Misplaced Pages

#682317

36-509: Hoogland is an Afrikaans word meaning "highland" and Karoo is a Khoekhoe word meaning "hard" or "dry". The name reflects the area which has dry, arid and desert-like conditions. In 2011, Karoo Hoogland elected the first mayor from the Congress of the People (COPE) party, Jan Julies, and a COPE- DA coalition took control of the council after the election of 18 May 2011 . This lasted until

72-481: A geminate consonant . For example, the Japanese name for Japan , 日本 , has two different pronunciations, one with three morae ( Nihon ) and one with four ( Nippon ). In the hiragana spelling, the three morae of Ni-ho-n are represented by three characters ( にほん ), and the four morae of Ni-p-po-n need four characters to be written out as にっぽん . The latter can also be analysed as Ni-Q-po-n , with

108-436: A long vowel (the others being short). Thus, a short vowel contains one mora and is called monomoraic , while a long vowel contains two and is called bimoraic . Extra-long syllables with three morae ( trimoraic ) are relatively rare. Such metrics based on syllables are also referred to as syllable weight . In Japanese, certain consonants also stand on their own as individual morae and thus are monomoraic. The term comes from

144-534: A ) Khoekhoe has four definite articles : ti , si , sa , ǁî . These definite articles can be combined with PGN markers. Examples from Haacke (2013): There are three clause markers, ge ( declarative ), kha ( interrogative ), and ko/km ( assertive ). These markers appear in matrix clauses , and appear after the subject. Following is a sample text in the Khoekhoe language. Mora (linguistics) A mora (plural morae or moras ; often symbolized μ )

180-501: A + i , or one long and one short vowel, ā + i ) is assigned a value of two mātrā s. In addition, there is pluta (trimoraic) and dīrgha pluta ('long pluta ' = quadrimoraic). Sanskrit prosody and metrics have a deep history of taking into account moraic weight, as it were, rather than straight syllables, divided into laghu ( लघु , 'light') and dīrgha / guru ( दीर्घ / गुरु , 'heavy') feet based on how many morae can be isolated in each word. Thus, for example,

216-543: A couple of extreme examples, namely コーン茶 and チェーン店 ), the drop in pitch of a word (so-called "downstep") cannot come after any of these "special mora," a useful tidbit for language learners trying to learn word pitch accents. In Luganda , a short vowel constitutes one mora while a long vowel constitutes two morae. A simple consonant has no morae, and a doubled or prenasalised consonant has one. No syllable may contain more than three morae. The tone system in Luganda

252-542: A limited number of 'tone melodies' ( word tones ), which have sandhi forms in certain syntactic environments. The most important melodies, in their citation and main sandhi forms, are as follows: Within a phrase, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words . Within a word, the first syllable receives the most stress. Subsequent syllables receive less and less stress and are spoken more and more quickly. Nama has 31 consonants: 20 clicks and only 11 non-clicks. Orthography in brackets. Between vowels, /p/

288-504: A macron, as in ā /ʔàa̋/ 'to cry, weep'; these constitute two moras (two tone-bearing units). A glottal stop is not written at the beginning of a word (where it is predictable), but it is transcribed with a hyphen in compound words, such as gao-aob /kȁòʔòȁp/ 'chief'. The clicks are written with the Lepsius letters that were later adopted as IPA symbols. The basic (tenuis) clicks are: Sometimes ASCII characters are substituted, e.g.

