Karimpur II is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Tehatta subdivision of Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal .
94-802: Karimpur II CD Block is bounded by Karimpur I CD Block, in the north, Daulatpur Upazila in Kushtia District and Gangni Upazila in Meherpur District of Bangladesh in the east, Tehatta I and Tehatta II CD Blocks in the south and Naoda CD Block, in Murshidabad district, in the west. Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of Hooghly River , locally known as the Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are
188-500: A bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from
282-509: A comparatively higher concentration of population but the urban population has generally stagnated. Nadia district still has a large chunk of people living in the rural areas. There are 65 inhabited villages in Karimpur I CD Block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 15 Villages (23.08%) have post offices All 65 villages have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 43 villages (66.15%) have
376-531: A comparatively higher concentration of population but the urban population has generally stagnated. Nadia district still has a large chunk of people living in the rural areas. There are 65 inhabited villages in Karimpur II CD Block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 10 Villages (15.38%) have post offices. 64 villages (98.46%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 27 villages (41.54%) have
470-596: A different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises
564-480: A diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following: In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô -hô- jo -gi- ta "cooperation", where
658-692: A large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in Midnapore , which borders Odisha , have used the Odia script to write in Bengali. In the border areas between West Bengal and Bihar , some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in Devanagari , Kaithi and Tirhuta . In Sylhet and Bankura , modified versions of
752-682: A majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Even in SCB,
846-469: A pucca approach road and 38 villages (58.46%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 13 villages (20.00%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (10.77%) have banks. However, although 100% villages in Nadia district had power supply in 2011, a survey in 2007-08 revealed that less than 50% of households had an electricity connection. In rural areas of
940-440: A pucca approach road and 45 villages (69.23%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 15 villages (23.08%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (10.77%) have banks. It should, however, be noted that although 100% villages in Nadia district had power supply in 2011, a survey in 2007-08 revealed that less than 50% of households had electricity connection. In rural areas of
1034-517: A recurring feature. Karimpur II CD Block has an area of 224.38 km. It has 1 panchayat samity , 10 gram panchayats , 161 gram sansads (village councils), 71 mouzas and 65 inhabited villages. Murutia and Thanapara police stations serve this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Rahmatpur . Gram panchayats of Karimpur II block/ panchayat samiti are: Dhoradaha-I, Dhoradaha-II, Dighalkandi, Murutia, Nandanpur, Narayanpur I, Narayanpur II, Natidanga I, Natidanga II and Rahamatpur. Tarakganj
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#17327875913701128-576: A rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in
1222-408: A special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m] ). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in
1316-581: A state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka ; they were the first ever martyrs to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. 21 February has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. In 2010,
1410-463: A vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in মই [moj] "ladder" and in ইলিশ [iliʃ] "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent form ি) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are
1504-484: Is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All the 17 blocks of Nadia district have arsenic contamination above this level. The maximum concentration in Karimpur I CD Block is 1,363 mg/litre. Kalyani Bengali language Bengali , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা , Bāṅlā , [ˈbaŋla] ), is a classical Indo-Aryan language from
1598-553: Is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All the 17 blocks of Nadia district have arsenic contamination above this level. The maximum concentration in Karimpur II CD Block is 1,180 mg/litre. Kalyani Karimpur I Karimpur I is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Tehatta subdivision of Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal . Karimpur
1692-500: Is Bangladesh's national march, written by The National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the Bangladeshi government in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram , a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it
1786-468: Is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since
1880-402: Is also an important village where the historical Kuthi Bari is situated, which was constructed by former Member of Parliament (Krishnagar and Nabadwip), social worker Smt. Ila Pal Choudhury . As per the 2011 Census of India , Karimpur II CD Block had a total population of 217,136, all of which were rural. There were 111,418 (51%) males and 105,648 (49%) females. The population below 6 years
1974-572: Is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America, the Middle East and other regions. Bengali was accorded the status of a classical language by the government of India on 3 October 2024. It is the second most spoken and fourth fastest growing language in India , following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place, and Meitei ( Manipuri ), along with Gujarati , in
