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54-517: Gjellerup was the son of a vicar in Zealand who died when his son was three years. Karl Gjellerup was raised then by the uncle of Johannes Fibiger , he grew up in a national and romantic idealistic atmosphere. In the 1870s he broke with his background and at first he became an enthusiastic supporter of the naturalist movement and Georg Brandes , writing audacious novels about free love and atheism . Strongly influenced by his origin he gradually left

108-464: A common hypothesis is that the Old Danish form Siâland is based on the word * selha- with the ending * wundia- . The latter means "indicates, resembles". The word * selha- may have two different meanings: "seal" (in modern Danish sæl ) or "deep bay, fjord". Since Roskilde is a major and ancient settlement on Zealand, accessible by sea through the narrow Roskilde Fjord (branched from

162-612: A great success and gathered huge audiences. His famous opening lecture on 3 November 1871, Hovedstrømninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur (English: Main Currents in the Literature of the Nineteenth Century ), signalled the beginning of his lifelong struggle to modernize Danish literature. After the professorship of aesthetics became vacant in 1872, it was taken as a matter of course that Brandes would fill it. But

216-644: A population of 2,319,705 on 1 January 2020, comprising 40% of the country's population. Zealand is the 13th-largest island in Europe by area and the 4th most populous . It is connected to Sprogø and Funen by the Great Belt Fixed Link and to Amager by several bridges in Copenhagen. Indirectly, through the island of Amager and the Øresund Bridge , it is also linked to Scania in Sweden. In

270-414: A remarkable gift for verse-writing, the results of which, however, were not abundant enough to justify separate publication. Brandes did not collect his poems until as late as 1898. At the university, which he left in 1864, Brandes was influenced by the writings of Heiberg in criticism and Søren Kierkegaard in philosophy, influences which continued to leave traces on his work. In 1866, he contributed to

324-534: A similarity between Zealand and the Swedish lake Vänern , it is sometimes identified as the hole left by Gefjun. Gefjun is queen of King Skjöldr , eponymous ancestor of the Scyldings , related to the etymological debate. Zealand is the most populous Danish island. It is irregularly shaped, and is north of the islands of Lolland , Falster , and Møn . The small island of Amager lies immediately east. Copenhagen

378-466: A trace to follow its master to nirvana. In Denmark, Gjellerup's Nobel award was received with little enthusiasm. He had long been regarded as a German writer. During various stages of his career, he had made himself unpopular with both the naturalist left surrounding Georg Brandes and the conservative right. Gjellerup's nomination for the Nobel prize did nevertheless receive Danish support. Because Sweden

432-558: A whole new school of writers and thinkers eager to receive him as their leader. He headed the group "Det moderne Gjennembruds Mænd" ( The Men of the Modern Breakthrough ), composed of J. P. Jacobsen , Holger Drachmann , Edvard Brandes, Erik Skram, Sophus Schandorph , and Norwegians Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson , but a conservative reaction against his "realistic" doctrines began around 1883, headed by Holger Drachmann. Among his later writings must be mentioned

486-585: Is divided between two Danish regions: The Copenhagen metropolitan area and North Zealand belong to the Capital Region , while the major and more rural part of the island belongs to the Zealand Region . The origin of the Danish name Sjælland is not exactly known. Sjæl in modern Danish means "soul"; a derivation from siô / sæ (meaning "lake" or "sea") has been assumed. However, today

540-670: Is his most widely translated book, having been published in several European countries and the United States. In Thailand, a Buddhist country, the first half of the Thai translation of Kamanita have been used in secondary school textbooks. Zealand (Denmark) Zealand ( Danish : Sjælland [ˈɕeˌlænˀ] ) is the largest and most populous island in Denmark proper (thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island , which are larger in size) at 7,031 km . Zealand had

594-615: Is mostly on Zealand but extends across northern Amager. A number of bridges and the Copenhagen Metro connect Zealand to Amager, which is connected to Scania in Sweden by the Øresund Bridge via the artificial island of Peberholm . Zealand is joined in the west to Funen, by the Great Belt Fixed Link, and Funen is connected by bridges to the country's mainland, Jutland . On 5 June 2007 the regional subsidiary of national broadcaster DR reported that Kobanke in