324-411: A moraic system of writing. For example, in the two-syllable word mōra , the ō is a long vowel and counts as two morae. The word is written in three symbols, モーラ , corresponding here to mo-o-ra , each containing one mora. Therefore, the 5/7/5 pattern of the haiku in modern Japanese is of morae rather than syllables. The Japanese syllable-final n is also moraic, as is the first part of

360-423: A series of short courses teaching the language, and 21 September 2020 launched its new Khoi and San Centre. An undergraduate degree programme is being planned to be rolled out in coming years. Modern scholars generally see three dialects: They are distinct enough that they might be considered two or three distinct languages. There are 5 vowel qualities, found as oral /i e a o u/ and nasal /ĩ ã ũ/ . /u/

396-516: A short vowel or the last mora of a long vowel ( é , eé ). A circumflex ( ῆ ) represents high pitch on the first mora of a long vowel ( ée ). Gilbertese , an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Kiribati , is a trimoraic language. The typical foot in Gilbertese contains three morae. These trimoraic constituents are units of stress in Gilbertese. These "ternary metrical constituents of

SECTION 10

#1732791287683

432-532: A syllable would have more than four otherwise. In the Old English period, all content words (as well as stressed monosyllables) had to be at least two morae long. In Sanskrit , the mora is expressed as the mātrā . For example, the short vowel a (pronounced like a schwa ) is assigned a value of one mātrā , the long vowel ā is assigned a value of two mātrā s, and the compound vowel (diphthong) ai (which has either two simple short vowels,

468-468: Is a theoretical or perceptual smallest unit of timing , equal to or shorter than a syllable , that exists in some spoken languages in which phonetic length (such as vowel length ) matters significantly. For example, in the Japanese language , the name of the city Ōsaka ( おおさか ) consists of three syllables ( O-sa-ka ) but four morae ( O-o-sa-ka ), since the first syllable, Ō , is pronounced with

504-421: Is also difficult to hear when not between vowels, so to foreign ears, it may sound like a longer but less raspy version of the contour clicks. Tindall notes that European learners almost invariably pronounce the lateral clicks by placing the tongue against the side teeth and that this articulation is "harsh and foreign to the native ear". The Namaqua instead cover the whole of the palate with the tongue and produce

540-649: Is based on morae. See Luganda tones and Luganda grammar . In Old English, short diphthongs and monophthongs were monomoraic, long diphthongs and monophthongs were bimoraic, consonants ending a syllable were each one mora, and geminate consonants added a mora to the preceding syllable. If Modern English is analyzed in terms of morae at all, which is contentious, the rules would be similar, except that all diphthongs would be considered bimoraic. Probably in Old English, like in Modern English, syllables could not have more than four morae, with loss of sounds occurring if

576-405: Is not always equal to the number of graphemes when written in kana; for example, even though it has four morae, the Japanese name for Tōkyō ( とうきょう ) is written with five graphemes, because one of these graphemes ( ょ ) represents a yōon , a feature of the Japanese writing system that indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized . The "contracted sound" ( 拗音 ) is represented by

612-736: Is pronounced [β] and /t/ is pronounced [ɾ] . The affricate series is strongly aspirated, and may be analysed phonemically as aspirated stops; in the related Korana they are [tʰ, kʰ] . Beach (1938) reported that the Khoekhoe of the time had a velar lateral ejective affricate , [kʟ̝̊ʼ] , a common realisation or allophone of /kxʼ/ in languages with clicks. This sound no longer occurs in Khoekhoe but remains in its cousin Korana. The clicks are doubly articulated consonants . Each click consists of one of four primary articulations or "influxes" and one of five secondary articulation or "effluxes". The combination results in 20 phonemes. The aspiration on

648-472: Is said to have the property of quantity sensitivity. For the purpose of determining accent in Ancient Greek , short vowels have one mora, and long vowels and diphthongs have two morae. Thus long ē ( eta : η ) can be understood as a sequence of two short vowels: ee . Ancient Greek pitch accent is placed on only one mora in a word. An acute ( έ , ή ) represents high pitch on the only mora of

684-466: Is spoken in Namibia , Botswana , and South Africa primarily by three ethnic groups: Namakhoen , ǂNūkhoen , and Haiǁomkhoen . The Haiǁom, who had spoken a Juu language , later shifted to Khoekhoe. The name for the speakers, Khoekhoen , is from the word khoe "person", with reduplication and the suffix -n to indicate the general plural. Georg Friedrich Wreede was the first European to study