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#17327875913702068-400: Is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). It
2162-572: Is an important village of Nandanpur Gram panchayet as well as in Karimpur Police station and Karimpur II Community Development Block. There is a high school and one library named Tarakganj Vidyasagar Gramin Granthagar in the village. Murutia, a constituent police station village in Karimpur II CD Block, is located at 23°55′9″N 88°39′3″E / 23.91917°N 88.65083°E / 23.91917; 88.65083 . Kishorpur
2256-412: Is at Baruipara . Gram panchayats of Karimpur I block/ panchayat samiti are: Harekrishnapur, Hogalbaria, Jamsherpur, Karimpur I, Karimpur II, Madhugari, Pipulbaria and Shikarpur. As per the 2011 Census of India , Karimpur I CD Block had a total population of 183,556, of which 160.895 were rural and 5,867 were urban. There were 94,571 (52%) males and 88,985 (48%) females. The population below 6 years
2350-707: Is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhala . After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ,
2444-721: Is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata , a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use
2538-404: Is known as Apabhraṃśa , by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. The local Apabhraṃśa of
2632-484: Is located at 23°58′46″N 88°37′19″E / 23.97944°N 88.62194°E / 23.97944; 88.62194 . Karimpur I CD Block is bounded by Jalangi and Domkal CD Blocks, in Murshidabad district, in the north, Daulatpur Upazila in Kushtia District of Bangladesh in the east, Karimpur II CD Block in the south and Naoda CD Block, in Murshidabad district, in the west. Nadia district
2726-527: Is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of Hooghly River , locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature. Karimpur I CD Block has an area of 215.78 km . It has 1 panchayat samity , 8 gram panchayats , 144 gram sansads (village councils), 73 mouzas and 65 inhabited villages. Karimpur and Hogalbaria police stations serve this block. Headquarters of this CD Block
2820-490: Is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme). Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/ , are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of
2914-743: Is the second-most widely spoken language in India . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Odisha and Uttarakhand . Bengali
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3008-509: The Aesop's Fables in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on English phonology by the Scottish linguist John Gilchrist . Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda , and Muhammad Enamul Haq . The Digital Revolution has also played
3102-615: The Arabic , Persian , and Turkic languages . The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and Turkestan into the Buddhist -ruling Pala Empire , from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. In the 13th century, subsequent Arab Muslim and Turco-Persian expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including
3196-474: The Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. The Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 , made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the de facto national language of
3290-659: The Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal , the rural poverty ratio in Nadia district was 28.35%. The estimate was based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000. In Karimpur II CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 23.78%, agricultural labourers 55.52%, household industry workers 4.14% and other workers 16.56%. The southern part of Nadia district starting from Krishnanagar I down to Chakdaha and Haringhata has some urban pockets specialising in either manufacturing or service related economic activity and has reflected
3384-657: The Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia. With over 237 million native speakers and another 41 million as second language speakers as of 2024, Bengali is the fifth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language . Bengali is the official , national , and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh , with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It
3478-579: The Kaithi script had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of Hindustani with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing matra . Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in c. 1869 . Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in
3572-723: The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal was a part of the Greater Magadhan realm. The local varieties had no official status during the Gupta Empire , and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of Sanskrit literature for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam , and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what
3666-524: The Nadia region . Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. In
3760-607: The University of Karachi (established by East Pakistani politicians before Independence of Bangladesh ) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature. The national anthems of both Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Notuner Gaan known as " Chol Chol Chol"
3854-499: The boldface represents primary and secondary stress. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school". The Bengali-Assamese script
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3948-557: The phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti , Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Hajong
4042-623: The 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as Lisbon in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of
4136-652: The 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement . This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former East Bengal (today Bangladesh ), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as
