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37-559: Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek Strobilanthes callosa (Synonym: Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek) is a shrub found mainly in the low lying hills of the Western Ghats , all along the west coast of India . Its standardized Hindi name is maruadona (मरुआदोना) which it is called in the state of Madhya Pradesh where it is also found . In the state of Maharashtra , in the Marathi language , and other local dialects and in

74-656: A chief commissioner appointed by the Governor-General. Major reforms put forward by the British in the 1930s also recognized the principle of federalism , which was carried forward into the governance of independent India. On 15 August 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India and Pakistan . The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states, who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of

111-425: A class of territories: In these classifications, Part A states had a Governor , Part B states had a Rajpramukh and Part C states had a commissioner . The demand for states to be organized on a linguistic basis was developed even before India achieved independence from British rule. A first-of-its-kind linguistic movement started in 1895, in what is now Odisha . The movement gained momentum in later years with

148-469: A few, including Mysore , Hyderabad , Bhopal , and Bilaspur , remained separate states. The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution. The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states and

185-660: A mass seeding phenomenon termed as masting which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants", strict masting only occurs in species that are monocarpic (or semelparous ) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die. Strobilanthes callosa which is mostly peculiar to the hills of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris) in India can be seen growing wild around Mumbai , Tansa , Khandala , Bhimashankar , Malshej Ghat , Basgadh, Anjaneri, Dhodap , Salher-Mulher ( Nashik region), Mulshi , Aurangabad (common on

222-456: A report on 30 September 1955, with recommendations for the reorganisation of India's states, which was then debated by the Indian parliament. Subsequently, bills were passed to make changes to the constitution and to administer the reorganisation of the states. The States Reorganisation Act was enacted on 31 August 1956. Before it came into effect on 1 November, an important amendment was made to

259-412: A wide range of species of butterflies, birds and insects including honey bees and carpenter bees that come to feed on their nectar. Typically the lifespan of a single Strobilanthes callosa bloom lasts between 15 and 20 days and its mass blooming usually extends from mid-August to September-end. After the mass flowering, the shrub is covered with fruits which are dry by the next year. With the coming of

296-641: Is also found in Karnala , the Yeoor hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon including Film City . Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp He received his education at the University of Utrecht , and performed as a botanical researcher in Indonesia and South Africa . In South Africa he collaborated with German botanist Herold Georg Wilhelm Johannes Schweickerdt (1903–1977). From 1924 to 1931 he

333-610: Is generally used by the local adivasi tribals and villagers as thatching material to build their huts. Immediately after its mass flowering the Karvi honey collected by wild bee honey hunters is a popular local delicacy, it is much thicker and darker than other varieties. The following Western Ghats forestry report from the year 1908 of Ankola high forests in coastal Karnataka (then under Bombay Presidency ), provides methods to clear and control this shrub, when required, from spreading uncontrollably into unwanted areas: () That

370-501: Is often confusion on the national scale about which plant is flowering. It is a large shrub, sometimes attaining 6–20 ft in height and 2 1 ⁄ 2  inches in diameter and flowers between July and September. This plant is recognized for the fact that it takes nearly a decade for the bloom cycle to occur. Its leaves are home to several insects including caterpillars and snails which feed on it. The shrub has an interesting life cycle ; It comes alive and green every year with

407-409: Is only in its eighth year that it bursts into bloom. At that time the pink and white buds bear bright purple (purplish blue) flowers in a mass flowering which covers many forest areas with a colorful lavender blush of buds with a tinge of pink with its profusion of violet blooms, after this once in a lifetime mass flowering the bush finally dies out. The flowers are rich in pollen and nectar and attract

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444-491: The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India) bring groups of city-dwelling people from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular nature walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park and organize special trips every eight years when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom. Near Mumbai, the Karvi

481-557: The Governor-General of India ; and the Indian States , under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognized British suzerainty in return for continued authority over their own realms, in most cases as established by treaty. As a result of the reforms of the early 20th century, most of the British provinces had directly elected legislatures as well as governors, although some of the smaller provinces were governed by

518-525: The Kannad and Ajanta ghats), Konkan etc. in the state of Maharashtra , parts of the state of Madhya Pradesh , parts of the state of Gujarat and in large areas of Belagavi and Uttara Kannada Ghats in the state of Karnataka among other places all along the Western Ghat hills on the west coast of India. While the leaves of Strobilanthes callosa are poisonous, and unfit for human consumption,

