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26-564: The Karun-4 Dam is an arch dam on the Karun River located 180 km southwest of Shahr-e-Kord in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari , Iran . The Karun has the highest discharge of all the Iranian rivers. Its construction is aimed at generating hydroelectric power supply of 2,107 million kWh annually and controlling floods in the upper Karun. The dam is a concrete double curvature arch-type and 230 metres (750 ft) high from

52-484: A radius of 35 m (115 ft). Their second dam was built around 1350 and is called the Kurit Dam . After 4 m (13 ft) was added to the dam in 1850, it became 64 m (210 ft) tall and remained the tallest dam in the world until the early 20th century. The Kurit Dam was of masonry design and built in a very narrow canyon. The canyon was so narrow that its crest length is only 44% of its height. The dam

78-467: A reference work for specialists in concrete dams published in 1957 with Maurice-H. Derron, and a 1961 article (written with his son Jean-Pierre Stucky and E. Schnitzler), summarising his work on the Swiss dams of Châtelot, Mauvoisin, Moiry, Malvaglia , Nalps , Luzzone, Limmern and Tourtemagne . He married Nelly Mathis, the daughter of an architect. They had a son, Jean-Pierre Stucky, who also taught in

104-617: Is double-curved in both its horizontal and vertical planes may be called a dome dam . Arch dams with more than one contiguous arch or plane are described as multiple-arch dams . Early examples include the Roman Esparragalejo Dam with later examples such as the Daniel-Johnson Dam (1968) and Itaipu Dam (1982). However, as a result of the failure of the Gleno Dam shortly after it was constructed in 1923,

130-502: Is 214 meters (702 ft) high and 1,314 meters (4,311 ft) long across its crest. It was completed in 1968 and put in service in 1970. Pensacola Dam was one of the last multiple arch types built in the United States. Its NRHP application states that this was because three dams of this type failed: (1) Gem Lake Dam, St. Francis Dam (California), Lake Hodges Dam (California). None of these failures were inherently caused by

156-403: Is made of concrete and placed in a V-shaped valley. The foundation or abutments for an arch dam must be very stable and proportionate to the concrete. There are two basic designs for an arch dam: constant-radius dams , which have constant radius of curvature, and variable-radius dams , which have both upstream and downstream curves that systematically decrease in radius below the crest. A dam that

182-557: Is still erect, even though part of its lower downstream face fell off. The Tibi Dam in Tibi , Spain was a post-medieval arch dam built between 1579 and 1594 and the first in Europe since the Romans. The dam was 42.7 metres (140 ft) high and 65 metres (213 ft) long. This arch dam rests on the mountains sides. In the early 20th century, the world's first variable-radius arch dam

208-567: The Zweisimmen to Lenk railway line, then with the company Favetto, Bosshard, Steiner & Co, which hired him during construction of the Lake Brienz railway. From around 1915 to 1923, Stucky worked at the Basel office of Gruner AG , first as an assistant and later as head engineer and joint partner. At Gruner he developed calculation methods and introduced the parabolic shape and

234-604: The École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ), who offered him a position as lecturer in 1927. In the meantime, Stucky left Gruner and founded his own company company, Stucky SA, in 1926 (after his death, it became part of the Gruner AG group in 2013, and rebranded to Gruner in 2022). At the Lausanne School of Engineering, he founded the Hydraulic Testing Laboratory in 1928, then in 1935

260-588: The 143-meter double-curved Morrow Point Dam in Colorado, completed in 1968. By the late 20th century, arch dam design reached a relative uniformity in design around the world. Currently, the tallest arch dam in the world is the 305 metres (1,001 ft) Jingpin-I Dam in China , which was completed in 2013. The longest multiple arch with buttress dam in the world is the Daniel-Johnson Dam in Quebec , Canada . It

286-1105: The Geotechnical Laboratory. He was appointed a full professor in 1938. When Landry died in 1940, Stucky succeeded him as the head of the school. In 1943, he chaired the new school of architecture in the Canton of Vaud . During his career, he participated in the construction of 38 dams, including 20 in Switzerland. Swiss dam projects included Dixence and Grande-Dixence , Mauvoisin (1951), Moiry (1954), and Luzzone (1958). He worked on dams in Greece, Iran (the Latyan dam), Romania, Algeria (the Beni-Bahdel and Meffrouch dams), Morocco and Tunisia (the Beni M'Tir or Ben Metir dam). In addition to his thesis, Stucky contributed to about 40 technical publications, including

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312-534: The civil engineering department of the École Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne, specialising in reinforced concrete. Alfred Stucky died of bronchopneumonia in Lausanne on 6 September 1969, aged 77. A street in Lausanne, Terrasse Alfred Stucky, bears his name. The École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne commemorates Stucky with the Alfred Stucky Award, awarded to civil engineering students for