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648-450: Is not merely in name that this irony bears a fundamental resemblance to Kierkegaard's, which also aristocratically 'chooses to be misunderstood'. The Ego of genius is the truth, if not in the sense in which Kierkegaard would have us understand his proposition, ' Subjectivity is the truth', still in the sense that the Ego has every externally valid commandment and prohibition in its power; and, to

702-442: Is regarded as his only attempt at humour. It is a peculiar mythological satire in which animals arrive at their own Elysium after death. These include the snake that killed Cleopatra , Odysseus ' dog Argos, Wisvamitra (the holy cow of India), the donkey of Jesus and the horses of various historical commanders in field. The assembly select, after discussion, Buddha's horse Kantaka as the holiest of animals, but it has left without

756-421: Is set in the rural Zealand of Gjellerup's youth. The main character develops from a liberal, superficial outlook on life, including youthful romantical conflicts, through years of reflection and ascetic devotion to duty towards a more mature standpoint, hinting at the author's own course of life. Das heiligste Tier (1919, i.e. The holiest animal ) was Gjellerup's last work. Having elements of self-parody, it

810-469: Is the novel Møllen (1896, i. e. The Mill ), a sinister melodrama of love and jealousy. In his last years he was clearly influenced by Buddhism and Oriental culture. His critically acclaimed work Der Pilger Kamanita / Pilgrimen Kamanita (1906, i.e. The Pilgrim Kamanita ) has been called 'one of the oddest novels written in Danish'. It features the journey of Kamanita, an Indian merchant's son, from earthly prosperity and carnal romance, through

864-430: Is very good. It is, permit me to say, the cleverest thing that I have yet read about myself". In 1909 the lectures were edited and published as the monograph Friedrich Nietzsche , which included the complete Nietzsche/Brandes correspondence as well as two essays in homage to the late Nietzsche's life and thought. Translated into English by A. G. Chater, the volume was published by Heinemann in 1914 and Nietzsche's thought

918-540: The Isefjord ), it has been assumed that the sailors named the island after this. The Swedish name of the island is Själland , a direct translation to the different script used in that language. The English form may be borrowed from the German form Seeland . These forms might be based on the assumption that the first part means sea or lake (German See ), or they could simply be based on an alternative Danish form of

972-477: The Paleocene . Urban areas with 10,000+ inhabitants: Georg Brandes Georg Morris Cohen Brandes (4 February 1842 – 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who greatly influenced Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind the " Modern Breakthrough " of Scandinavian culture. At the age of 30, Brandes formulated

1026-455: The 1900s, Brandes fought the Danish political establishment on several occasions, but eventually had to curb his acidic attacks. However, his international reputation was growing. In many ways he emulated his own assessment of Voltaire , as an author against habitual thinking, hypocrisy and the thin veneer of morality. He condemned the maltreatment of national minorities , the persecution of Alfred Dreyfus , etc. During World War I, he condemned

1080-671: The Brandes line and 1885 he broke totally with the naturalists, becoming a new romanticist . A central trace of his life was his Germanophile attitude, he felt himself strongly attracted to German culture (his wife was a German) and 1892 he finally settled in Germany, which made him unpopular in Denmark on both the right and left wing. As years passed he totally identified with the German Empire, including its war aims 1914–18. Among

1134-579: The Jutlandic, Zealandic and the Scanian laws, there had been no uniformity of laws throughout settlements in Denmark. Ringsted and later Roskilde were the first important political and religious centres on the island, a role later taken over by Copenhagen. Other important religious centres prior to the Reformation were Sorø Abbey at Sorø and Esrom Abbey at Esrum . With its strategic location at

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1188-486: The Modern Transition (1883), and his Essays (1889), are volumes essential to the proper study of modern Scandinavian literature . He wrote an excellent book on Poland (1888; English translation, 1903), and was one of the editors of the German version of Ibsen. The most important of his later works was his study of William Shakespeare (1897–1898), which was translated into English by William Archer and

1242-631: The Present Day , dealing chiefly with Hippolyte Taine , Criticisms and Portraits , and a translation of The Subjection of Women by John Stuart Mill , whom he had met that year during a visit to England. Brandes now took his place as the leading northern European critic, applying to local conditions and habits of thought the methods of Taine. He became Docent or reader in Aesthetics at the University of Copenhagen, where his lectures were