4230-456: The 2011 census, Hindus numbered 124,403 and formed 67.77% of the population in Karimpur I CD Block. Muslims numbered 58,646 and formed 31.95% of the population. Christians numbered 370 and formed 0.21% of the population. Others numbered 137 and formed 0.07% of the population. In the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 195,736 and formed 54.57% of the combined population of Karimpur I and Karimpur II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 162,357 and formed 45.27% of
4324-455: The 2011 census, Muslims numbered 131,116 and formed 60.38% of the population in Karimpur II CD Block. Hindus numbered 85,789 and formed 39.52% of the population. Christians numbered 135 and formed 0.06% of the population. Others numbered 96 and formed 0.04% of the population. In the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 195,736 and formed 54.57% of the combined population of Karimpur I and Karimpur II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 162,357 and formed 45.27% of
4418-447: The 2011 census, the total number of literates in Karimpur I CD Block was 111,716 (67.70% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 59,368 (69.82% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 52,348 (65.44% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 4.38%. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate In
4512-447: The 2011 census, the total number of literates in Karimpur II CD Block was 119,778 (62.04% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 62,838 (63.35% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 56,940 (60.65% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 2.71%. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate In
4606-400: The 65 inhabited villages, 5 had no school, 29 had more than 1 primary school, 33 had at least 1 primary school, 27 had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. Karimpur Pannadevi College was established at Karimpur in 1968. The establishment of the college was possible with the zeal of Dr. Nalinaksha Sanyal , a scholar and politician, and
4700-482: The 65 inhabited villages, 6 had no school, 38 had more than 1 primary school, 28 had at least 1 primary school, 31 had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 18 had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. In 2014, Karimpur II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 1 primary health centre with total 40 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 31 family welfare subcentres. 6,806 patients were treated indoor and 182,273 patients were treated outdoor in
4794-593: The 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit Schwa . Slowly, the word-final ô disappeared from many words influenced by
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#17327875913704888-902: The Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Karimpur I CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 8.55%, patta (document) holders 8.93%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.61%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 19.88% and agricultural labourers 58.03%. As
4982-778: The Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Karimpur II CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 7.95%, patta (document) holders 8.99%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.73%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 23.86% and agricultural labourers 52.45%. As
5076-456: The Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example,
5170-426: The Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either [ɔ] as in মত [m ɔ t] "opinion" or [o] , as in মন [m o n] "mind", with variants like the more open [ɒ] . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it,
5264-657: The Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the rural poverty ratio in Nadia district was 28.35%. The estimate was based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000. In Karimpur I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 23.26%, agricultural labourers 48.38%, household industry workers 3.53% and other workers 24.84%. The southern part of Nadia district starting from Krishnanagar I down to Chakdaha and Haringhata has some urban pockets specialising in either manufacturing or service related economic activity and has reflected
5358-536: The basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ [ tɕɔ ] , ছ [ tɕʰɔ ] , জ [ dʑɔ ] correspond to eastern চ [tsɔ] , ছ [tsʰɔ~sɔ] , জ [dzɔ~zɔ] . The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on
5452-440: The combined population. In the 1991 census, Hindus numbered 173,914 and formed 56.65% of the combined population of Karimpur I and Karimpur II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 132,729 and formed 43.24% of the combined population. Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 98.51% of the population. The District Human Development Report for Nadia has provided a CD Block-wise data table for Modified Human Vulnerability Index of
5546-438: The combined population. In the 1991 census, Hindus numbered 173,914 and formed 56.65% of the combined population of Karimpur I and Karimpur II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 132,729 and formed 43.24% of the combined population. Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 99.49% of the population. The District Human Development Report for Nadia has provided a CD Block-wise data table for Modified Human Vulnerability Index of
5640-469: The consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in
5734-444: The country, the tube well was for many years considered to be the provider of safe drinking water, but with arsenic contamination of ground water claiming public attention it is no longer so. Piped water supply is still a distant dream. In 2007–08, the availability of piped drinking water in Nadia district was as low as 8.6%, well below the state average of around 20%. Persons engaged in agriculture in Karimpur I CD Block Although