338-490: The construction of new multiple arch dams has become less popular. Contraction joints are normally placed every 20 m in the arch dam and are later filled with grout after the control cools and cures. Alfred Stucky Alfred Stucky (16 March 1892 at La Chaux-de-Fonds - 6 September 1969 in Lausanne ) was a Swiss engineer and academic who worked on hydraulic dam designs, specialising in arch dams . He founded

364-415: The dam has a clear span of 60 ft (18 m) and each buttress is 24 ft (7.3 m) wide. Arch dam designs would continue to test new limits and designs such as the double- and multiple-curve. Alfred Stucky and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation developed a method of weight and stress distribution in the 1960s, and arch dam construction in the United States would see its last surge then with dams like

390-719: The engineering firm Stucky SA in 1926; based in Renens in Switzerland, it has been part of the Gruner AG group since 2013. Drawn to technology from an early age, Stucky initially trained as a mechanic and later enrolled at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich to study civil engineering , and became interested in hydraulics . He had internships with the Meyer office in Spiez , working on construction of

416-480: The foundation. The arch dam design is an ideal one for a dam built in a narrow, rocky gorge to hold back water in a reservoir. The dam is curved. Because of the arch shape, the force of the backed up water presses downward against the dam and has the effect of strengthening the dam foundation. The dam withholds a reservoir with a surface area of 29 square kilometres (11 sq mi) and capacity of 2.19 cubic kilometres (1,780,000 acre⋅ft). The dam's first study

442-527: The historian Procopius would write of its design: "This barrier was not built in a straight line, but was bent into the shape of a crescent, so that the curve, by lying against the current of the river, might be able to offer still more resistance to the force of the stream." The Mongols also built arch dams in modern-day Iran. Their earliest was the Kebar Dam built around 1300, which was 26 m (85 ft) high and 55 m (180 ft) long, and had

468-401: The multiple arch design. The design of an arch dam is a very complex process. It starts with an initial dam layout, that is continually improved until the design objectives are achieved within the design criteria. The main loads for which an arch dam is designed are: Other miscellaneous loads that affect a dam include: ice and silt loads, and uplift pressure. Most often, the arch dam

494-634: The notion of elastic deformation in double curvature arch dams during design of an arch dam impounding the Lac de Montsalvens reservoir in the Canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. He completed a doctoral thesis on arch dams in 1922. During construction of the Montsalvens dam, he met Jean Landry ( fr:Jean Landry (ingénieur) ), director of the School of Engineering of the University of Lausanne (today

520-459: The state of Oklahoma in 1940, was considered the longest multiple arch dam in the United States. Designed by W. R. Holway , it has 51 arches. and a maximum height of 150 ft (46 m) above the river bed. The total length of the dam and its sections is 6,565 ft (2,001 m) while the multiple-arch section is 4,284 ft (1,306 m) long and its combination with the spillway sections measure 5,145 ft (1,568 m). Each arch in

546-502: The world, in particular by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . In 1920, the Swiss engineer and dam designer Alfred Stucky developed new calculation methods for arch dams, introducing the concept of elasticity during the construction of the Montsalvens arch dam in Switzerland, thereby improving the dam profile in the vertical direction by using a parabolic arch shape instead of a circular arch shape. Pensacola Dam , completed in

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572-728: Was achieved in the 20th century. The first known arch dam, the Glanum Dam , also known as the Vallon de Baume Dam, was built by the Romans in France and it dates back to the 1st century BC. The dam was about 12 metres (39 ft) high and 18 metres (59 ft) in length. Its radius was about 14 m (46 ft), and it consisted of two masonry walls. The Romans built it to supply nearby Glanum with water. The Monte Novo Dam in Portugal

598-404: Was another early arch dam built by the Romans in 300 AD. It was 5.7 metres (19 ft) high and 52 m long (171 ft), with a radius of 19 m (62 ft). The curved ends of the dam met with two winged walls that were later supported by two buttresses. The dam also contained two water outlets to drive mills downstream. The Dara Dam was another arch dam built by the Romans in which

624-629: Was built on the Salmon Creek near Juneau , Alaska . The Salmon Creek Dam's upstream face bulged upstream, which relieved pressure on the stronger, curved lower arches near the abutments. The dam also had a larger toe, which off-set pressure on the upstream heel of the dam, which now curved more downstream. The technology and economical benefits of the Salmon Creek Dam allowed for larger and taller dam designs. The dam was, therefore, revolutionary, and similar designs were soon adopted around

650-417: Was built to fulfill the followings: Arch dam In general, arch dams are classified based on the ratio of the base thickness to the structural height (b/h) as: Arch dams classified with respect to their structural height are: The development of arch dams throughout history began with the Romans in the 1st century BC and after several designs and techniques were developed, relative uniformity

676-471: Was conducted in 1995 and river diversion began in 1997. Concrete pouring began in 2006 and the power plant began producing electricity in November 2010. On December 11, 2010, the second generator for the dam became operational and was connected to the grid. The dam will eventually have an installed capacity of 1,020 MW. The dam was inaugurated on 6 July 2011 by Iranian President Mahmood Ahmadinejad . It

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