ( ʾiʿjām ) above or below their central part ( rasm ). These dots are an integral part of

1944-524: Is expected that the celebration square will witness the holding of cultural festivals in the coming months, Baghdad, with the help of Sharjah , will witness the establishment of the Baghdad International Festival in 2024. The Iraqi Cinema Company, which was established in 2010 with being the first company specialized in building and rehabilitating cinema halls in Iraq, took control of al-Mansour Cinema and rebuilt it as it represents

2025-581: Is in this district. Today, it is also a neighborhood between the International Zone and the Tigris. Al-Karkh's name is derived from the Syriac (ܟܪܟܐ) Karkha; citadel . Al-Karkh dates back to the early Abbasid period , specifically under Abu Ja’far al-Manur . Markets played a prominent role in al-Mansur's plan for the newly built Baghdad. Although in 773, safety considerations made al-Mansur move

2106-536: Is installed on a computer (Iranian Sans is supported by Wikimedia web-fonts), the word will appear without diacritics. An attempt to show them on the faulty fonts without automatically adding the gemination mark and the superscript alif, although may not display as desired on all browsers, is by adding the U+200d (Zero width joiner) after the first or second lām Users of Arabic usually write long vowels but omit short ones, so readers must utilize their knowledge of

2187-538: Is not pronounced as a glottal stop (written as the hamza ), but that the word is connected to the previous word (like liaison in French ). Outside of vocalised liturgical texts, the waṣla is usually not written. e.g. Abdullah عَبْدُ ٱلله can be written with hamzat al-wasl on the first letter of the word ٱلله but it is mostly written without it عَبْدُ الله . The following are not individual letters, but rather different contextual variants of some of

2268-560: Is the addition of a final -n   to a noun or adjective . The vowel before it indicates grammatical case . In written Arabic nunation is indicated by doubling the vowel diacritic at the end of the word; e.g. شُكْرًا šukr an [ʃukran] "thank you". The use of ligature in Arabic is common. There is one compulsory ligature, that for lām ل + alif ا, which exists in two forms. All other ligatures, of which there are many, are optional. A more complex ligature that combines as many as seven distinct components

2349-516: Is the same location where the Muslim Arabs defeated the Persians in 636 and this historic event is seen to be the beginning of Islamic domination of the region. The Swords of Qādisīyah monuments are located here. The square consists of a large parade ground, an extensive review pavilion, and a large reflecting pool. The surrounding grassy areas hosted Iraqis during military parades. Adding to

2430-456: Is the special code for glyph for the ligature Allāh ("God"), U+FDF2 ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM: This is a work-around for the shortcomings of most text processors, which are incapable of displaying the correct vowel marks for the word Allāh in the Quran . Because Arabic script is used to write other texts rather than Quran only, rendering lām + lām + hā’ as

2511-493: The 10th of Muharram a day of public mourning and closed the markets for two days. Due to the conflicts, al-Karkh was pillaged in 959 and in 971, troubles in the area led to its burning which caused the deaths of 17,000 people and the burning of 300 shops, 33 mosques, and many houses. By 973, fire had destroyed most of al-Karkh and the ayyarun had become active at this time in the region and terrorized its people. The ayyarun were very active in al-Karkh and burnt many markets since

Karkh - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-554: The Arabic abjad , is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual letterforms. Unlike the Latin alphabet , the script has no concept of letter case . The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad , with only consonants required to be written; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it

2673-534: The Buyid dynasty was hard. While Mu'izz al-Dawla repaired some canals in 946 which improved living conditions, a period followed where some of the canals located in western Baghdad were neglected and in ruins. When ‘Adud al-Dawla took the throne of the dynasty, he found Baghdad in bad shape and ordered many of its aspects to be rebuilt, including its markets. Despite this, many aspects of Baghdad at this time have shrunken. Most of west Baghdad had declined and al-Karkh

2754-492: The Faith Campaign in the 1990s. The mosque was supposed to be one of the largest mosques in the world and would contain 100,000 worshippers. The project cost an estimated 250 million to 500 million dollars. The Iraqi leader first thought of the project in 1994, and reportedly ten design teams were brought to design the mosque along with its dome which was 600 ft in diameter and 210 ft. high. It would also contain

2835-579: The cantillation signs . In the Arabic handwriting of everyday use, in general publications, and on street signs, short vowels are typically not written. On the other hand, copies of the Qur’ān cannot be endorsed by the religious institutes that review them unless the diacritics are included. Children's books, elementary school texts, and Arabic-language grammars in general will include diacritics to some degree. These are known as " vocalized " texts. Short vowels may be written with diacritics placed above or below