720-468: Is strongly rounded, /o/ only slightly so. /a/ is the only vowel with notable allophony; it is pronounced [ə] before /i/ or /u/ . Nama has been described as having three or four tones , /á, ā, à/ or /a̋, á, à, ȁ/ , which may occur on each mora (vowels and final nasal consonants ). The high tone is higher when it occurs on one of the high vowels ( /í ú/ ) or on a nasal ( /ń ḿ/ ) than on mid or low vowels ( /é á ó/ ). The tones combine into

756-793: The Latin word for 'linger, delay', which was also used to translate the Greek word χρόνος  : chrónos ('time') in its metrical sense. The general principles for assigning moras to segments are as follows (see Hayes 1989 and Hyman 1985 for detailed discussion): In general, monomoraic syllables are called "light syllables", bimoraic syllables are called "heavy syllables", and trimoraic syllables (in languages that have them) are called "superheavy syllables". Some languages, such as Old English and potentially present-day English, can have syllables with up to four morae. A prosodic stress system in which moraically heavy syllables are assigned stress

SECTION 20

#1732791287683

792-676: The hash (#) in place of ǂ. Nama has a subject–object–verb word order, three nouns classes ( masculine/gu-class, feminine/di-class and neuter/n-class ) and three grammatical numbers ( singular, dual and plural ). Pronominal enclitics are used to mark person, gender, and number on the noun phrases . The PGN ( person - gender - number ) markers are enclitic pronouns that attach to noun phrases . The PGN markers distinguish first, second, and third person , masculine, feminine, and neuter gender , and singular, dual, and plural number . The PGN markers can be divided into nominative , object , and oblique paradigms. (PGN + i ) (PGN +

828-404: The 2016 elections. The 2011 census divided the municipality into the following main places : The municipal council consists of eleven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation . Six councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in six wards , while the remaining five are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to

864-400: The Q representing a full mora of silence. In this analysis, っ (the sokuon ) indicates a one-mora period of silence. Similarly, the names Tōkyō ( To-u-kyo-u , とうきょう ), Ōsaka ( O-o-sa-ka , おおさか ), and Nagasaki ( Na-ga-sa-ki , ながさき ) all have four morae, even though, on this analysis, they have two, three and four syllables, respectively. The number of morae in a word

900-414: The aspirated clicks is often light but is 'raspier' than the aspirated nasal clicks, with a sound approaching the ch of Scottish loch . The glottalised clicks are clearly voiceless due to the hold before the release, and they are transcribed as simple voiceless clicks in the traditional orthography. The nasal component is not audible in initial position; the voiceless nasal component of the aspirated clicks

936-461: The consonants b d g are used for words with one of the lower tone melodies and p t k for one of the higher tone melodies; they are otherwise pronounced the same. W is only used between vowels, though it may be replaced with b or p according to tone. Overt tone marking is otherwise generally omitted. Nasal vowels are written with a circumflex. All nasal vowels are long, as in hû /hũ̀ṹ/ 'seven'. Long (double) vowels are otherwise written with

972-456: The ethnic terms Nama ( / ˈ n ɑː m ə / NAH -mə ; Namagowab ), Damara ( ǂNūkhoegowab ), or Nama/Damara and formerly as Hottentot , is the most widespread of the non- Bantu languages of Southern Africa that make heavy use of click consonants and therefore were formerly classified as Khoisan , a grouping now recognized as obsolete. It belongs to the Khoe language family , and

1008-428: The first, a restriction not found with other vowel sequences such as io. That is, there is a distinction between oi, a bimoraic syllable, and io, which is two syllables. Most dialects of Japanese , including the standard, use morae, known in Japanese as haku ( 拍 ) or mōra ( モーラ ), rather than syllables, as the basis of the sound system. Writing Japanese in kana ( hiragana and katakana ) demonstrates