555-468: The Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguist lines, the above-mentioned state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh , Bombay state (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka . The Strobilanthes callosa bush typically takes seven years to grow. It

592-437: The monsoon and the first rains in the next year, the dried fruits absorb moisture and burst open with a pop, the hillsides where Strobilanthes callosa grows are filled with these loud popping sounds of dried seed pods bursting open somewhat explosively dehiscing their seeds for dispersal and soon new plants germinate taking root in the wet forest floor. Some species of Strobilanthes including this one are examples of

629-692: The Constitution of India. Under the Seventh Amendment, the existing terminology of Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was altered. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as "states". A new type of entity, the Union Territory, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state. A further Act also came into effect on 1 November 1956, transferring certain territories from Bihar to West Bengal . The States Reorganisation Act of 1956

666-703: The States Reorganisation Commission in December 1953, with the remit to reorganise the Indian states. The new commission was headed by the retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , Fazal Ali ; its other two members were H. N. Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar . The efforts of the commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant , who served as the Home Minister from December 1954. The States Reorganisation Commission submitted

703-566: The Strobilanthinae” (a subtribe of Acanthaceae containing Strobilanthes and allied genera ) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, mast seeding , and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy). In 1953 Sharfuddin Khan describing

740-422: The advent of monsoon, but once the rainy season is over, all that is left is dry and dead-looking stems. This pattern repeats itself for seven years, but in the eighth year the plant bursts into mass flowering. Plants that bloom at long intervals like Strobilanthes callosa are known as plietesials , the term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial monocarpic plants “of the kind most often met with in

777-433: The ascent of political movements for the creation of new states developed on linguistic lines. The movement to create a Telugu -speaking state out of the northern portion of Madras State gathered strength in the years after independence, and in 1953, the sixteen northern Telugu-speaking districts of Madras State became the new State of Andhra . During the 1950–1956 period, other small changes were made to state boundaries:

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814-496: The base; segments oblong, obtuse, softly hairy. Corolla tubular-ventricose, 1 1 ⁄ 2 in., glabrous without, very hairy within, deep blue; lobes 5, nearly equal, contorted in bud. Stamens 4; filaments hairy downwards; anthers blunt; not spurred at the base. Ovary 4-ovuled; style linear; stigma of one long linear-lanceolate branch the other minute. Capsule 3/4 by 1/3 in., seeds more than 1/3 in. long, thin, obovate, acute, densely shaggy with white inelastic adpressed hair, except on

851-630: The constitutional framework for India's existing states and the requirements to pass the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 under the provisions of Part I of the Constitution of India , Article 3. British India , which included present-day India , Pakistan , Bangladesh and Myanmar , was divided into two types of territories: the Provinces of British India , which were governed directly by British officials responsible to

888-453: The demand for a separate Orissa Province to be formed by bifurcating the existing Bihar and Orissa Province . Due to the efforts of Madhusudan Das , the Father of Odia nationalism, the movement eventually achieved its objective in 1936, when Orissa Province became the first Indian state (pre-independence) to be organized on the basis of common languages. The post-independence period saw

925-455: The flowering is over, with viscous strongly smelling hairs. The flowers vary in colour from purple-blue to pink. A general flowering of this species in N. Kanara, took place in Sept-Oct. 1887. The capsules ripen during the cold and hot seasons, and are elastically dehiscent, making a peculiar, almost continuous, noise during the shedding of the seeds in a forest of this species". In 1956 during

962-613: The growth of Karvi (Sirobilanthes callosus) in many places is very heavy and is a direct check on natural regeneration. To get rid of this weed is difficult, though probably not impossible. In the Jaunsar Division areas were successfully treated in 1906 by cutting S. Wallichi when the flowers were fully out and the fruit had begun to form, but was not actually ripe. The Strobilanthes callosus flowers every seventh or eight year in Uttara Kannada and then dies down, so that, at

999-603: The inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with Kanheri caves area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses. In the state of Maharashtra in the neighborhood of Mumbai the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in the same year as Mumbai in Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej, beyond Kalyan . Local conservation NGOs like