2916-564: The Abjadi order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer Hija'i order is used wherein letters are partially grouped together by similarity of shape. The Hija'i order is never used as numerals. Other hijāʾī order used to be used in the Maghreb but now it is considered obsolete, the sequence is: In Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani 's encyclopedia الإكليل من أخبار اليمن وأنساب حمير Kitāb al-Iklīl min akhbār al-Yaman wa-ansāb Ḥimyar ,

2997-699: The Arabic letters. ( تَاءْ مَرْبُوطَة ) used in final position, often for denoting singular feminine noun/word or to make the noun/word feminine, it has two pronunciations rules; often unpronounced or pronounced /h/ as in مدرسة madrasa [madrasa] / madrasah [madrasah] "school" and pronounced /t/ in construct state as in مدرسة سارة madrasatu sāra "Sara's school". In rare irregular noun/word cases, it appears to denote masculine singular nouns as in أسامة ʾusāma , or some masculine plural noun forms as in بَقَّالَة baqqāla plural of بَقَّال baqqāl . plural nouns: āt (a preceding letter followed by

3078-544: The Royal era of Iraq, al-Karkh was the home to various cafés, three of which existed in al-Ja’ifar locality. The Arab game al-Sas was played during the holidays here and it was common to find women selling yogurt on the streets. Projects have also started to materialize in al-Karkh such as erecting the statue of King Faisal I in the Salhia area of al-Karkh which was sculpted by Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica in 1933 to symbolize

3159-605: The US-led invasion on Iraq, 650 to 700 animals were in the Baghdad Zoo but only 35 had survived to the eighth day of the invasion, and these tended to be some of the larger animals. Some of the animals were kidnapped and sold for food and profit. In recent years, the Zoo has recovered. The Baghdad Planetarium is also located in this park. Established in 1979 and was considered a landmark of Baghdad in its design, location, and cognitive role in scientific and astronomical development in

3240-496: The ancient Buratha Mosque was targeted by a triple suicide bombing that left 85 people dead and 160 injured. The motivations for the devastating attack were Sectarian in nature as the mosque is a prominent Shi'a Muslim area. By 2005, Sunni insurgents were using Haifa Street as a safe haven. American forces attested patrolling the area in mid-October 2006. Even then, Haifa Street was marked by violence. Snipers shot at American forces from rooftops and threw grenades at them from

3321-537: The area including the Isa canal. Under Caliph Harun al-Rashid , there were three bridges in Baghdad that crossed the Tigris River . One of the more popular ones was located at al-Karkh and was called “Bab Khurasan” and it remained active until the 9th century. During the conflict between al-Amin and al-Ma’mun that lasted for fourteen months, many regions of Baghdad, which includes al-Karkh, suffered heavily although

Karkh - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-619: The area was inhabited by common people and used Kuphars to cross the Tigris River. James Silk Buckingham had also visited the area during his visit to Baghdad, he visited the Zumurrud Khatun Mausoleum where he noted its long and spiky dome. He also noted its cafés and mosques, although he wasn't impressed with the mosques which he compared to mosques in Cairo . During the plague and the flood of 1831, most of al-Karkh

3483-417: The city was revived after al-Ma’mun took the throne. Markets became an important part of life in Baghdad and markets were especially thriving in al-Karkh. Since the time of al-Mansur, people with the title of “Muhtasib” were appointed to watch over the markets to prevent cheating and check the weighs and measures. Although they also supervised over hammams and possibly watched over mosques. Each market also had

3564-637: The city. During the Ilkhanate period , most of west Baghdad had disappeared and al-Karkh had become the only side of the Western side of the city that was populated. Mustawfi visited al-Karkh and noted that it was surrounded by a wall with a circuited of 12,000 paces. During the Ottoman period , many houses in Baghdad were poorly built and streets were narrow although the city remained a place for commerce with many foreign merchants coming. Hassan Pasha made

3645-417: The city. In 2003, the planetarium was a victim of looting, burning, and vandalism that led to its closing and abandonment. In the park, al-Zawra'a Tower is located and is 54 meters high. The top of the tower is a large Islamic dome that gives a panoramic view of Baghdad that can be seen by visitors. It was supposed to give the visitors the feeling of flight over the city. The tower has a 12-person elevator with