1044-434: The form CV or CN, with any vowel or tone, where C may be any consonant but a click, and the latter cannot be NN. Suffixes and a third mora of a root, may have the form CV, CN, V, N, with any vowel or tone; there are also three C-only suffixes, -p 1m.sg, -ts 2m.sg, -s 2/3f.sg. There have been several orthographies used for Nama. A Khoekhoegowab dictionary (Haacke 2000) uses the modern standard. In standard orthography,

1080-401: The kana for n ( ん ), the "geminate consonant" ( 促音 ) represented by the small tsu ( っ ), the "long sound" ( 長音 ) represented by the long vowel symbol ( ー ) or a single vowel which extends the sound of the previous mōra ( びょ「う」いん ) and the "diphthong" ( 二重母音 ) represented by the second vowel of two consecutive vowels ( ばあ「い」 ). This set also has the peculiarity that, (barring only

1116-569: The language, after arriving in ǁHui!gaeb (later Cape Town) in 1659. Khoekhoe is a national language in Namibia. In Namibia and South Africa, state-owned broadcasting corporations produce and broadcast radio programmes in Khoekhoe. It is estimated that only around 167,000 speakers of Khoekhoe remain in Africa, which makes it an endangered language . In 2019, the University of Cape Town ran

Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-751: The number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 no party obtained a majority of seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election. On 8 December 2022 the PA/ANC coalition collapsed during a no confidence motion brought by the DA. Consequently the PA mayor Anthony Mietas was replaced by the DA’s Johan van der Colff. Khoekhoe language Khoekhoe ( / ˈ k ɔɪ k ɔɪ / KOY -koy ; Khoekhoegowab , Khoekhoe pronunciation: [k͡xʰo̜͡ek͡xʰo̜͡egowab] ), also known by

1188-623: The reduced number of nasal vowels, nasal sequences are /ĩĩ ãã ũũ ãĩ [ə̃ĩ] ãũ [ə̃ũ] õã ũĩ/ . Sequences ending in a high vowel ( /ii uu ai au ui ĩĩ ũũ ãĩ ãũ ũĩ/ ) are pronounced more quickly than others ( /ee aa oo ae ao oa oe ãã õã/ ), more like diphthongs and long vowels than like vowel sequences in hiatus. The tones are realised as contours. CVCV words tend to have the same vowel sequences, though there are many exceptions. The two tones are also more distinct. Vowel-nasal sequences are restricted to non-front vowels: /am an om on um un/ . Their tones are also realised as contours. Grammatical particles have

1224-473: The sort found in Gilbertese are quite rare cross-linguistically, and as far as we know, Gilbertese is the only language in the world reported to have a ternary constraint on prosodic word size." In Hawaiian , both syllables and morae are important. Stress falls on the penultimate mora, though in words long enough to have two stresses, only the final stress is predictable. However, although a diphthong , such as oi, consists of two morae, stress may fall only on

1260-576: The sound "as far back in the palate as possible". Lexical root words consist of two or rarely three moras , in the form CVCV(C), CVV(C), or CVN(C). (The initial consonant is required.) The middle consonant may only be w r m n ( w is b~p and r is d~t ), while the final consonant (C) may only be p, s, ts . Each mora carries tone, but the second may only be high or medium, for six tone "melodies": HH, MH, LH, HM, MM, LM. Oral vowel sequences in CVV are /ii ee aa oo uu ai [əi] ae ao au [əu] oa oe ui/ . Due to

1296-525: The three small kana for ya ( ゃ ), yu ( ゅ ), yo ( ょ ). These do not represent a mora by themselves and attach to other kana; all the rest of the graphemes represent a mōra on their own. Most dialects of Japanese are pitch accent languages, and these pitch accents are also based on morae. There is a unique set of mōra known as "special mora" ( 特殊拍 ) which cannot be pronounced by itself but still counts as one mora whenever present. These consist of "nasal sound" ( 撥音 ) represented by

#682317