1296-443: The astonishment and scandal of the world, invariably expresses itself in paradoxes. Irony is 'divine audacity'. In audacity thus comprehended there are endless possibilities. It is freedom from prejudice, yet it suggests the possibility of the most audacious defence of all possible kinds of prejudices. It is more easily attainable, we are told, by woman than by man. 'Like the feminine garb, the feminine intellect has this advantage over

1350-469: The discussion of the works of Rasmus Nielsen in "Dualism in our Recent Philosophy". From 1865 to 1871 he traveled much in Europe, acquainting himself with the condition of literature in the principal centers of learning. His first important contribution to letters was his Aesthetic Studies (1868), where his maturer method is already foreshadowed in several brief monographs on Danish poets. In 1870 he published several important volumes, The French Aesthetics of

1404-408: The districts of the southern Hawkes Bay and the northern Wairarapa . The tribal Danes came from Zealand and Scania and spoke an early form of North Germanic . Historians believe that before their arrival, most of Jutland and the nearest islands were settled by tribal Jutes . The Jutes migrated to Great Britain eventually, some as mercenaries of Brythonic King Vortigern , and were granted

1458-455: The early works of Gjellerup must be mentioned his most important novel Germanernes Lærling (1882, i.e. The Germans' Apprentice ), a partly autobiographic tale of the development of a young man from being a conformist theologian to a pro-German atheist and intellectual, and Minna (1889), on the surface, a love story but more of a study in woman's psychology . Some Wagnerian dramas show his growing romanticist interests. An important work

1512-521: The elder brother of prominent Danes Ernst Brandes and Edvard Brandes . He became a student at the University of Copenhagen in 1859 where he first studied jurisprudence . From this, however, his interests soon turned to philosophy and aesthetics . In 1862 he won the gold medal of the university for an essay on The Idea of Nemesis among the Ancients . Before this, indeed since 1858, he had shown

1566-409: The entrance to the Øresund, especially after the construction of Kronborg Castle and the introduction of Sound Dues , Helsingør would later develop into the most important town and seaport outside Copenhagen. Most of North Zealand was for centuries, starting in the late 16th century, owned by the crown and used mainly as a royal hunting domain. Local manors played a central role in the economy on

1620-550: The first time in a complete and popular edition and began to work on a German edition, completed in 1902. He published Main Currents in Nineteenth-Century Literature in 1906 (six volumes). This book was among the 100 best books for education selected in 1929 by Will Durant . Durant and Brandes were both contributors to the Mother Earth magazine. In Volume 2 Brandes says about Kierkegaard, "It

1674-524: The island were constructed by Det Sjællandske Jernbaneselskab (1847-1888). The first section opened between Copenhagen and Roskilde in 1847. In Norse mythology as told in the Gylfaginning , the island was created by the goddess Gefjun after she tricked Gylfi , the king of Sweden. She removed a piece of land and transported it to Denmark, which became Zealand. The vacant area was filled with water and became Mälaren . However, since modern maps show

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1728-451: The lynchpin of criticism against modernity in its entirety. At the same time, some socialists criticized his elitist attitudes, while some feminists have regarded his attitude of sexual equality as being inconsequential. His brother Edvard (1847–1931), also a well-known critic, was the author of a number of plays, and of two psychological novels: A Politician (1889), and Young Blood (1899). He became an outstanding political figure of

1782-445: The masculine, that its possessor by a single daring movement can rise above all the prejudices of civilization and bourgeois conventionality, at once transporting herself into the state of innocence and the lap of Nature'. The lap of Nature! There is an echo of Rousseau 's voice even in this wanton tirade. We seem to hear the trumpet-call of revolution; what we really hear is only the proclamation of reaction. Rousseau desired to return to

1836-419: The middle of these polemics, Brandes began to issue volumes of the most ambitious of his works, Main Currents in the Literature of the Nineteenth Century , of which four volumes appeared between 1872 and 1875 (English translation, 1901–1905). The brilliant novelty of this criticism of the literature of major European countries at the beginning of the 19th century, and his description of the general revolt against