3726-456: The consonant that precedes them in the syllable, called ḥarakāt . All Arabic vowels, long and short, follow a consonant; in Arabic, words like "Ali" or "alif", for example, start with a consonant: ‘Aliyy , alif . ــِـ ‎ In the fully vocalized Arabic text found in texts such as the Quran, a long ā following a consonant other than a hamzah is written with a short

3807-509: The early 1950s, and later President Saddam Hussein expanded it during the nineties. It was the seat of the government during the era of Saddam Hussein's regime and a symbol of the country's sovereignty until its fall in April 2003 when it became the seat of the US embassy. During the US-led invasion of Iraq, the palace became a base of operations for American troops and their allies before it was handed to Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki in 2009. The area

3888-489: The end of the Iraq-Iran War in 1987, and in appreciation of the position of Jordan and its king in support of Iraq in its war, the Iraqi government decided to return the monument of the founding king, Faisal I, to its place in the Salhia area in al-Karkh. A move was made to the museum of the artist Pietro Canonica for the purpose of making a bronze copy according to the marble version in the museum's stores. The statue

3969-472: The end. This is commonly vocalized as follows: Another vocalization is: This can be vocalized as: The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. Letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position ( IMFI ). While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions. Generally, letters in

4050-489: The fall of the monarchy and the beginning of the republic. When al-Karkh was first identified as a district, it was originally named "al-Za'im District" in relation to the former leader, Abd al-Karim Qasim, as it was mentioned in the Iraqi Republic Guide for the year 1960. The older areas of al-Karkh became heritage and historical sites and were home to many well-known figures such as Mulla Abboud al-Karkhi and

4131-496: The festive appeal of the grounds were three refreshment booths that sold ice cream, cold beverages, and candy. Three monuments were constructed to remember Iraq's pain and suffering as a consequence of the eight-year war. The Swords of Qādisīyah was the last of the three structures to be built, and it was followed by the construction of the Monument to the Unknown Soldier which is also located here. The Swords of Qādisīyah also became

SECTION 50

#1732772739727

4212-415: The following syllable. (The generic term for such diacritical signs is ḥarakāt ), e. g. , درس darasa (with full diacritics: دَرَسَ ) is a Form I verb meaning to study , whereas درّس darrasa (with full diacritics: دَرَّسَ ) is the corresponding Form II verb, with the middle r consonant doubled, meaning to teach . ــّـ ‎ Nunation ( Arabic : تنوين tanwīn )

4293-674: The graphical similarity of the glyphs' shapes. The original Abjadi order ( أَبْجَدِيّ ʾabjadiyy /ʔabd͡ʒadijj/ ) derives from that used by the Phoenician alphabet , and is therefore reminiscent of the orderings of other alphabets, such as those in Hebrew and Greek . With this ordering, letters are also used as numbers known as abjad numerals , possessing the same numerological codes as in Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy . Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use

4374-417: The headquarters of the prime minister, parliament, and some independent ministries and bodies, in addition to the homes of prominent officials and politicians in the Iraqi government. Al-Beiruti Cafe ( Arabic : مقهى البيروتي ) is one of the oldest surviving cafés in Baghdad. The café was visited by James Silk Buckingham in 1819 and was impressed by its lights which were on the waves of the Tigris River. In

4455-417: The heaviest fighting during the capture of Baghdad. In the lead-up to the US invasion of Iraq, many high-status residents of the area were evacuated because of the anticipated aerial bombardment of the area by US forces. Most of the remaining residents fled as US ground forces closed in on the Iraqi capital out of fear of arrest by Coalition forces or possible reprisals by disgruntled Iraqis. The Green Zone Café

4536-470: The high-rises. On January 6, 2007, Iraqi soldiers on patrol along Haifa Street discovered a fake checkpoint manned by Sunni insurgents which resulted in a gunfight that killed 30 insurgents. That night in retaliation, insurgents dumped the bodies of 27 executed Shi'a Muslims. On January 8, Iraqi forces attempted to remove insurgent forces from Haifa Street, but the attack was repulsed and 2 Iraqi soldiers were killed. US forces were then called in to help clear out

4617-607: The important role of the Iraqi King and al-Shawy Mosque which was opened in the presence of King Faisal II and a bunch of Baghdadi scholars in 1957. A palace was built in the Kharadah Mariam area of Baghdad, a wealthy district in al-Karkh called the "Royal Palace." The palace was built for King Faisal II to reside in following his marriage to the Egyptian Princess Fazile Hanımsultan . However,