1036-715: The large oblong areoles. Tolerably common on the Kannad and Ajanta ghats in Aurangabad. In 'List of Trees, Shrubs, etc., of the Bombay Presidency,' Talbot remarks. "It covers large areas on the Konkan and N. Kanara ghats, and forms the undergrowth in many of the deciduous moist forests. Sometimes a very large shrub (30 ft., high and 2 1 ⁄ 2 in. in diameter). A general flowering takes place every seven or eight years. The white glabrous bracts become covered, after

1073-504: The neighboring state of Karnataka , the shrub is locally known as karvi (कारवी), sometimes spelled in English as karvy . This shrub belongs to the genus Strobilanthes which was first scientifically described by Nees in the 19th century. The genus has around 350 species, of which at least 46 are found in India. Because most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, there

1110-556: The patches where Karvi is absent. The Karvi bush as it is locally known grows in abundance in the western ghat hills near the metropolis of Mumbai including throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000, then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of

1147-537: The period of flowering, it might be treated in a similar way with advantage. It should be borne in mind that cutting off the heads of Karvi when it first com- mences to flower is useless, as it then puts out sideshoots which flower later ; it can therefore only be treated when the flowers begin to fall. The time of flowering is given as September and October. ...Karvi is the difficulty here, with care it should be burnt directly after flowering. Seed-lings will suffer relatively little by burning as they have only appeared in

Strobilanthes callosa - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-724: The plant in the former Hyderabad State wrote: Botanical Name - Strobilanthes callosus Strobilanthes, Blume.; F.B.I. IV-429. S. callosus, Nees.; F.B.I. IV-451. Brandi's Ind. Trees, 500. Gamble's Ind. Timbers, 518. Vern. Karvi, Mar. A large shrub, sometimes attaining 6-20 ft. in height and 2 1 ⁄ 2 inches in diameter; branches often warted or scabrous-tubercled. Leaves opposite, 7 by 3 in., sometimes much larger, crenate, rough, conspicuously marked with five lines above, nerves 8-16 pair; petiole 2-3 in. Flowers in strobiliform spikes 1-4 in. long, often densely or laxly cymose; bracts 1/2 - 1 in. long, orbicular or elliptic. Calyx 1/2 in., in fruit often exceeding 3/4 in., sub-equally 5-lobed to

1221-781: The plant is used as a traditional medicinal herb by the local adivasi tribals and villagers for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Its leaves are crushed and the juice obtained is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments. The plant has been the subject of scientific research which confirms its use in folk medicine as a valid anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial herbal drug with anti-rheumatic activity. Related species include Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK ( 大 青 葉 , Da Ching Yeh, タイセイヨウ), used in Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine, and Strobilanthes forrestii Diels (Wei Niu Xi), used in Chinese herbal medicine. Strobilanthes callosa has sturdy stems which along with its leaves

1258-648: The small state of Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954; and Chandernagore , a former enclave of French India , was incorporated into West Bengal in 1955. The States Reorganisation Commission was preceded by the Linguistic Provinces Commission (also called the Dhar Commission), which was set up in June 1948. It rejected language as a parameter for dividing states. Later, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed

1295-651: The states acceded to India, and a few to Pakistan. Bhutan , Hyderabad and Kashmir opted for independence; Bhutan remains independent, but Hyderabad was annexed by India , and the status of Kashmir became the subject of conflict between India and Pakistan . Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Several states were merged into existing provinces; others were organized into unions, such as Rajputana , Himachal Pradesh , Madhya Bharat , and Vindhya Pradesh , made up of multiple princely states;

1332-462: Was a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories , organising them along linguistic lines. Although additional changes to India's state boundaries have been made since 1956, the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 remains the most extensive change in state boundaries after the independence of India. The Act came into effect at the same time as the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 , which (among other things) restructured

1369-653: Was a professor at Transvaal University in Pretoria , where he conducted studies of the genus Pavetta . During this time period he collected plants from northern Transvaal , Rhodesia , and Mozambique . A portion of his career was spent at the herbarium in Utrecht, where he specialized in studies of Rubiaceae and Acanthaceae . Eponymy Bremekampia ( Acanthaceae ) Batopedina ( Rubiaceae ) Toddaliopsis bremekampii ( Rutaceae ) States Reorganisation Act The States Reorganisation Act, 1956

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