1890-613: The monographs on Søren Kierkegaard (1877), Esaias Tegnér (1878), Benjamin Disraeli (1878), Ferdinand Lassalle (in German, 1877), Ludvig Holberg (1884), Henrik Ibsen (1899) and on Anatole France (1905). Brandes wrote with great depth on the main contemporary poets and novelists of Denmark and Norway, and he and his disciples were for a long time the arbiters of literary success in the north. His Danish Poets (1877), containing studies of Carsten Hauch , Ludvig Bødtcher , Christian Winther and Frederick Paludan-Müller , his Men of

1944-510: The movement that would become Cultural Radicalism . In 1884 Viggo Hørup , Georg Brandes, and his brother Edvard Brandes started the daily newspaper Politiken with the motto: "The paper of greater enlightenment". The paper and their political debates led to a split of the liberal party Venstre in 1905 and created the new party Det Radikale Venstre . Georg Brandes was born into a non-observant Jewish middle-class family in Copenhagen ,

1998-563: The name, Sælland , which was common until the 19th century. The island nation of New Zealand has no etymological relations to Zealand. New Zealand is named after the Dutch province of Zeeland , which is sometimes referred to as and/or anglicized to Zealand, but is not to be confused with the Danish island. However, there is a historical connection between Denmark and New Zealand based on 19th century immigration of Scandinavians, especially Danes, to New Zealand's North Island, particularly to

2052-545: The national aggression and imperialism on both sides and his last years were dedicated to anti-religious polemic. In this late period he made new connections to intellectuals like Henri Barbusse and Romain Rolland when he was co-signer in the foundation of Clarté , as well as E. D. Morel . Brandes argued against the historicity of Jesus and was a proponent of the Christ myth theory . He published Sagnet om Jesus which

2106-672: The perfect ) is a versified drama, inspired by Dante 's Divine Comedy , about Buddha 's earthly life as Siddharta , being inhibited in his spiritual efforts by his wife, Yasodhara . The giant novel Verdensvandrerne (1910, i.e. The world roamers ) takes its contemporary starting point in a German female academic on a study tour in India, but evolves across chronological levels, in which characters re-experience what has happened in former eons, thus featuring souls roaming from one incarnation to another. Rudolph Stens Landpraksis (1913, i.e. The country practice of [physician] Rudolph Sten )

2160-526: The principles of a new realism and naturalism , condemning hyper-aesthetic writing and also fantasy in literature. His literary goals were shared by some other authors, among them the Norwegian " realist " playwright Henrik Ibsen . When Georg Brandes held a series of lectures in 1871 with the title "Main Currents in 19th-century Literature", he defined the Modern Breakthrough and started

2214-554: The pseudo-classicism of the 18th century, at once attracted attention outside Denmark. The tumult which gathered round the person of the critic increased the success of the work, and the reputation of Brandes grew apace, especially in Germany and Russia . In 1877 Brandes left Copenhagen and settled in Berlin, taking a considerable part in the aesthetic life of that city. His political views, however, made Prussia uncomfortable with him, and he returned in 1883 to Copenhagen, where he found

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2268-494: The rest of the island. Early industrial centres outside Copenhagen included Mølleåen with its watermills, the Kronborg Arms Factory at Hellebæk , Johan Frederik Classen 's Frederick's Works at Frederiksværk and Niels Ryberg's Køng Textile Factory at Vordingborg. Substantial parts of the southernmost part of the island was in the 18th century part of Vordingborg Cavalry District . The first railways on

2322-501: The source of culture. In this period, he discovered Friedrich Nietzsche , not only introducing him to Scandinavian culture but indirectly to the whole world. The series of lectures that he gave on Nietzsche's thought, which he described as "aristocratic radicalism", were the first to present Nietzsche as a world cultural figure in need of full intellectual notice. Of Brandes' description of his philosophy, Nietzsche himself remarked: "The expression 'aristocratic radicalism', which you employ,

2376-721: The south, the Storstrøm Bridge and the Farø Bridges connect it to Falster , and beyond that island to Lolland , from where the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel to Germany is planned. Copenhagen , the capital of Denmark, with a population between 1.3 and 1.4 million people in 2020, is located mostly on the eastern shore of Zealand and partly on the island of Amager . Other cities on Zealand include Roskilde , Hillerød , Næstved , Helsingør , Slagelse , Køge , Holbæk and Kalundborg . Administratively, Zealand