4698-487: The language in order to supply the missing vowels. However, in the education system and particularly in classes on Arabic grammar these vowels are used since they are crucial to the grammar. An Arabic sentence can have a completely different meaning by a subtle change of the vowels. This is why in an important text such as the Qur’ān the three basic vowel signs are mandated, like the Arabic diacritics and other types of marks, like

4779-542: The large reconstruction efforts by the Caliphs, al-Karkh still suffered from various floods and fires. In 1059, much of old Baghdad and al-Karkh was also burnt down. In 1228, the Qamariya Mosque was built in al-Karkh overlooking the Tigris River. The mosque was built by Caliph al-Nasir who then passed its construction to Caliph al-Zahir and finally al-Mustansir . By 1255, sectarianist fights took place between

4860-456: The letter sequence is: The Abjadi order is not a simple correspondence with the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, as it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter samek 𐡎‎ , which has no cognate letter in the Arabic alphabet historically. The loss of sameḵ was compensated for by: The six other letters that do not correspond to any north Semitic letter are placed at

4941-491: The ligature displayed above should be identical to this one, U+FEFB ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF ISOLATED FORM: Note: Unicode also has in its Presentation Form B U+FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this one: Another ligature in the Unicode Presentation Form A range U+FB50 to U+FDxx

SECTION 60

#1732772739727

5022-491: The markets outside the Round City and relocated them to al-Karkh. This was done to keep the turbulent populace away from the Round City to ensure that the gates would not be open at night for markets. Among the markets of al-Karkh were the fruit market, the food market, the money-changers market, the bookshelf market, and the sheep market. The area became a center for merchants and craftsmen. Al-Mansur has also made canals in

5103-474: The mosque was demolished, locals complained of the matter to the governor of Baghdad, whom rebuilt the mosque and inscribed the name of the Caliph Al-Radi there to prevent it from being demolished. Renovations to the mosque happened in the years 1659 and 1933. In 1955, the mosque was completely rebuilt with local efforts, and two new minarets were introduced to the structure. The Buratha Mosque

5184-549: The mosque was formerly a monastery for the Nestorian Christians , managed by a monk named Hebar. When Hebar met with Ali ibn Abi Talib , he accepted Islam and converted the monastery into an Islamic place of worship. The mosque in that form existed until the 10th century, when the Abbasid Caliph Al-Radi ordered the demolition of the mosque as an attack against the Shi'ite communities. After

5265-432: The opening of factories and protesting against the occupation and taking areas without their consent. Al-Karkh was subjected to numerous security breaches and terrorist attacks during this period. In 2007, an Iraqi parliament café was targeted by a suicide attack, which killed about eight people, including a member of parliament. On April 7, 2007, in the wake of Sectarianist violence in Iraq , after Friday Prayers were done,

5346-648: The poet Kazem Ismail al-Katea. The house of former-Iraqi presidents Abd al-Salam and Abd al-Rahman Arif is located here. In 1973, work began to develop what would become Haifa Street which had many apartments and 77 buildings. Named after the Palestinian city, the streets stretched 2 kilometers from King Faisal I Square to Sheikh al-Waeli Square. Although the first year and a half of the project were troubled with demolition. The street contained eight complex parts with 10 to 15 floors each and were designed to be personally and socially connected. Architect Mo'ath al-Alusi

5427-438: The previous ligature is considered faulty. This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. – SIL International If one of a number of the fonts (Noto Naskh Arabic, mry_KacstQurn, KacstOne, Nadeem, DejaVu Sans, Harmattan, Scheherazade, Lateef, Iranian Sans, Baghdad, DecoType Naskh)

5508-509: The region was also where many of the richer people lived. The ayyarun remained active in the area until the coming of the Seljuks . By the time the Abbasids took back their power, many parts of western Baghdad were in ruins. Gardens and houses in al-Karkh became wastelands. Ibn Jubayr had visited Baghdad at this time and noted its decline, he had described al-Karkh as a walled city. Despite

5589-468: The regions of Baghdad. Al-Karkh saw a lot of these fights and supported Shi’a Muslims. Soldiers were sent to stop the fighting and keep the order but crowds reportedly pillaged al-Karkh and burned down many of its places, killed many persons, and kidnapped women. The ayyaruns were also back. Floods had also worsened conditions on both sides of the city, the worst being in 1256. By 1258, the Mongols had sieged