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#17327875913705828-528: The country, the tube well was for many years considered to be the provider of safe drinking water, but with arsenic contamination of ground water claiming public attention it is no longer so. Piped water supply is still a distant dream. In 2007–08, the availability of piped drinking water in Nadia district was as low as 8.6%, well below the state average of around 20%. Persons engaged in agriculture in Karimpur II CD Block Although
5922-455: The country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. In Pakistan , Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in
6016-604: The development of Dobhashi . Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian , which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on
6110-595: The district. Karimpur I CD Block registered 36.56 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHVI was estimated at 33.92. A total of 8 out of the 17 CD Blocks in Nadia district were found to be severely deprived when measured against the CD Block mean MHVI - Karimpur I and Karimpur II (under Tehatta subdivision), Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip (under Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision) and Santipur (under Ranaghat subdivision) appear to be backward. As per
6204-487: The district. Karimpur II CD Block registered 38.87 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHVI was estimated at 33.92. A total of 8 out of the 17 CD Blocks in Nadia district were found to be severely deprived when measured against the CD Block mean MHVI - Karimpur I and Karimpur II (under Tehatta subdivision), Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip (under Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision) and Santipur (under Ranaghat subdivision) appear to be backward. As per
6298-700: The east to Meherpur in the west. The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam , composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet . After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan ; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. In
6392-553: The eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. 'meaningless sounds'), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around
6486-505: The emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the language movement. Although Sanskrit has been spoken by Hindu Brahmins in Bengal since the 3rd century BC, the local Buddhist population spoke varieties of the Prakrit . These varieties are generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit ", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji , as
6580-466: The final ন in মন [m o n] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla] ). A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs, called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example,
6674-595: The generous contribution of Durga Prasad Agrawal, a local businessman. It is affiliated to the University of Kalyani . It offers honours courses in English, Bengali, history, political science, philosophy, geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics and accountancy. Some of the courses are self-financing. In 2014, Karimpur I CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 2 primary health centres and 2 private nursing home with total 75 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 27 family welfare subcentres. 12,317 patients were treated indoor and 345,329 patients were treated outdoor in
6768-726: The government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations . Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: Rarhi , Vangiya , Kamrupi and Varendri ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. The south-western dialects ( Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form
6862-499: The graph মি [mi] represents the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [i] , where [i] is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma] , মী [mi] , মু [mu] , মূ [mu] , মৃ [mri] , মে [me~mɛ] , মৈ [moj] , মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures,
6956-412: The graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi –
7050-527: The hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block. Karimpur Rural Hospital, with 50 beds at Karimpur , is the major government medical facility in the Karimpur I CD block. There are primary health centres at Sikarpur (with 10 beds) and Bagchi Jamsherpur (with 10 beds). Karimpur I CD Block is one of the areas of Nadia district where ground water is affected by high level of arsenic contamination . The WHO guideline for arsenic in drinking water
7144-501: The hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block. Natidanga Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Natidanga , is the major government medical facility in the Karimpur II CD block. There is a primary health centres at Nandanpur (with 10 beds). Karimpur II CD Block is one of the areas of Nadia district where ground water is affected by high level of arsenic contamination . The WHO guideline for arsenic in drinking water
7238-494: The language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However,
7332-547: The language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Srikrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in
7426-428: The letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e , also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô . The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between
7520-605: The neighbouring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi , Mumbai , Thane , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Italy . The 3rd article of
7614-517: The parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India. In 2024, the government of India conferred Bengali with the status of classical language . Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming
7708-608: The proportion of agricultural labourers is very high, the real wage in the agricultural sector has been a matter of concern. Karimpur I CD Block had 230 fertiliser depots, 27 seed stores and 45 fair price shops in 2013–14. In 2013–14, Karimpur I CD Block produced 7,578 tonnes of Aman paddy , the main winter crop from 2,902 hectares, 1,021 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 276 hectares, 1,528 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 752 hectares, 25,592 tonnes of wheat from 8,268 hectares and 321,672 tonnes of jute from 14,127 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds. In 2013–14,
7802-676: The proportion of agricultural labourers is very high, the real wage in the agricultural sector has been a matter of concern. Karimpur II CD Block had 142 fertiliser depots and 59 fair price shops in 2013–14. In 2013–14, Karimpur II CD Block produced 6,456 tonnes of Aman paddy , the main winter crop from 2,139 hectares, 5,512 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,441 hectares, 532 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 203 hectares, 20,669 tonnes of wheat from 6,324 hectares, 145,864 tonnes of jute from 10,323 hectares, 2,107 tonnes of potatoes from 70 hectares and 301 tonnes of sugar cane from 3 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds. In 2013–14,
7896-427: The so-called "inherent" vowel [ɔ] is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম [mɔ] . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent
7990-536: The superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! [uh] "ouch!") or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realised as ligatures, where
8084-654: The third place, according to the 2011 census of India . Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history, was extensively developed during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to
8178-1035: The total area irrigated in Karimpur I CD Block was 784 hectares, out of which 102 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 682 hectares by deep tube wells. In 2013–14, Karimpur I CD Block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks . Karimpur I CD Block has 2 ferry services and 4 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 58 km from CD Block headquarters. SH 11 , running from Mahammad Bazar (in Birbhum district) to Ranaghat (in Nadia district) passes through this CD Block. In 2013–14, Karimpur I CD Block had 96 primary schools with 8,467 students, 9 middle schools with 1,280 students, 2 high school with 1,342 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 18,635 students. Karimpur I CD Block had 1 general college with 4,254 students, 4 technical/ professional institutions with 400 students and 329 institutions for special and non-formal education with 9,765 students. In Karimpur I CD Block, amongst
8272-940: The total area irrigated in Karimpur II CD Block was 814 hectares, out of which 220 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 590 hectares by deep tube wells. In 2013–14, Karimpur II CD Block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 5 gramin banks . Karimpur II CD Block has 8 ferry services and 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 55 km from CD Block headquarters. SH 11 , running from Mahammad Bazar (in Birbhum district) to Ranaghat (in Nadia district) passes through this CD Block. In 2013–14, Karimpur II CD Block had 113 primary schools with 9,887 students, 9 middle schools with 713 students, 4 high school with 3,206 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 21,859 students. Karimpur II CD Block had 1 technical/ professional institutions with 100 students and 370 institutions for special and non-formal education with 14,682 students In Karimpur II CD Block, amongst
8366-484: The visible matra and an invisible baseline). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on
8460-435: The vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ( tadbhava ), whereas Hindus are more likely to use tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit). For example: The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels . The inventory
8554-693: Was 17.84 per cent. There were two census towns in Karimpur CD Block (2011 census population in brackets): Karimpur (9,661), Uttampur (13,000). Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Karimpur CD Block (2011 census population figures in brackets): Durlabhpur (4,182), Madhugari (5,356), Andhar Kotha (15,244), Sundalpur (5,303), Jamsherpur (6,689), Gabrudanga (4,365), Senpara (5,432), Pakabutahuda (8,933), Baruipara (9,942), Kechuadanga (7,191) and Anandpur (4,081). Other villages in Karimpur I CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Harekrishnapur (3,295) and Pipulbaria (3,574). As per
8648-689: Was 17.84 per cent. Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Karimpur II CD Block were (2011 census figures in brackets): Dogachhi (20,845), Dhoradaha (8,750), Pipulkhola (5,953), Saguna (7,397), Natidanga (5,118), Char Moktappur (5,144), Fazil Nagar (10,844), Narayanpur (10,994), Sadipur (5,425), Topla (7,178), Thanapara (8,834), Kishorpur (4,035), Dakshin Gopalpur (8,880), Barbakpur (7,739), Goas (9,609), Rahmatpur (6,225), Mahish Bathan (9,831), Kathalia (6,911) and Murutia (4,270). Other villages in Karimpur II CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Dighalkandi (2,734) and Nandanpur As per
8742-412: Was 18,539. Scheduled Castes numbered 32,054 (17.46%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 5,867 (3.20%). As per the 2001 census, Karimpur I block had a total population 166,763, out of which 86,260 were males and 80,503 were females. Karimpur I block registered a population growth of 15.97 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 19.51 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal
8836-412: Was 24,063. Scheduled Castes numbered 35,130 (16.18%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 2,643 (1.22%). As per the 2001 census, Karimpur II block had a total population 191,922, out of which 99,091 were males and 92.831 were females. Karimpur II block registered a population growth of 17.62 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 19.51 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal
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