2430-568: The south-eastern territories of Kent , the Isle of Wight and other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons , who formed the Anglo-Saxons . The remaining Jutish population in Jutland assimilated in with the settling Danes . Valdemar's Zealandic Law was a civil code enacted in the 13th century. Prior to the adoption of

2484-535: The southeast near the town Rønnede in Faxe Municipality , with a height of 122.9 metres (403 ft), was the highest natural point on Zealand. Gyldenløveshøj , south of the city Roskilde , has a height of 126 metres (413 ft), but that is due to a man-made hill from the 17th century and its highest natural point is only 121.3 metres (398 ft). Zealand gives its name to the Selandian era of

2538-439: The state of nature, when men roamed naked through the pathless forests and lived upon acorns. Schelling wished to turn the course of evolution back to the primeval ages, to the days before man had fallen. Schlegel blows revolutionary melodies on the great romantic 'wonder-horn'." In the late 1880s, Brandes fought against what he saw as the hypocrisy of prudish sexuality, which caused a rift with Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Between

2592-423: The ups and downs of the world's way, a chance meeting with a stranger monk (who, unbeknownst to Kamanita, was actually Gautama Buddha ), death, and reincarnation towards nirvana . In Thailand , which is a Buddhist country, the Thai translation of The Pilgrim Kamanita co-translated by Phraya Anuman Rajadhon was formerly used as part of the school textbooks. Den fuldendtes hustru (1907, i.e. The wife of

2646-422: The years of 1886 and 1888 Brandes was engaged in a relationship with the Swedish author Victoria Benedictsson , who wrote Penningar and Fru Marianne under the male pseudonym Ernst Ahlgren. Benedictsson committed suicide in a Copenhagen hotel room, and the relationship with Brandes has later been blamed as the cause for her death. In the late 1880s, Brandes turned to concentrating on "great personalities" as

2700-437: The young critic had offended many sensibilities by his ardent advocacy of modern ideas; he was seen as a Jew (which he did not consider himself to be), his convictions were Radical, he was suspected of being an atheist . The authorities refused to appoint him, but his fitness for the post was so obvious that the chair of Aesthetics remained vacant for years, since no one else dared to place himself in comparison with Brandes. In

2754-512: Was highly acclaimed. It was, perhaps, history's most authoritative work on Shakespeare not principally intended for an English-speaking audience. He was afterwards engaged in writing a history of modern Scandinavian literature. In his critical work, which extended over a wider field than that of any other living writer, Brandes was aided by a singularly charming style, lucid and reasonable, enthusiastic but without extravagance, brilliant and colored without affectation. In 1900 he collected his works for

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2808-571: Was neutral during World War I , the divided prize did not arouse political speculations about partial decision, but showed on the other hand allegiance between the Nordic neighbors. Today Gjellerup is almost forgotten in Denmark. In spite of this, however, literary historians normally regard him as an honest seeker after truth. Gjellerup's works have been translated into several languages, including German (often translated by himself), Swedish, English, Dutch, Polish, Thai and others. The Pilgrim Kamanita

2862-591: Was thus able to reach a significant English language audience before World War I . It was Brandes who, in an 1888 letter, wrote to Nietzsche advising him to read the works of Søren Kierkegaard , with whom his thought had much in common. There is no evidence, however, that Nietzsche ever read any of Kierkegaard's works. The key idea of "aristocratic radicalism" went on to influence most of the later works of Brandes and resulted in voluminous biographies Wolfgang Goethe (1914–15), Francois de Voltaire (1916–17), Gaius Julius Cæsar 1918 and Michelangelo (1921). In

2916-483: Was translated as Jesus: A Myth in 1926. He was an atheist. Brandes stands as one of the most influential inspirations of Danish culture, an equal of Holberg, Grundtvig and Ansgar . Among his supporters, Brandes' work was seen as a liberator from repressive norms, authority and hypocrisy, and he served as an inspiration for many contemporary writers. On the other hand, conservative circles condemned him as an immoral, unpatriotic and subversive blasphemer; as he became

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