5670-579: The residents of the area were evacuated and the villas and palaces of the area were taken by the American occupation forces as bases. Despite that, identifying identities were usually granted to the workers inside it and were allowed to enter. Workers numbered in that time about 5,000 employees. During the early stages of the Iraq War , many demonstrators and workers protested around Bab al-Qasr , also known by its American name "The Assassin's Gate", demanding

5751-551: The same word are linked together on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters ( و ,ز ,ر ,ذ ,د ,ا ) can only be linked to their preceding letter. In addition, some letter combinations are written as ligatures (special shapes), notably lām-alif لا , which is the only mandatory ligature (the unligated combination ل‍‌‍ا is considered difficult to read). Order (used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter) Notes The Hamza / ʔ / (glottal stop) can be written either alone, as if it were

5832-500: The spring of 1954, the levels of the Tigris River rose due to the abundance of rain, which led to the flooding of the city of Baghdad and the destruction of the café. The café was restored in 1978. The café remains a cultural landmark that merchants and visitors visit and rest. In addition to being a place frequented by adults and children for leisure and entertainment, it is a small forum in which issues related to economic, political, and other affairs are usually discussed. Al-Zawra'a Park

5913-431: The street. Major weapons were identified inside al-Karkh High School, cordoned off the area, and allowed only pedestrian traffic on Haifa Street. Approximately 500 Iraqi and 400 U.S. soldiers took part in the battle along a two-mile stretch of Haifa Street. The images of the fighting were shown across the world on various news media, including YouTube . In late January, 200 CBS News correspondent Lara Logan had also filed

5994-439: The top of the tower has three floors. One is a 170-person cafeteria, the other is a 135-person restaurant. The last floor includes cooling equipment and is made for air-conditioning. The tower was closed in 2004. There's a large incomplete mosque near the borders of al-Karkh called the " Grand Mosque of Baghdad ", also known as the " Grand Saddam Mosque ." The mosque was the innovation of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein during

6075-437: The vowels as long ( ā with ا ʾalif , ē and ī with ي yaʾ , and ō and ū with و wāw ), meaning it approaches a true alphabet. The diphthongs حروف اللين ḥurūfu l-līn /aj/ and /aw/ are represented in vocalized text as follows: Buratha Mosque Local tradition ascribes the construction of the mosque to be in the 7th century. The traditional account states that

6156-433: Was also opened here where alcohol and the hookah were served. The Republican Palace , which served as the center of operations, became a base for American forces and allied officials. The Republican Palace is located here, the palace is one of the most prominent buildings in the heavily fortified Green Zone due to it being the headquarters for the Iraqi president. The palace was built by the last king of Iraq, Faisal II , in

6237-427: Was brought to design the residential buildings on Haifa Streets in the "Haifa Project". He decided to design the urban fabric of the street based on the traditional urban fabric of al-Karkh and decided to not violate it due to not wanting to destroy Baghdad's identity and tradition. Despite his efforts, many of the traditional homes of al-Karkh have since disappeared with the surviving homes suffering from neglect. Near

6318-488: Was its only area that flourished. During this period, merchants had their places of business in al-Karkh, and western Baghdad started to be called al-Karkh from now on. Ibn Hawqal had visited Baghdad at this time and noted the mosques of the city, including the Buratha Mosque in al-Karkh. The Buyid period was also noted for causing sectarian conflicts between Sunni Muslims and Shi’a Muslims . The Shi’a Buyids made

6399-634: Was restored and remains to this day in King Faisal I Square in front of Haifa Street. During the US-led invasion of Iraq , American troops and their allies took over the Green Zone which was located in al-Karkh and it became the center of the occupation authority, which was assumed by US Governor Paul Bremer in 2003, as well as the US Embassy, which is the largest embassies in the world. Many of

6480-430: Was ruined and the water caused cracks in the area's walls. The governor of Baghdad from 1869 to 1872, Midhat Pasha , founded a tramway that linked Baghdad to Kadhimiya in 1870 that gave services for 70 years. By the 20th century, al-Karkh began further upstream than eastern Baghdad but was smaller in depth and length. There were reportedly 18 mosques in al-Karkh along with 25 squares that retained their old names. During

6561-424: Was the main business place for merchants and craftsmen. Al-Karkh has also historically suffered from infighting, fire, and floods that impacted its population and topography. In a more limited sense, al-Karkh is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad , with Mansour district to the west, Kadhimiya district to the northwest, and the Tigris to the north, east and south. The Green Zone (International Zone)

#726273